Role of robot-assisted laparoscopy in deep infiltrating endometriosis with bowel involvement: a systematic review and application of the IDEAL framework.

AIMS: This review aims to evaluate the feasibility of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS) as an alternative to standard laparoscopic surgery (SLS) for the treatment of bowel deep-infiltrative endometriosis. Additionally, it aims to provide guidance for future study design, by gaining insight into the current state of research, in accordance with the IDEAL framework. METHOD: A systematic review was conducted to identify relevant studies on RALS for bowel deep infiltrating endometriosis in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and PubMed databases up to August 2023 and reported in keeping with PRISMA guidelines. The study was registered with PROSPERO Registration: CRD42022308611 RESULTS: Eleven primary studies were identified, encompassing 364 RALS patients and 83 SLS patients, from which surgical details, operative and postoperative outcomes were extracted. In the RALS group, mean operating time was longer (235 ± 112 min) than in the standard laparoscopy group (171 ± 76 min) (p < 0.01). Patients in the RALS group experienced a shorter hospital stay (5.3 ± 3.5 days vs. 7.3 ± 4.1 days) (p < 0.01), and appeared to have fewer postoperative complications compared to standard laparoscopy. Research evidence for RALS in bowel DE is at an IDEAL Stage 2B of development. CONCLUSION: RALS is a safe and feasible alternative to standard laparoscopy for bowel endometriosis treatment, with a shorter overall length of stay despite longer operating times. Further robust randomized trials recommended to delineate other potential advantages of RALS.

Surgical experience and identification of errors in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Surgical errors are acts or omissions resulting in negative consequences and/or increased operating time. This study describes surgeon-reported errors in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: Intraoperative videos were uploaded and annotated on Touch SurgeryTM Enterprise. Participants evaluated videos for severity using a 10-point intraoperative cholecystitis grading score, and errors using Observational Clinical Human Reliability Assessment, which includes skill, consequence, and mechanism classifications. RESULTS: Nine videos were assessed by 8 participants (3 junior (specialist trainee (ST) 3-5), 2 senior trainees (ST6-8), and 3 consultants). Participants identified 550 errors. Positive relationships were seen between total operating time and error count (r2 = 0.284, P < 0.001), intraoperative grade score and error count (r2 = 0.578, P = 0.001), and intraoperative grade score and total operating time (r2 = 0.157, P < 0.001). Error counts differed significantly across intraoperative phases (H(6) = 47.06, P < 0.001), most frequently at dissection of the hepatocystic triangle (total 282; median 33.5 (i.q.r. 23.5-47.8, range 15-63)), ligation/division of cystic structures (total 124; median 13.5 (i.q.r. 12-19.3, range 10-26)), and gallbladder dissection (total 117; median 14.5 (i.q.r. 10.3-18.8, range 6-26)). There were no significant differences in error counts between juniors, seniors, and consultants (H(2) = 0.03, P = 0.987). Errors were classified differently. For dissection of the hepatocystic triangle, thermal injuries (50 in total) were frequently classified as executional, consequential errors; trainees classified thermal injuries as step done with excessive force, speed, depth, distance, time or rotation (29 out of 50), whereas consultants classified them as incorrect orientation (6 out of 50). For ligation/division of cystic structures, inappropriate clipping (60 errors in total), procedural errors were reported by junior trainees (6 out of 60), but not consultants. For gallbladder dissection, inappropriate dissection (20 errors in total) was reported in incorrect planes by consultants and seniors (6 out of 20), but not by juniors. Poor economy of movement (11 errors in total) was reported more by consultants (8 out of 11) than trainees (3 out of 11). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that surgical experience influences error interpretation, but the benefits for surgical training are currently unclear.

Attrition From a National Surgical Training Program: A Qualitative Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the trainee experience to identify some of the factors which contribute to attrition from surgical training. SUMMARY BACKGROUND: Not all trainees who commence a surgical training program continue and complete it. Surgical training can be personally and professionally demanding and trainees may, for a multitude of reasons, change career direction. Attrition from surgical training impacts upon multiple stakeholders: A decision to leave may be difficult and time consuming for the individual and can generate unanticipated inefficiency at a systems level. This project examined attrition from a national surgical training program to deepen understanding of some of the causes of the phenomenon. METHODS: A qualitative study was performed. A purposeful sampling strategy was used to identify representative participants. Semistructured interviews were conducted with eleven trainees who withdrew or considered doing so. A thematic analysis was performed to examine the experiences of trainees and explore the factors which influenced a decision to withdraw. FINDINGS: Five major themes emerged from the interview data: delivery of training, the training atmosphere, influence of seniors, concerns regarding progression, and the perception of the future role with respect to lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS: The personal experience of surgical training is crucial in informing a decision to withdraw from a program. Voluntary attrition is appropriate where doctors, after experiencing some time in surgical training, recognize that a surgical career does not meet their expectation. However, improving the delivery of training by addressing the concerns identified in this study may serve to enhance the personal training experience and hence maximize retention.

Discharge outcomes among elderly patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery: registry study of discharge data from Irish public hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Intra-abdominal emergency surgery is associated with high mortality risk and long length of hospital stay. The objective of this study was to explore variations in surgery rates, the relationship between admission source and discharge destination, and whether the postoperative length of stay was related to nursing home capacity in Irish counties. METHODS: Data on emergency hospital episodes for 2014-18 for patients aged over 65 years with a primary abdominal procedure code were obtained from the National Quality Assurance Improvement System. Data on population and nursing home capacity were obtained from the Central Statistics Office and the Health Information and Quality Authority. Episode rates per 100,000 were estimated for sex and age groups and compared between 26 Irish counties. The association between admission source and discharge destination was explored in terms episode numbers, length of stay and mortality. A negative binomial regression model estimated casemix adjusted excess post-operative length of stay. The correlation between excess post-operative length of stay and nursing home capacity was explored by linear regression. RESULTS: Overall, 4951 hospital episodes were included. The annual surgery rate ranged from 100 episodes per 100,000 65-69 years old to 250 per 100,000 85-89 year old men. 90% of the episodes were admitted from patients' home. Four in five of these patients returned to their home while 12.7% died at hospital. The proportion of episodes where patients returned to their home reduced to two in five for those aged 85-89 years. The post-operative length of stay was 13.6 days longer (p < 0.01) for episodes admitted from home and discharged to nursing home in comparison with episodes discharged home. A negative association (p = 0.08) was found between excess post-operative length of stay and county-level nursing home capacity. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides relevant information to support informed consent to surgery for patients and clinicians and to improve the provision of care to older patients presenting with intra-abdominal emergencies.

The contribution of endoscopy quality measures to the development of interval colorectal cancers in the screening population: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Colon cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death and an important cause of morbidity. The natural history of carcinogenesis, via the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, permits screening, which reduces the relative risk of mortality by up to 16%. The efficacy of a screening programme is limited by the growth of interval colorectal cancers between screening examinations. Quantifying the rate of interval cancers and delineating contributing endoscopic factors are crucial to maximise the benefit of a screening program. METHODS: A systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA principles. Electronic databases were interrogated with a considered search strategy, and reference lists of retrieved papers were surveyed. For inclusion, studies included the rate of interval cancer (stated or calculated) and reported at least one of a predefined list of endoscopy characteristics. The primary outcome was to establish the rate of interval cancers. The secondary outcome was to determine the association between endoscopy quality measures and interval cancers. RESULTS: The search yielded 2067 papers. Seventy-six full text papers were reviewed. Fifteen papers met the inclusion criteria. In total, there were 117,793 colon cancers, 7281 of which were interval lesions, giving an overall rate of 6.2%. The adenoma detection rate (ADR) of the endoscopist performing the index operation was the most consistent endoscopy factor associated with development of interval cancers. The impact of setting, volume and bowel preparation varied between papers. CONCLUSION: Interval cancers reduce the efficacy of colorectal screening programmes. Ensuring the quality of the endoscopy process, specifically by increasing the ADR of practitioners, is crucial to the reduction of the rate of interval cancers.

Current Controversies in the Management of Diverticulitis: A Review.

BACKGROUND: Symptomatic diverticular disease is challenging for patients, clinicians and health services. The prevalence increases with age and BMI and as such, the burden of this disease is set to increase with higher rates of acute presentations already documented. The natural history of recurrent episodes, complications and symptom progression is not fully understood. Furthermore, medical and surgical management strategies are under constant appraisal, debate and evolution. METHODS: A review of the contemporary literature was performed to examine the emerging trend towards conservative treatment. RESULTS: Routine use of in-patient, intravenous antibiotics may not be required and outpatient management is possible for certain patients. Universal colonoscopy examination after uncomplicated acute diverticulitis is controversial but is mandatory after complicated episodes. Recent, high-profile, clinical trials suggest that less aggressive surgical management of both acute and chronic presentations may be feasible in some cases. CONCLUSIONS: Diverticulitis is a common yet challenging topic that demands clinicians to provide an individualised yet evidence-based approach.

Nasogastric nutrition is efficacious in severe acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

In patients with severe acute pancreatitis (AP), enteral nutrition is delivered by nasojejunal (NJ) tube to minimise pancreatic stimulation. Nasogastric (NG) feeding represents an alternative route. The primary objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of NG feeding. Secondary objectives were to compare the NG and NJ routes and assess the side effects of the former. The primary endpoint was exclusive NG feeding with delivery of 75% of nutritional targets. Additional outcomes included change to total parenteral nutrition (TPN), increased pain or disease severity, vomiting, diarrhoea, delivery rate reduction and tube displacement. Among the retrieved studies, six were found to be eligible for the qualitative review and four for the meta-analysis. NG nutrition was received by 147 patients; exclusive NG feeding was achieved in 90% (133/147). Of the 147 patients, 129 (87%) received 75% of the target energy. In studies where all subjects received exclusive NG nutrition, 82% (seventy-four of the ninety patients) received >75% of the intended energy. Compared with NJ nutrition, there was no significant difference in the delivery of 75% of nutritional targets (pooled risk ratio (RR) 1.02; 95% CI 0.75, 1.38.) or no increased risk of change to TPN (pooled RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.45, 2.48), diarrhoea (pooled RR 1.28; 95% CI 0.62, 2.66), exacerbation of pain (pooled RR 1.10; 95% CI 0.47, 2.61) or tube displacement (pooled RR 0.44; 95% CI 0.11, 1.73). Vomiting and diarrhoea were the most common side effects of NG feeding (13.3 and 12.9%, respectively). With respect to the delivery of nutrition, 11.2% of the patients required delivery rate reduction and 3.4% dislodged the tube. Other side effects included elevated levels of aspirates (9.1%), abdominal distension (1.5%), pain exacerbation (7.5%) and increased disease severity (1.6%). In conclusion, NG feeding is efficacious in 90% of patients. Further research is required to optimise the delivery of NG nutrition and examine 'gut-rousing' approaches to nutrition in patients with severe AP.

Assessing operative competence in core surgical training: A reliability analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study quantifies the number of observations required to reliably assess the operative competence of Core Surgical Trainees (CSTs) in Ireland, using the Supervised Structured Assessment of Operative Performance (SSAOP) tool. METHODS: SSAOPs (April 2016-February 2021) were analysed across a mix of undifferentiated procedures, as well as for three commonly performed general surgery procedures in CST: appendicectomy, abdominal wall hernia repair, and skin/subcutaneous lesion excision. Generalizability and Decision studies determined the number of observations required to achieve dependability indices ≥0.8, appropriate for use in high-stakes assessment. RESULTS: A total of 2,294 SSAOPs were analysed. Four assessors, each observing 10 cases, can generate scores sufficiently reliable for use in high-stakes assessments. Focusing on a selection of core procedures yields more favourable reliability indices. CONCLUSION: Trainers should conduct repeated assessments across a smaller number of procedures to improve reliability. Programs should increase the assessor mix to yield sufficient dependability indices for high-stakes assessment.

Increasing the use of perioperative risk scoring in emergency laparotomy: nationwide quality improvement programme.

BACKGROUND: Emergency laparotomy is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The early identification of high-risk patients allows for timely perioperative care and appropriate resource allocation. The aim of this study was to develop a nationwide surgical trainee-led quality improvement (QI) programme to increase the use of perioperative risk scoring in emergency laparotomy. METHODS: The programme was structured using the active implementation framework in 15 state-funded Irish hospitals to guide the staged implementation of perioperative risk scoring. The primary outcome was a recorded preoperative risk score for patients undergoing an emergency laparotomy at each site. RESULTS: The rate of patients undergoing emergency laparotomy receiving a perioperative risk score increased from 0-11 per cent during the exploratory phase to 35-100 per cent during the full implementation phase. Crucial factors for implementing changes included an experienced central team providing implementation support, collaborator engagement, and effective communication and social relationships. CONCLUSIONS: A trainee-led QI programme increased the use of perioperative risk assessment in patients undergoing emergency laparotomy, with the potential to improve patient outcomes and care delivery.

How do Trainers and Trainees use Formative Workplace-based Assessments of Operative Competence to Deliver and Receive Structured Feedback?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the quality of feedback provided to surgical trainees in the operating theatre, and to further investigate how trainees and trainers use workplace-based assessment in practice with regards to frequency and timing of assessments. DESIGN: A retrospective study of all submitted Supervised Structured Assessments of Operative Performance (SSAOPs) from April 25, 2016 to February 2, 2021 was conducted. SETTING: Surgical trainees in the Republic of Ireland across all national surgical training sites submitted SSAOPs through an online platform. PARTICIPANTS: Assessments of operative competence (SSAOPs) from all Core Surgical Trainees (in their first two years of dedicated post-graduate surgical training) were included for analysis, regardless of surgical subspecialty. A total of 2294 assessments were submitted from April 25, 2016 to February 2, 2021 by 330 core surgical trainees and 379 surgeon assessors. Five hundred of these assessments were randomly selected and scored for quality of feedback using a modified "Task, Gap, Action (TGA)" framework. RESULTS: Of all 2294 submitted assessments, 1905 (83.04%) were submitted in the latter 3 months of each rotation, and 803 (35%) were submitted in the last month. Only 51 of 270 (18.89%) of trainees in their first year and 33 of 236 trainees in their second year (13.98%) submitted more than the minimum required number of assessments (6 per year). Of 500 randomly selected assessments, 362 (72.4%) had documented written feedback. The mean 'Gap' and 'Action' scores were low, at 0.44/3 and 0.53/3 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Trainees do not submit more than the required number of operative workplace-based assessments. Assessments are submitted at the end of the trainee's rotation, limiting their formative value. The quality of written feedback is poor and could be improved significantly by encouraging a "Task," "Gap" and "Action" approach.

Surgical trainee experience and opinion of robotic surgery in surgical training and vision for the future: a snapshot study of pan-specialty surgical trainees.

BACKGROUND:  Robotic surgery is well established across multiple surgical specialities in the United Kingdom (UK) and Republic of Ireland (ROI). We aimed to elucidate current surgical trainee experience of and attitudes to robotic surgery in a surgical training programme across the UK and ROI to determine the future role of robotic surgery in international surgical training programmes. Methods: A pan-specialty trainee cross-sectional study was performed on behalf of the Association of Surgeons in Training (ASiT) using mixed-methodology. Round 1: a digital questionnaire was disseminated to all ASiT members. Round 2: 'live-polling' was performed prior to and following the Robotic Surgery plenary session convened at the ASiT 2020 International Conference (Birmingham). Data analysis was performed using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. RESULTS:  Three hundred and four responses were analysed (n = 244 digital questionnaire, n = 60 live-polling). Overall, 73.8% (n = 180) of trainees would value greater access to robotic surgery training. 73.4% (n = 179) believed that robotic surgery was important for the future of their desired specialty and 77.2% (n = 156) believed it should be incorporated into formal surgical training. Qualitative analysis identified that trainees believe that robotic training should have a formal role in surgical training. Perceived disadvantages of robotic surgery experience in surgical training included expense and the current impact of consultant robotic learning curves on training. CONCLUSION:  Current surgical trainees desire greater access to robotic surgery in surgical training. Robotic surgery is developing an increasing role in current surgical practice and it is important that it is introduced in a timely, evidence-based fashion to surgical trainees at an appropriate stage of training.

CT-determined sarcopenia as a predictor of post-operative outcomes in patients undergoing an emergency laparotomy.

PURPOSE: Emergency laparotomy has a high reported thirty-day mortality, ranging from 11 to 15%. Current peri-operative risk assessment tools may poorly estimate the risk of perioperative mortality. We sought to determine if CT-determined sarcopenia may be a useful predictor of post-operative outcomes in patients undergoing an emergency laparotomy. METHODS: A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of consecutive adult patients who underwent an emergency laparotomy at our institution was performed. Post-operative mortality (90-day mortality), admission to HDU or ICU and APACHE-II scores were recorded for these patients. Sarcopenia was calculated by determining psoas area and density at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. The lowest quartile was determined to be sarcopenic. Univariate statistical analysis investigated associations between sarcopenia and these outcome measures. RESULTS: Eighty patients were included in the study following application of exclusion criteria. Thirty-eight were male. The 90-day mortality rate was 11%. Compared to their non-sarcopenic counterparts, sarcopenic patients were significantly more likely to have died by 90 days post-operatively (χ2 = 9.51, p = 0.002) and to require admission to either the HDU or ICU in the post-operative period (χ2 = 10.62, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CT determined sarcopenia is significantly associated with 90-day mortality and post-operative admission to HDU or ICU in patients undergoing an emergency laparotomy. The future development of a validated scoring tool incorporating sarcopenia could help to better select out those patients who will require higher levels of post-operative care as well as identifying those for whom surgery may not confer a survival benefit and be deemed futile.

A novel value-based scoring system for endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collections: a single-centre comparative study of plastic and lumen-apposing metal stents (NOVA study).

OBJECTIVE: Healthcare resources are finite. Value in healthcare can be defined as patient health outcomes achieved per monetary unit spent. Attempts have been made to quantify the value of luminal endoscopy, but there is little in the medical literature describing the value of the complex therapeutic endoscopic activity. This study aimed to characterise the value of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) with either plastic or lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMSs). METHODS: This is a single-centre, retrospective-prospective comparative study of 39 patients, who underwent EUS-guided PFC drainage between 2009 and 2018. Procedure value was calculated using the formula Q/(T/C), where Q is the quality of procedure adjusted for complications, T procedure duration and C is the complexity adjustment. Quality and complexity were estimated on a 1-4 Likert scale based on the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy criteria. Time (in minutes) was recorded from the patient entering and leaving the procedure room. Endoscopy time calculated from procedure time was considered a surrogate marker of cost as individual components of procedure cost were not itemized. RESULTS: Of 39 identified patients who underwent EUS-guided PFC drainage, 11 received double pigtail plastic stents (DPPSs) and 28 received LAMSs. The two groups were comparable in age, gender and aetiology. Nearly 40% of the LAMS interventions were considered high value but only 11% of the plastic stent interventions achieved the same. The difference predominantly was due to a higher rate of complications and longer procedure time. CONCLUSION: In this single-centre study, EUS-guided PFC drainage using LAMS was found to be a higher value procedure compared to the use of DPPS.

Subcutaneous sacrococcygeal myxopapillary ependymoma misdiagnosed as pilonidal disease.

Ependymomas are neoplasms which arise from the radial glial cells, which many recent studies have proposed are neural stem cells. Extracranial ependymomas are rare. We present the case report and supporting multimedia of a 37-year-old man who presented with a painless intergluteal swelling which was diagnosed clinically as a pilonidal cyst. However, on excision, he was found to have a subcutaneous sacrococcygeal myxopapillary ependymoma based on histological findings. His management and follow-up are presented and discussed. Given the rare nature of this condition, there is a lack of published guidelines on management and follow-up protocols. Supporting evidence is limited to sporadic case reports. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges and management strategies adopted supported by the best available evidence.

Consensus recommendations on balancing educational opportunities and service provision in surgical training: Association of Surgeons in Training Delphi qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Ensuring the highest quality of surgical training remains a challenge as demands on health service provision rise. This study aimed to explore the differences and potential conflicts between service provision and dedicated training activity provided by surgical trainees, and recommend solutions. METHODS: Participants were drawn from the Association of Surgeons in Training (ASiT) national council. Nominal Group Technique (NGT) was employed by members of the ASiT executive addressing 3 key domains (1) defining differences between training and service tasks, (2) impact of service-provision on training and (3) ways to improve training. A two-round Delphi process was conducted via electronic survey to ASiT council. Consensus was considered achieved for any statement where 80% or more of respondents indicated agreement. RESULTS: 47 statements were generated through NGT which were put to the Delphi process. Consensus was reached on a total of 24/47 statements. Educational or training tasks were identified as being activities which progressed a trainee's skill set, could be tailored to a trainee's own ability, and involved acting as a trainer to more junior colleagues. The negative impact of excess service provision included training quality, trainee mental health, and surgical trainee recruitment. Potential measures to improve training included increasing hospital staffing and resources, protected training times, trainee-specific or competency-based learning and training or incentivising trainers. CONCLUSION: This trainee-based study provides several consensus recommendations on the characteristics that define surgical training and how a balance between service provision and training can potentially be achieved. Policy makers and health systems may be guided by these to ensure high quality training and a satisfied workforce.

Bullying and undermining behaviours in surgery: A qualitative study of surgical trainee experiences in the United Kingdom (UK) & Republic of Ireland (ROI).

BACKGROUND: Bullying and undermining (B/U) behaviours are documented in the international surgical workplace. This study is the largest assessment of prevalence of B/U behaviours within UK & ROI surgical training to date. MATERIALS AND METHODS: UK & ROI surgical trainees were electronically surveyed in July 2017. The survey was open for one month and sent to all registered trainees at Core and Specialty level by the Joint Committee on Surgical Training (JCST) along with email and social media dissemination by the Association of Surgeons in Training (ASiT) and the British Orthopaedic Trainees Association (BOTA). A consensus session on the topic was conducted at the ASiT Conference in Edinburgh in March 2018. Standards for reporting of Qualitative Research were followed. RESULTS: 1412 responses were received (26.6% response rate). All training regions, grades and specialties were represented. 60% of trainees (n = 837) reported witnessing or experiencing B/U behaviours in the surgical workplace. The most common reports related to sexism; 42% (n = 568) reported witnessing or experiencing sexist language/attitudes in the workplace. This was reported more by female respondents (66% compared to 27% male). 21% (n = 291) and 13% (n = 180) reported witnessing or personally experiencing racist and homophobic language or attitudes respectively. Consultants were identified as the most frequent perpetrators. The surgical wards or theatres were the most frequently reported areas that trainees either witnessed or experienced B/U behaviours. Of those trainees who had reported a personal experience of B/U behaviours (n = 344), 20% described their experiences of reporting as negative or very negative. 48.1% of respondents felt that surgery as a whole had a moderate, high or very high degree of a concern about B/U behaviours. CONCLUSION: B/U behaviours are prevalent in the surgical domain. Urgent action is required to eradicate this unacceptable behaviour. A cross-specialty, intercollegiate response is required to tackle this issue and improve the working culture in surgery for all.

Real-world use of workplace based assessments in surgical training: A UK nationwide cross-sectional exploration of trainee perspectives and consensus recommendations from the Association of Surgeons in Training.

BACKGROUND: Despite widespread uptake, the utility of Workplace Based Assessments (WBAs) is disputed and evidence underpinning their use is largely based upon their completion in ideal conditions, rather than the real-world setting. AIM: To ascertain the real-world usage of WBAs, as perceived by UK surgical trainees. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An anonymous online questionnaire conducted nationally via the Association of Surgeons in Training (ASiT). Evaluation of 906 completed trainee responses, across all surgical specialties and training levels, employed mixed methods to interpret quantitative and qualitative data. RESULTS: The sample permitted a 3.0% confidence level with acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.755). Formative use was supported by 72.5% and summative use was rejected by almost as many (66.3%). WBA use was perceived to deviate markedly from that recommended by the Joint Committee on Surgical Training (JCST). Significant misuse was identified and elements perceived as inaccurate appear commonplace across the breadth of surgical specialties. Inaccurate completion was acknowledged by 89.6% of respondents and some trainers appear complicit, 147 individuals (16.2%) having reported this to trainers, 40.9% aware of 'unobserved sign-off', and 33.6% aware of 'password disclosure' by trainers. Furthermore, a majority of trainees felt the Annual Review of Competency Progression (ARCP) respected WBA quantity above quality (55.4%), and a third felt pressure to overstate the number completed (32.0%). Reasons for misuse appeared largely centred upon time restraints, lack of engagement and a will to achieve the required targets for career progression. 1.5 CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that UK surgical trainees perceive that most trainees deviate from guidance in their use of WBAs. This is worrying in both the apparent frequency and nature of misuse and somewhat undermines existing evidence for their role in surgical training. Trainees perceive that required numbers of WBAs are too high, that training programmes fail to encourage their use as formative assessments, and that there is a lack of engagement by many trainees and trainers. We present consensus recommendations from ASiT for the improvement of WBA use in UK surgical training.

Prospective validation of classification of intraoperative adverse events (ClassIntra): international, multicentre cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively assess the construct and criterion validity of ClassIntra version 1.0, a newly developed classification for assessing intraoperative adverse events. DESIGN: International, multicentre cohort study. SETTING: 18 secondary and tertiary centres from 12 countries in Europe, Oceania, and North America. PARTICIPANTS: The cohort study included a representative sample of 2520 patients in hospital having any type of surgery, followed up until discharge. A follow-up to assess mortality at 30 days was performed in 2372 patients (94%). A survey was sent to a representative sample of 163 surgeons and anaesthetists from participating centres. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intraoperative complications were assessed according to ClassIntra. Postoperative complications were assessed daily until discharge from hospital with the Clavien-Dindo classification. The primary endpoint was construct validity by investigating the risk adjusted association between the most severe intraoperative and postoperative complications, measured in a multivariable hierarchical proportional odds model. For criterion validity, inter-rater reliability was evaluated in a survey of 10 fictitious case scenarios describing intraoperative complications. RESULTS: Of 2520 patients enrolled, 610 (24%) experienced at least one intraoperative adverse event and 838 (33%) at least one postoperative complication. Multivariable analysis showed a gradual increase in risk for a more severe postoperative complication with increasing grade of ClassIntra: ClassIntra grade I versus grade 0, odds ratio 0.99 (95% confidence interval 0.69 to 1.42); grade II versus grade 0, 1.39 (0.97 to 2.00); grade III versus grade 0, 2.62 (1.31 to 5.26); and grade IV versus grade 0, 3.81 (1.19 to 12.2). ClassIntra showed high criterion validity with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.76 (95% confidence interval 0.59 to 0.91) in the survey (response rate 83%). CONCLUSIONS: ClassIntra is the first prospectively validated classification for assessing intraoperative adverse events in a standardised way, linking them to postoperative complications with the well established Clavien-Dindo classification. ClassIntra can be incorporated into routine practice in perioperative surgical safety checklists, or used as a monitoring and outcome reporting tool for different surgical disciplines. Future studies should investigate whether the tool is useful to stratify patients to the appropriate postoperative care, to enhance the quality of surgical interventions, and to improve long term outcomes of surgical patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03009929.