Rapid identification of cyclic tetrapyrrolic photosensitisers for photodynamic therapy using on-line hyphenated LC-PDA-MS coupled with photo-cytotoxicity assay.

INTRODUCTION: Photodynamic therapy is a treatment modality that involves site-directed generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species by light-activated photosensitisers. OBJECTIVE: In order to rapidly identify new photosensitisers from natural extracts, we developed a liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry (LC-PDA-MS) method to rapidly identify plant extracts that contain photosensitisers, particularly those possessing a cyclic tetrapyrrole structure. METHOD: Six previously isolated compounds (1-6) were identified in bioactive fractions derived from 15 plant extracts on the basis of their chromatographic retention times, UV-visible profiles, accurate mass and fragmentation patterns. RESULTS: Samples containing uncommon photosensitisers were rapidly identified using this method, and subsequent scale-up isolation efforts led to two new compounds (7 and 8) which were confirmed to be active photosensitisers in a photo-cytotoxicity assay. CONCLUSION: This method serves as a useful tool in prioritising samples that may contain new photosensitisers out of a larger group of photo-cytotoxic natural products extracts.

Characterizing the mechanisms of insulin vasodilatation of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat aorta.

The mechanism by which insulin causes vasodilatation remains unclear, so we explored this in aortic rings from normal Wistar Kyoto and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Insulin-induced relaxation of phenylephrine-contracted [endothelium (ED) intact or denuded] aortic rings was recorded in the presence or absence of various drug probes. Insulin relaxant effect was more in ED-intact than in-denuded tissues from normal or diabetic rats. l-NAME or methylene blue partially inhibited insulin effect in ED-intact but not the ED-denuded tissues, whereas indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) had no effect on any of the tissues, indicating that insulin induces relaxation by ED-dependent and -independent mechanisms, the former via the NOS-cyclic guanosine monophosphate but not the cyclooxygenase pathway. The voltage-dependent K channel (KV) blocker (4-aminopyridine) inhibited insulin action in all the tissues (normal or diabetic, with or without ED), whereas the selective BKCa blocker, tetraethylammonium, inhibited it in normal (ED intact or denuded) but not in diabetic tissues, indicating that KV mediates insulin action in normal and diabetic tissues, whereas the BKCa mediates it only in normal tissues, with possible pathophysiologic absence in diabetic tissues. The inward rectifier K channel (Kir) blocker (barium chloride) significantly inhibited insulin effect only in ED-intact or -denuded diabetic tissues, whereas the KATP channel blocker, glibenclamide, inhibited it only in the ED-denuded diabetic tissues, suggesting that Kir channels mediate insulin-induced relaxation in ED-intact or -denuded diabetic tissues, whereas the KATP channel mediates it in ED-denuded diabetic tissues. All the agents combined did not abolish insulin action, suggestive of a direct vasodilatory effect. In conclusion, insulin causes vasodilatation in normal and diabetic tissues via ED-dependent and -independent mechanisms differentially modulated by K channels, some of which functions are altered in diabetes and thus are potential therapeutic targets.

Effect of Marantodes pumilum Blume (Kuntze) var.alata on ß-cell function and insulin signaling in ovariectomised diabetic rats.

BACKGROUND: Oestrogen deficiency leads to metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance and impairment of adipose tissue or lipid metabolism. Marantodes pumilum (Blume) Kuntze (Primulaceae) is believed to have phytoestrogenic properties and is claimed to have beneficial effects in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), but the mechanism behind its phytoestrogenic effects on estrogen-deficient diabetic condition have not been fully examined. PURPOSE: The present study investigated the effects of oral treatment with M. pumilum var. alata (MPA) extracts on the estrogen receptor, metabolic characteristics and insulin signaling pathway in pancreas and liver of ovariectomised nicotidamide streptozotocin-induced diabetes in female rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ovariectomised diabetic (OVXS) Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with either aqueous leaf extract and ethanol (50%) stem-root extract of MPA (50 or 100 mg/kg) respectively for 28 days. Metabolic parameters were evaluated by measuring fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, oral glucose and insulin tolerance test. Distribution and expression level of insulin, oxidative stress and inflammatory marker in the pancreatic islets and liver were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blot, respectively. RESULTS: Oral treatment with aqueous leaf and ethanol (50%) stem-root extracts of MPA (100 mg/kg) significantly reversed the elevated fasting blood glucose, impaired glucose and insulin tolerance. The protein expression of insulin, glucose transporter (GLUT-2 and GLUT-4) increased in the pancreatic islets and liver. Furthermore, marked improvement in the tissue morphology following treatment with MPA was observed. Similarly, the western blots analysis denotes improved insulin signaling in the liver and decreased reactive oxygen species producing enzymes, inflammatory and pro-apoptotic molecules with MPA treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, this work demonstrate that 100 mg/kg of aqueous leaf extract and ethanol (50%) stem-root extract of MPA improves ß-cell function and insulin signaling in postmenopausal diabetes through attenuation of oxidative stress and partially mediated by oestrogen receptor stimulation.

Involvement of AT(1) angiotensin receptors in the vasomodulatory effect of des-aspartate-angiotensin I in the rat renal vasculature.

Angiotensin II is known to act primarily on the angiotensin AT(1) receptors to mediate its physiological and pathological actions. Des-aspartate-angiotensin I (DAA-I) is a bioactive angiotensin peptide and have been shown to have contrasting vascular actions to angiotensin II. Previous work in this laboratory has demonstrated an overwhelming vasodepressor modulation on angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction by DAA-I. The present study investigated the involvement of the AT(1) receptor in the actions of DAA-I on angiotensin II-induced vascular actions in the renal vasculature of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The findings revealed that the angiotensin receptor in rat kidney homogenate was mainly of the AT(1) subtype. The AT(1) receptor density was significantly higher in the kidney of the SHR. The increase in AT(1) receptor density was also confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. In contrast, AT(1) receptor density was significantly reduced in the kidney of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Perfusion with 10(-9)M DAA-I reduced the AT(1) receptor density in the kidneys of WKY and SHR rats suggesting that the previously observed vasodepressor modulation of the nonapeptide could be due to down-regulation or internalization of AT(1) receptors. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed no significant changes in the content of AT(1) receptor mRNA and protein. This supports the suggestion that DAA-I causes internalization of AT(1) receptors. In the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat, no significant changes in renal AT(1) receptor density and expression were seen when its kidneys were similarly perfused with DAA-I.

Muscarinic receptor binding activity of polyoxygenated flavones from Melicope subunifoliolata.

The bark extract of Melicope subunifoliolata (Stapf) T.G. Hartley showed competitive muscarinic receptor binding activity. Six polymethoxyflavones [melibentin (1); melisimplexin (3); 3,3',4',5,7-pentamethoxyflavone (4); meliternatin (5); 3,5,8-trimethoxy-3',4',6,7-bismethylenedioxyflavone (6); and isokanugin (7)] and one furanocoumarin [5-methoxy-8-geranyloxypsoralen (2)] were isolated from the bark extract. Compounds 2 and 6 were isolated for the first time from M. subunifoliolata. The methoxyflavones (compounds 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) show moderate inhibition in a muscarinic receptor binding assay, while the furanocoumarin (compound 2) is inactive. The potency of the methoxyflavones to inhibit [(3)H]NMS-muscarinic receptor binding is influenced by the position and number of methoxy substitution. The results suggest these compounds are probably muscarinic modulators, agonists or partial agonists/antagonists.

Comparative study between clinical and sonographic estimation of fetal weight in third trimester of pregnancy and its relationship with actual birth weight.

This prospective study was undertaken to assess the accuracy of clinical and sonographic estimated fetal weight (EFW) in Bangladeshi population. The study protocol consisted of achieving clinical followed by sonographic estimated fetal weight (uEFW) using Shepard formula and then its correlation with actual birth weight (BW). A total of 140 pregnant women participated in this study. The study was conducted in the department of Radiology & Imaging and in the department of Gynae & Obs., Bangladesh Medical College Hospital (BMCH) from January 2005 to December 2005.Maximum number of patients belonged to 26-30 years age group and the mean +/-SD age of the study patients was 26.8+/-4.7 years. Maximum number of women (41.4%) was primigravida and 24.3% women were second gravida. The mean+/-SD gestational age of the patient was 35.9+/-2.8 weeks. We found, clinically EFW was 3432.1+/-410.1 gm (mean+/-SD) and uEFW was 2715.4+/-509.1gm (mean+/-SD) with difference 716.7+/-278.5 gm (mean+/-SD), (P<0.001), which is highly significant. Babies who were delivered within 1st week of clinical and sonographic EFW were selected and their weights were compared with actual BW. The Pearson correlation chi square test and student 't' test were the statistical analysis used. It was found that the P value of clinical versus actual BW was <0.05, this was significant. P value of sonographic versus actual BW was >0.05, this was not significant. Percent error (PE) was found 2+/-7.33% in calculating uEFW from actual BW with minimum error -23.9% and maximum error 11.81%. This study conducted on Bangladeshi fetus using the Shepard formula showed that the actual BW recorded after delivery of the fetus is more close to uEFW than clinically EFW.

Hydrogen peroxide modulates angiotensin II-induced contraction of mesenteric arteries from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) contributes in the regulation of vascular tone, especially in pathological states. The role of H(2)O(2) and superoxide anion free radicals in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced contraction of diabetic tissues was examined with the aim of elucidating the underlying mechanisms. Isometric tension in response to various drug treatments was measured in isolated superior mesenteric arteries of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic WKY rats using the Mulvany wire myograph. Compared to the normal (euglycaemic) arteries, the Ang II-induced contraction was significantly reduced in diabetic arteries. Superoxide dismutase (SOD; converts superoxide to H(2)O(2)) significantly reduced the contraction in both types of arteries -- an effect abolished by catalase (H(2)O(2) scavenger), suggesting that the SOD effect was mediated by H(2)O(2). Treatment with catalase had no effect on the Ang II contraction in euglycaemic arteries, but it raised the contraction in diabetic arteries to euglycaemic levels. This increase was similar to that observed with diabetic arteries incubated with L-NAME. Combined catalase and L-NAME treatment further enhanced the contraction in diabetic arteries, suggesting that the catalase effect was not mediated by nitric oxide (NO). The catalase effect was abolished by indomethacin treatment. These results suggest that attenuation of Ang II-induced contraction in diabetic tissues is modulated by endogenous H(2)O(2), the scavenging of which unmasks an indomethacin-sensitive (and therefore cyclooxygenase product-mediated) Ang II-induced contraction.

Mechanisms of the anti-hypertensive effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyces.

Previous studies have demonstrated the anti-hypertensive effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (HS) in both humans and experimental animals. To explore the mechanisms of the anti-hypertensive effect of the HS, we examined the effects of a crude methanolic extract of the calyces of HS (HSE) on vascular reactivity in isolated aortas from spontaneously hypertensive rats. HSE relaxed, concentration-dependently, KCl (high K(+), 80 mM)- and phenylephrine (PE, 1 microM)-pre-contracted aortic rings, with a greater potency against the alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor agonist. The relaxant effect of HSE was partly dependent on the presence of a functional endothelium as the action was significantly reduced in endothelium-denuded aortic rings. Pretreatment with atropine (1 microM), L-NAME (10 microM) or methylene blue (10 microM), but not indomethacin (10 microM), significantly blocked the relaxant effects of HSE. Endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxations induced by acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, respectively, were significantly enhanced in aortic rings pretreated with HSE when compared to those observed in control aortic rings. The present results demonstrated that HSE has a vasodilator effect in the isolated aortic rings of hypertensive rats. These effects are probably mediated through the endothelium-derived nitric oxide-cGMP-relaxant pathway and inhibition of calcium (Ca(2+))-influx into vascular smooth muscle cells. The present data further supports previous in vivo findings and the traditional use of HS as an anti-hypertensive agent.

Effect of des-aspartate-angiotensin I on the actions of angiotensin II in the isolated renal and mesenteric vasculature of hypertensive and STZ-induced diabetic rats.

The present study investigated the action of des-aspartate-angiotensin I (DAA-I) on the pressor action of angiotensin II in the renal and mesenteric vasculature of WKY, SHR and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Angiotensin II-induced a dose-dependent pressor response in the renal vasculature. Compared to the WKY, the pressor response was enhanced in the SHR and reduced in the STZ-induced diabetic rat. DAA-I attenuated the angiotensin II pressor action in renal vasculature of WKY and SHR. The attenuation was observed for DAA-I concentration as low as 10(-18) M and was more prominent in SHR. However, the ability of DAA-I to reduce angiotensin II response was lost in the STZ-induced diabetic kidney. Instead, enhancement of angiotensin II pressor response was seen at the lower doses of the octapeptide. The effect of DAA-I was not inhibited by PD123319, an AT2 receptor antagonist, and indomethacin, a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor in both WKY and SHR, indicating that its action was not mediated by angiotensin AT2 receptor and prostaglandins. The pressor responses to angiotensin II in mesenteric vascular bed were also dose-dependent but smaller in magnitude compared to the renal vasculature. The responses were significantly smaller in SHR but no significant difference was observed between STZ-induced diabetic and WKY rat. Similarly, PD123319 and indomethacin had no effect on the action of DAA-I. The findings reiterate a regulatory role for DAA-I in vascular bed of the kidney and mesentery. By being active at circulating level, DAA-I subserves a physiological role. This function appears to be present in animals with diseased state of hypertension and diabetes. It is likely that DAA-I functions are modified to accommodate the ongoing vascular remodeling.

The role of haem oxygenase in renal vascular reactivity in normotensive and hypertensive rats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contribution of the haem oxygenase-carbon monoxide (CO) system to renal vascular tone in normotensive Wistar rats and in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SPs). METHODS: An isolated perfused rat kidney preparation was used in which perfusion pressure/phenylephrine dose-vasoconstrictor responses were generated. Haemin was given 24 h previously, to induce haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and L-NAME (N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) was given to block nitric oxide (NO) production. RESULTS: Haemin pretreatment attenuated the phenylephrine-induced rise in perfusion pressure (P < 0.05) but L-NAME had no effect on the magnitude of the renal vasoconstrictor responses to phenylephrine. This suggested that the effect of haemin incubation on renovascular responses did not involve NO production. Pretreatment of the rats with the haem oxygenase inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP-IX) had no effect on either the basal tone or the phenylephrine-induced contractions in the renal vasculature. By contrast, the renovascular responses to phenylephrine in haemin-treated animals were restored following the coadministration of SnPP-IX. Haemin administration in the SHR-SPs caused a significantly greater reduction in the renovascular responses to phenylephrine compared to those in the normotensive animals (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Following induction of HO-1, the HO-CO system plays an important role in the regulation of renal responses to an adrenergically induced vasoconstrictor challenge. Moreover, the renal vascular bed of hypertensive animals exhibited a greater propensity to upregulate the HO-CO system, which may provide an important counteractive role against the elevation of blood pressure in hypertension.

Effects of des-aspartate-angiotensin I on the actions of angiotensin III in the renal and mesenteric vasculature of normo- and hypertensive rats.

An earlier study showed that des-aspartate-angiotensin I (DAA-I) attenuated the pressor action of angiotensin III in aortic rings of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) but not the normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat. The present study investigated similar properties of DAA-I in isolated perfused kidneys and mesenteric beds of WKY and SHR. In the renal vasculature, angiotensin III induced a dose-dependent pressor response, which was more marked in the SHR than WKY in terms of significant greater magnitude of response and lower threshold. DAA-I attenuated the pressor action of angiotensin III in both the WKY and SHR. The attenuation in SHR was much more marked, occurring at doses as low as 10(-15) M DAA-I, while effective attenuation was only seen with 10(-9) M in WKY. The effects of DAA-I was not inhibited by PD123319 and indomethacin, indicating that its action was not mediated by angiotensin AT2 receptors and prostaglandins. However, the direct pressor action of angiotensin III in the SHR but not the WKY was attenuated by indomethacin suggesting that this notable difference could be due to known decreased response of renal vasculature to vasodilator prostaglandins in the SHR. Pressor responses to angiotensin III in the mesenteric vascular bed was also dose dependent, but smaller in magnitude compared to the renal response. The responses in the SHR, though generally smaller, were not significantly different from those of the WKY. This trend is in line with the similar observations with angiotensin III and II by other investigators. In terms of the effect of DAA-I, indomethacin and PD123319 on angiotensin III action, similar patterns to those of the renal vasculature were observed. This reaffirms that in the perfused kidney and mesenteric bed, where the majority of the vessels are contractile, femtomolar concentrations of DAA-I attenuates the pressor action of angiotensin III. The attenuation is not indomethacin sensitive and does not involve the angiotensin AT2 receptor. The findings suggest that DAA-I possesses protective vascular actions and is involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension.

Effect of long-term rolipram administration on the sensitivity of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in rat brain.

The effects of single and chronic doses of rolipram on the sensitivity of alpha 2-adrenoceptors have been compared with the phosphodiesterase inhibitors, isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) and ICI 63,197, and the antidepressant, desipramine. While pretreatment with a single dose of rolipram, ICI 63,197 or IBMX administered either 1 or 24 h prior to clonidine (0.1 mg/kg) enhanced clonidine-induced hypothermia and hypoactivity, chronic dosing (twice daily for 14 days) with desipramine (10 mg/kg) or rolipram (5 mg/kg) antagonized these behavioural effects. In contrast, chronic dosing with IBMX or ICI 63,197 failed to antagonize clonidine-induced hypothermia and hypoactivity. In binding studies neither ICI 63,197, IBMX, rolipram nor desipramine induced changes in the binding of 3H-labelled clonidine to rat cerebral cortical membranes following chronic administration. The failure of ICI 63,107 and IBMX to antagonize clonidine-induced hypothermia and hypoactivity suggests that the antidepressant effect of rolipram is independent of its phosphodiesterase inhibitor property.

Inhibition of calcium-dependent contractions of the isolated guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle and taenia coli by the total glycosidic extract of the plant Sarcolobus globosus.

The effect of the total glysosidic extract of the plant Sarcolobus globosus was investigated on the contractions of the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle and taenia coli. In the ileal longitudinal muscle, addition of the extract inhibited the electrical field-stimulated twitches. Similarly to verapamil, it also reduced the contractions of the muscle to acetylcholine, histamine and KCl. However, only the tonic contraction to KCl was reversed by increasing the extracellular calcium concentration. In the taenia coli, lower concentrations of both the extract and verapamil induced a parallel displacement of the dose-response curves to calcium (0.30-30 mM). Addition of the extract also dose-dependently inhibited the KCl-induced contraction of the taenia coli. Increasing the calcium concentration increased the IC50 values of the extract. The result suggests that the inhibitory effect of the Sarcolobus globosus extract on the smooth muscle, like verapamil, is mainly due to inhibition of calcium influx.

Neuromuscular blocking activity of a glycosidic extract of the plant Sarcolobus globosus.

Crude glycoside extracts from the plant, Sarcolobus globosus, were tested on the rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm, chick biventer cervicis and frog rectus abdominis preparations. Nerve-stimulated twitches were inhibited by the extract. The muscle paralysis was not similar to that by curare-like blockers as it was not reversed by neostigmine or by a tetanus. Although contractures to acetylcholine or carbachol were not affected by 0.6 mg/ml of the extract, higher concentration of the extracts (3 mg/ml) depressed the log dose-response curve of acetylcholine and carbachol. The results suggest that the neuromuscular blocking effect of the extracts is either dose-dependent or due to a mixture of toxins with presynaptic or postsynaptic actions.

An assessment to evaluate the validity of different methods for the description of some corrosion inhibitors.

New research and development efforts using computational chemistry in studying an assessment of the validity of different quantum chemical methods to describe the molecular and electronic structures of some corrosion inhibitors were introduced. The standard and the highly accurate CCSD method with 6-311++G(d,p), ab initio calculations using the HF/6-31G++(d,p) and MP2 with 6-311G(d,p), 6-31++G(d,p), and 6-311++G(2df,p) methods as well as DFT method at the B3LYP, BP86, B3LYP*, M06L, and M062x/6-31G++(d,p) basis set level were performed on some triazole derivatives and sulfur containing compounds used as corrosion inhibitors. Quantum chemical parameters, such as the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital energy (E(HOMO)), the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (E(LUMO)), energy gap (ΔE), dipole moment (µ), sum of total negative charges (TNC), chemical potential (Pi), electronegativity (χ), hardness (η), softness (σ), local softness (s), Fukui functions (f (+),f (-)), electrophilicity (ω), the total energy change (∆E(T)) and the solvation energy (S.E), were calculated. Furthermore, the accuracy and the applicability of these methods were estimated relative to the highest accuracy and standard CCSD with 6-311++G(d,p) method. Good correlations between the quantum chemical parameters and the corresponding inhibition efficiency (IE%) were found.

Mechanisms underlining gender differences in Phenylephrine contraction of normoglycaemic and short-term Streptozotocin-induced diabetic WKY rat aorta.

The female gender reduces the risk, but succumbs more to cardiovascular disease. The hypothesis that short-term (8weeks) Streptozotocin-induced diabetes could produce greater female than male vascular tissue reactivity and the mechanistic basis were explored. Aortic ring responses to Phenylephrine were examined in age- and sex-matched normoglycaemic/diabetic rats. The normoglycaemic male tissue contracted significantly more than the normoglycaemic female and the male/female diabetic tissues. Endothelial-denudation, l-NAME or MB reversed these differences suggesting an EDNO-cGMP dependence. 17ß-oestradiol exerted relaxant effect on all endothelium-denuded (and normoglycaemic endothelium-intact male) tissues, but not endothelium-intact normoglycaemic female. The greater male tissue contraction is attributable to absent 17ß-oestradiol-modulated relaxation. Indomethacin blockade of COX attenuated male normoglycaemic and female diabetic tissue contraction (both reversed by l-NAME), but augmented diabetic male tissue contraction. These data are consistent with the raised contractile TXA(2) and PGE(2) in normoglycaemic male and diabetic female tissues, and the relaxant PGI(2) in diabetic male (and female). The higher levels of PGI(2) in the normoglycaemic and diabetic female perhaps explain their greater relaxant response to Acetylcholine compared to the respective male. In conclusion, there is an endothelium-dependent gender difference in the effect of short term diabetes on vascular tissue reactivity which is COX mediated.

Apocynum venetum leaf extract, an antihypertensive herb, inhibits rat aortic contraction induced by angiotensin II: a nitric oxide and superoxide connection.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The leaves extract of Apocynum venetum (AVLE), also known as "luobuma", have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat hypertension and depression in parts of China and it has been shown to possess anti-oxidant and anti-lipid peroxidation effects. AVLE (10 µg/ml) has been reported to have a long-lasting endothelium-dependent relaxant effect and this effect has been proposed to be due to its nitric oxide(NO)-releasing and superoxide anion(SOA)-scavenging properties. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study seeks to evaluate the differential actions of AVLE extract between Ang II- and PE-induced vasoconstriction and the involvement of superoxide anions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Single dose of Ang II (100 nM and 1 nM)- or PE (0.1 µM)-induced contraction were assessed in both endothelium-intact and -denuded aortic rings after pre-incubation of AVLE (10 µg/ml) for 15 min. The experiment was repeated in either the presence of NO synthase inhibitor, L-NAME (300 µM) or selective AT(1) receptor inhibitor, losartan (0.1 nM), or superoxide scavenger, tiron (1 mM) or a combination of L-NAME and AVLE. Superoxide production was measured by using enhanced-chemiluminescence assay. RESULTS: We have demonstrated that AVLE (10 µg/ml) effectively suppressed the Ang II-induced contraction (100 nM and 1 nM) of both endothelium-intact and -denuded rat aortic rings. In endothelium-intact rings, L-NAME, reversed AVLE-induced inhibition of Ang II-contraction. PE-induced contraction was significantly inhibited by AVLE in endothelium-intact rings, but not in endothelium-denuded rings. The inhibition by AVLE of PE-induced contraction was totally abolished in the presence of L-NAME. Ang II-induced SOA production concentration dependently with the optimal effect seen at 100 nM of Ang II, and AVLE (0.3, 1, 10 µg/ml) reduced this effect. SOA production in Ang II-stimulated rings was significantly higher than unstimulated control rings, while PE did not stimulate SOA production at all. SOA formation in the presence of Ang II was also inhibited in the presence of SOD (superoxide scavenger), DPI (NADPH inhibitor) and losartan (specific AT(1) receptor antagonist). CONCLUSION: These results collectively suggest that the ability of AVLE in inhibiting Ang II-induced contraction via its SOA scavenging properties and nitric oxide releasing effect may account for its usage as an antihypertensive treatment in traditional folk medicine.

In vitro anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of boesenbergin A, a chalcone isolated from Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) (fingerroot).

The current in vitro study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of boesenbergin A (BA), a chalcone derivative of known structure isolated from Boesenbergia rotunda. Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), non-small cell lung cancer (A549), prostate adenocarcinoma (PC3), and normal hepatic cells (WRL-68) were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of BA using the MTT assay. The antioxidant activity of BA was assessed by the ORAC assay and compared to quercetin as a standard reference antioxidant. ORAC results are reported as the equivalent concentration of Trolox that produces the same level of antioxidant activity as the sample tested at 20 µg/mL. The toxic effect of BA on different cell types, reported as IC50, yielded 20.22 ± 3.15, 10.69 ± 2.64, 20.31 ± 1.34, 94.10 ± 1.19, and 9.324 ± 0.24 µg/mL for A549, PC3, HepG2, HT-29, and WRL-68, respectively. BA displayed considerable antioxidant activity, when the results of ORAC assay were reported as Trolox equivalents. BA (20 µg/mL) and quercetin (5 µg/mL) were equivalent to a Trolox concentration of 11.91 ± 0.23 and 160.32 ± 2.75 µM, respectively. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity of BA was significant at 12.5 to 50 µM and without any significant cytotoxicity for the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 at 50 µM. The significant biological activities observed in this study indicated that BA may be one of the agents responsible for the reported biological activities of B. rotunda crude extract.

In vitro anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of boesenbergin A, a chalcone isolated from Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) (fingerroot)

The current in vitro study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of boesenbergin A (BA), a chalcone derivative of known structure isolated from Boesenbergia rotunda. Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), non-small cell lung cancer (A549), prostate adenocarcinoma (PC3), and normal hepatic cells (WRL-68) were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of BA using the MTT assay. The antioxidant activity of BA was assessed by the ORAC assay and compared to quercetin as a standard reference antioxidant. ORAC results are reported as the equivalent concentration of Trolox that produces the same level of antioxidant activity as the sample tested at 20 µg/mL. The toxic effect of BA on different cell types, reported as IC50, yielded 20.22 ± 3.15, 10.69 ± 2.64, 20.31 ± 1.34, 94.10 ± 1.19, and 9.324 ± 0.24 µg/mL for A549, PC3, HepG2, HT-29, and WRL-68, respectively. BA displayed considerable antioxidant activity, when the results of ORAC assay were reported as Trolox equivalents. BA (20 µg/mL) and quercetin (5 µg/mL) were equivalent to a Trolox concentration of 11.91 ± 0.23 and 160.32 ± 2.75 µM, respectively. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity of BA was significant at 12.5 to 50 µM and without any significant cytotoxicity for the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 at 50 µM. The significant biological activities observed in this study indicated that BA may be one of the agents responsible for the reported biological activities of B. rotunda crude extract.