Is Repeat Resection for Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Warranted? Outcomes of an International Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Recurrence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) after liver resection (LR) remains high, and optimal therapy for recurrent ICC is challenging. Herein, we assess the outcomes of patients undergoing repeat resection for recurrent ICC in a large, international multicenter cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Outcomes of adults from six large hepatobiliary centers in North America, Europe, and Asia with recurrent ICC following primary LR between 2001 and 2015 were analyzed. Cox models determined predictors of post-recurrence survival. RESULTS: Of patients undergoing LR for ICC, 499 developed recurrence. The median time to recurrence was 10 months, and 47% were intrahepatic. Overall 3-year post-recurrence survival rate was 28.6%. In total, 121 patients (25%) underwent repeat resection, including 74 (61%) repeat LRs. Surgically treated patients were more likely to have solitary intrahepatic recurrences and significantly prolonged survival compared with those receiving locoregional or systemic therapy alone with a 3-year post-recurrence survival rate of 47%. Independent predictors of post-recurrence death included time to recurrence < 1 year [HR 1.66 (1.32-2.10), p < 0.001], site of recurrence [HR 1.74 (1.28-2.38), p < 0.001], macrovascular invasion [HR 1.43 (1.05-1.95), p = 0.024], and size of recurrence > 3 cm [HR 1.68 (1.24-2.29), p = 0.001]. Repeat resection was independently associated with decreased post-recurrence death [HR 0.58 0.43-0.78), p < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS: Repeat resection for recurrent ICC in select patients can result in extended survival. Thus, challenging the paradigm of offering these patients locoregional or chemo/palliative therapy alone as the mainstay of treatment.

Gd-EOB MRI for HCC subtype differentiation in a western population according to the 5th edition of the World Health Organization classification.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the value of gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOB)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for noninvasive subtype differentiation of HCCs according to the 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Digestive System Tumors in a western population. METHODS: This retrospective study included 262 resected lesions in 240 patients with preoperative Gd-EOB-enhanced MRI. Subtypes were assigned by two pathologists. Gd-EOB-enhanced MRI datasets were assessed by two radiologists for qualitative and quantitative imaging features, including imaging features defined in LI-RADS v2018 and area of hepatobiliary phase (HBP) iso- to hyperintensity. RESULTS: The combination of non-rim arterial phase hyperenhancement with non-peripheral portal venous washout was more common in "not otherwise specified" (nos-ST) (88/168, 52%) than other subtypes, in particular macrotrabecular massive (mt-ST) (3/15, 20%), chromophobe (ch-ST) (1/8, 13%), and scirrhous subtypes (sc-ST) (2/9, 22%) (p = 0.035). Macrovascular invasion was associated with mt-ST (5/16, p = 0.033) and intralesional steatosis with steatohepatitic subtype (sh-ST) (28/32, p < 0.001). Predominant iso- to hyperintensity in the HBP was only present in nos-ST (16/174), sh-ST (3/33), and clear cell subtypes (cc-ST) (3/13) (p = 0.031). Associations were found for the following non-imaging parameters: age and sex, as patients with fibrolamellar subtype (fib-ST) were younger (median 44 years (19-66), p < 0.001) and female (4/5, p = 0.023); logarithm of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was elevated in the mt-ST (median 397 µg/l (74-5370), p < 0.001); type II diabetes mellitus was more frequent in the sh-ST (20/33, p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Gd-EOB-MRI reproduces findings reported in the literature for extracellular contrast-enhanced MRI and CT and may be a valuable tool for noninvasive HCC subtype differentiation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Better characterization of the heterogeneous phenotypes of HCC according to the revised WHO classification potentially improves both diagnostic accuracy and the precision of therapeutic stratification for HCC. KEY POINTS: • Previously reported imaging features of common subtypes in CT and MRI enhanced with extracellular contrast agents are reproducible with Gd-EOB-enhanced MRI. • While uncommon, predominant iso- to hyperintensity in the HBP was observed only in NOS, clear cell, and steatohepatitic subtypes. • Gd-EOB-enhanced MRI offers imaging features that are of value for HCC subtype differentiation according to the 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Digestive System Tumors.

Gd-EOB-DTPA-MRCP to localize bile leakage after liver trauma and surgery: impact on treatment and outcome.

OBJECTIVES: Bile leakage (BL) is a challenging complication after hepatobiliary surgery and liver trauma. Gadolinium ethoxybenzyl (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is used to diagnose BL non-invasively. We assessed the value of Gd-EOB-DTPA-MRCP in the detection of postoperative and post-traumatic BL hypothesizing that exact identification of the leakage site is pivotal for treatment planning and outcome. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 39 trauma and postoperative patients who underwent Gd-EOB-DTPA-MRCP for suspected BL. Three readers rated the presence of BL and leakage site (intraparenchymal, central, peripheral ± aberrant or disconnected ducts). Imaging findings were compared to subsequent interventional procedures and their complexity and outcome. RESULTS: BL was detected in Gd-EOB-DTPA-MRCP in 25 of patients and was subsequently confirmed. Sites of BL differed significantly between postoperative (central [58%] and peripheral [42%]) and trauma patients (intraparenchymal [100%]; p < 0.001). Aberrant or disconnected ducts were diagnosed in 8%/26% of cases in the postoperative subgroup. Inter-rater agreement for the detection and localization of BL was almost perfect (Κ = 0.85 and 0.88; p < 0.001). Intraparenchymal BL required significantly less complex interventional procedures (p = 0.002), whereas hospitalization and mortality did not differ between the subgroups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Gd-EOB-DTPA-MRCP reliably detects and exactly locates BL in postoperative and trauma patients. Exact localization of biliary injuries enables specific treatment planning, as intraparenchymal leakages, which occur more frequently after trauma, require less complex interventions than central or peripheral leaks in the postoperative setting. As a result of specific treatment based on exact BL localization, there was no difference in the duration of hospitalization or mortality. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Gd-EOB-DTPA-MRCP is a reliable diagnostic tool for exactly localizing iatrogenic and post-traumatic biliary leakage. Its precise localization helps tailor local therapies for different injury patterns, resulting in comparable clinical outcomes despite varying treatments. KEY POINTS: • Gd-EOB-DTPA-MRCP enables adequate detection and localization of bile leakages in both postoperative and post-traumatic patients. • The site of bile leakage significantly impacts the complexity of required additional interventions. • Intraparenchymal bile leakage is commonly seen in patients with a history of liver trauma and requires less complex interventions than postoperative central or peripheral bile leakages, while hospitalization and mortality are similar.

Simplifying minimally invasive right hepatectomy.

BACKGROUND: Extrahepatic transection of the right hepatic artery and right portal vein before parenchymal dissection is a widely used standard for minimal invasive right hepatectomy. Hereby, hilar dissection represents a technical difficulty. We report our results of a simplified approach in which the hilar dissection is omitted and the line of dissection is defined with ultrasound. METHODS: Patients undergoing minimally invasive right hepatectomy were included. Ultrasound-guided hepatectomy (UGH) was defined by the following main steps: (1) ultrasound-guided definition of the transection line, (2) dissection of the liver parenchyma according to the caudal approach, (3) intraparenchymal transection of the right pedicle and (4) of the right liver vein, respectively. Intra- and postoperative outcomes of UGH were compared to the standard technique. Propensity score matching was performed to adjust for parameters of perioperative risk. RESULTS: Median operative time was 310 min in the UGH group compared to 338 min in the control group (p = 0.013). No differences were observed for Pringle maneuver duration (35 min vs. 25 min; p = ns) nor postoperative transaminases levels (p = ns). There was a trend toward a lower major complication rate in the UGH group (13 vs. 25%) and a shorter median hospital stay (8 days vs. 10 days); however, both being short of statistical significance (p = ns). Bile leak was observed in zero cases of UGH compared to 9 out of 32 cases (28%) for the control group (p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: UGH appears to be at least comparable to the standard technique in terms of intraoperative and postoperative outcomes. Accordingly, transection of the right hepatic artery and right portal vein prior to the transection phase can be omitted, at least in selected cases. These results need to be confirmed in a prospective and randomized trial.

A surgical strategy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma - the hilar first concept.

PURPOSE: The present study assesses long-term overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) after curative resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICCA) depending on resection margin (RM) status and lymph node (LN) status. METHODS: Clinical data of all consecutively resected patients with ICCA at a single high-volume center between 2005 and 2018 were collected. Minimum follow-up was 36 months. Perioperative and long-term oncological outcome was assessed. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-two cases were included in the analysis. Thirty- and 90-day-mortality was 5.2% (n = 10) and 10.9% (n = 21). OS was 26 months with 1-, 2-, and 5-year-OS rates of 72%, 53%, and 26%. One-, 2-, and 5-year-DFS rates were 54%, 42%, and 35% (N0 vs. N1: 29 vs. 9 months, p = 0.116). R1 was not found to be an independent risk factor for reduced survival in the overall cohort (p = 0.098). When differentiating according to the LN status, clear resection margins were significantly associated with increased DFS for N0 cases (50 months vs. 9 months, p = 0.004). For N1 cases, no significant difference in DFS was calculated for R0 compared to R1 cases (9 months vs. 9 months, p = 0.88). For N0 cases, clear resection margins > 10 mm were associated with prolonged OS (p = 0.048). CONCLUSION: For N1 cases, there was no significant survival benefit when comparing R0 versus R1, while the complication rate remained high for the extended resection types. In view of merging multimodal treatment, the hilar first concept assesses locoregional LN status for optimal surgical therapy.

Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open major hepatectomy - an analysis of costs and postoperative outcomes in a single-center setting.

PURPOSE: In the era of minimal-invasive surgery, the introduction of robotic liver surgery (RS) was accompanied by concerns about the increased financial expenses of the robotic technique in comparison to the established laparoscopic (LS) and conventional open surgery (OS). Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of RS, LS and OS for major hepatectomies in this study. METHODS: We analyzed financial and clinical data on patients who underwent major liver resection for benign and malign lesions from 2017 to 2019 at our department. Patients were grouped according to the technical approach in RS, LS, and OS. For better comparability, only cases stratified to the Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG) H01A and H01B were included in this study. Financial expenses were compared between RS, LS, and OS. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify parameters associated with increased costs. RESULTS: RS, LS and OS accounted for median daily costs of 1,725 €, 1,633 € and 1,205 €, respectively (p < 0.0001). Median daily (p = 0.420) and total costs (16,648 € vs. 14,578 €, p = 0.076) were comparable between RS and LS. Increased financial expenses for RS were mainly caused by intraoperative costs (7,592 €, p < 0.0001). Length of procedure (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7-16.9, p = 0.004), length of stay (HR [95% CI] = 8.8 [1.9-41.6], p = 0.006) and development of major complications (HR [95% CI] = 2.9 [1.7-5.1], p < 0.0001) were independently associated with higher costs. CONCLUSIONS: From an economic perspective, RS may be considered a valid alternative to LS for major liver resections.

Safety and feasibility of robotic liver resection after previous abdominal surgeries.

BACKGROUND: While minimally invasive liver surgery has been increasingly adopted at least for minor resections, experience with robotic liver surgery is still limited to a few highly specialized centers. Due to the fear of abdominal adhesions, a history of prior surgeries is still used as an argument for open approaches. METHODS: Clinical data of all consecutive robotic resections at our center, using the da Vinci Xi surgical system, between April, 2018 and December, 2020, were collected and analyzed as part of a prospective, post-marketing observational study (DRKS00017229). Prior abdominal surgeries were specified according to the surgical approach and localization. Baseline and perioperative outcome criteria were compared between patients with prior surgeries (PS) and patients with no prior surgeries (NPS) in univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Out of the 126 patients undergoing robotic liver resections, 59% had a history of abdominal surgeries, which were most often colorectal resections (28%) followed by liver resections (20%). Patients with NPS were more likely to undergo robotic liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma or benign tumors, and to have underlying liver cirrhosis when compared to patients with PS. Other baseline characteristics as well as the extent of resections were similar. Duration of surgery (258 min), conversion rates (6%), and postoperative complications rates (21% Clavien-Dindo ≥ 3) showed no differences between NPS and PS. A subgroup of patients with a history of prior liver surgery showed a longer duration of surgery in univariate analysis. However, this was not confirmed in multivariate analysis which instead revealed tumor entity and liver cirrhosis as independently correlated with duration of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: We propose robotic liver resection to be safe and feasible, including in patients with prior abdominal surgeries. Each patient should be evaluated for a minimally invasive procedure regardless of a history of previous operations.

Textbook outcome after major hepatectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma - definitions and influencing factors.

PURPOSE: The concept of "textbook outcome" (TO) as composite quality measure depicting the ideal surgical has not yet been defined for patients undergoing major hepatectomy (MH) for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC). This study sought to propose a uniform definition through a systematic literature review as well as to identify patient- or procedure-related factors influencing TO. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we analyzed all patients undergoing MH for PHC at our department between January 2005 and August 2019. After conducting a systematic literature search, we defined TO as the absence of 90-day mortality and major complications, no hospital readmission within 90 days after discharge, and no prolonged hospital stay (<75. percentile). A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors influencing TO. RESULTS: Of 283 patients, TO was achieved in 67 (24%) patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative biliary drainage was associated with a decreased (OR= 0.405, 95% CI: 0.194-0.845, p=0.016) and left-sided-resection (OR= 1.899, 95% CI: 1.048-3.440, p=0.035) with increased odds for TO. Overall survival (OS) and DFS (disease-free survival) did not differ significantly between the outcome groups (OS: p=0.280, DFS: p=0.735). However, there was a trend towards better overall survival, especially in the late course with TO. CONCLUSION: Our analysis proposed a uniform definition of TO after MH for PHC. We identified left hepatectomy as an independent factor positively influencing TO. In patients where both right- and left-sided resections are feasible, this underlines the importance of a careful selection of patients who are scheduled for right hepatectomy.

The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical therapy and care: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, an extensive reorganisation of healthcare resources was necessary-with a particular impact on surgical care across all disciplines. However, the direct and indirect consequences of this redistribution of resources on surgical therapy and care are largely unknown. METHODS: We analysed our prospectively collected standardised digital quality management document for all surgical cases in 2020 and compared them to the years 2018 and 2019. Periods with high COVID-19 burdens were compared with the reference periods in 2018 and 2019. RESULTS: From 2018 to 2020, 10,723 patients underwent surgical treatment at our centres. We observed a decrease in treated patients and a change in the overall patient health status. Patient age and length of hospital stay increased during the COVID-19 pandemic (p = 0.004 and p = 0.002). Furthermore, the distribution of indications for surgical treatment changed in favour of oncological cases and less elective cases such as hernia repairs (p < 0.001). Postoperative thromboembolic and pulmonary complications increased slightly during the COVID-19 pandemic. There were slight differences for postoperative overall complications according to Clavien-Dindo, with a significant increase of postoperative mortality (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic we did not see an increase in the occurrence, or the severity of postoperative complications. Despite a slightly higher rate of mortality and specific complications being more prevalent, the biggest change was in indication for surgery, resulting in a higher proportion of older and sicker patients with corresponding comorbidities. Further research is warranted to analyse how this changed demographic will influence long-term patient care.

Transplantation programs facing lack of empirical evidence on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: A society recommendation consensus update.

BACKGROUND: Since phase III trials for the most prominent vaccines excluded immunocompromised or immunosuppressed patients, data on safety and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for recipients of solid organ transplantations are scarce. AIMS: Our study offers a synthesis of expert opinions aligned with available data addressing key questions of the clinical management of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations for transplant patients. METHOD: An online research was performed retrieving available recommendations by national and international transplantation organizations and state institutions on SARS-CoV2 vaccination management for transplant recipients. RESULTS: Eleven key statements were identified from recommendations by 18 national and international societies, and consensus for the individual statements was evaluated by means of the Society Recommendation Consensus score. The highest consensus level (SRC A) was found for prioritized access to vaccination for transplant patients despite anticipation of a weakened immune response. All currently authorized vaccines can be considered safe for transplant patients (SRC A). The handling of immunosuppressive medication, the timely management of vaccines, and other aspects were aligned with available expert opinions. CONCLUSION: Expert consensus can be determined for crucial aspects of the implementation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination programs. We hereby offer a tool for immediate decision-making until empirical data becomes available.

A tailored approach in lymph node-positive perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.

PURPOSE: Extended right hepatectomy is associated with wide surgical margins in PHC and often favored for oncological considerations. However, it remains uncertain whether established surgical principles also apply to the subgroup of node-positive patients. The aim of the present study was to define a tailored surgical approach for patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC) and lymph node metastases. METHODS: We reviewed the course of all consecutive patients undergoing major hepatectomy for PHC between 2005 and 2015 at the Department of Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-one patients underwent major hepatectomy for PHC with 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates of 72%, 48%, and 36%, and 60%, 22%, and 12%, respectively. In lymph node-positive patients (n = 109, 47%), extended left hepatectomy was associated with improved OS and DFS, respectively, when compared to extended right hepatectomy (p = 0.008 and p = 0.003). Interestingly, OS and DFS did not differ between R0 and R1 resections in those patients (both p = ns). Patients undergoing extended left hepatectomy were more likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.022). This is of note as adjuvant chemotherapy, besides grading (p = 0.041), was the only independent prognostic factor in node-positive patients (p=0.002). CONCLUSION: Patients with node-positive PHC might benefit from less aggressive approaches being associated with lower morbidity and a higher chance for adjuvant chemotherapy. Lymph node sampling might help to guide patients to the appropriate surgical approach according to their lymph node status.

Solid organ transplantation programs facing lack of empiric evidence in the COVID-19 pandemic: A By-proxy Society Recommendation Consensus approach.

The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has a drastic impact on national health care systems. Given the overwhelming demand on facility capacity, the impact on all health care sectors has to be addressed. Solid organ transplantation represents a field with a high demand on staff, intensive care units, and follow-up facilities. The great therapeutic value of organ transplantation has to be weighed against mandatory constraints of health care capacities. In addition, the management of immunosuppressed recipients has to be reassessed during the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In addressing these crucial questions, transplant physicians are facing a total lack of scientific evidence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to offer an approach of consensus-based guidance, derived from individual information of 22 transplant societies. Key recommendations were extracted and the degree of consensus among different organizations was calculated. A high degree of consensus was found for temporarily suspending nonurgent transplant procedures and living donation programs. Systematic polymerase chain reaction-based testing of donors and recipients was broadly recommended. Additionally, more specific aspects (eg, screening of surgical explant teams and restricted use of marginal donor organs) were included in our analysis. This study offers a novel approach to informed guidance for health care management when a priori no scientific evidence is available.

Short-term postoperative outcomes of lymphadenectomy for cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal liver metastases in the modern era of liver surgery: Insights from the StuDoQ|Liver registry.

INTRODUCTION: The clinical role of lymphadenectomy (LAD) as part of hepatic resection for malignancies of the liver remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to report on the use cases and postoperative outcomes of liver resection and simultaneous LAD for hepatic malignancies (HM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinicopathological data from patients who underwent surgery at 13 German centers from 2017 to 2022 (n = 3456) was extracted from the StuDoQ|Liver registry of the German Society of General and Visceral Surgery. Propensity-score matching (PSM) was performed to account for the extent of liver resection and patient demographics. RESULTS: LAD was performed in 545 (16%) cases. The most common indication for LAD was cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), followed by colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). N+ status was found in 7 (8%), 59 (35%), and 56 cases (35%) for HCC, CCA, and CRLM, respectively (p < 0.001). The LAD rate was highest for robotic-assisted resections (28%) followed by open (26%) and laparoscopic resections (13%), whereas the number of resected lymph nodes was equivalent between the techniques (p = 0.303). LAD was associated with an increased risk of liver-specific postoperative complications, especially for patients with HCC. CONCLUSION: In this multicenter registry study, LAD was found to be associated with an increased risk of liver-specific complications. The highest rate of LAD was observed among robotic liver resections.

Robotic Liver Surgery: Technical Advantages Over Laparoscopic Technique Based on Parameters of Surgical Complexity and Perioperative Outcomes.

Introduction: In view of the limited availability, our study addresses the issue of optimal case selection for robotic liver surgery over standard laparoscopy offering an in-detail analysis of intra- and postoperative outcomes. Materials and Methods: Clinical and technical data of all consecutive cases of robotic liver surgery of a single high-volume center from 2018 to 2020 were collected prospectively. Second, we performed a retrospective analysis of all laparoscopic liver resections from 2015 to 2020. Parameters of surgical complexity were extracted and descriptive analysis and statistical hypothesis testing were performed to assess parameters of intraoperative and postoperative outcomes. Results: A total of 121 robotic resections were compared with 435 laparoscopic resections. Shorter robotic operating times were shown for segmentectomies of the right liver lobe compared with laparoscopic procedures (P = .003) with an according trend for extended resections. A shorter duration of applied Pringle's maneuver was observed for robotic procedures. This advantage was further enhanced in cases with close proximity of the tumor to major vessels. There were no significant differences in postoperative morbidity and mortality between both groups. Conclusion: Our study offers the first in-detail analysis of intraoperative and postoperative outcomes of robotic liver surgery depending on established parameters of surgical complexity. The results indicate potential technical advantages of robotic technology in liver surgery based on parameters that can be studied before the operation. When evaluating robotic technology, future studies should focus not only at overall postoperative outcomes, but rather at potential technical intraoperative advantages to allow optimal case selection for robotic liver surgery. Clinical Trial Registration Number: DRKS00017229.

Validation of the Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) society recommendations for liver surgery: a prospective, observational study.

Background: Twenty-three recommendations were summarized by the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) society for liver surgery. The aim was to validate the protocol especially with regard to adherence and the impact on morbidity. Methods: Using the ERAS Interactive Audit System (EIAS), ERAS items were evaluated in patients undergoing liver resection. Over a period of 26 months, 304 patients were prospectively enrolled in an observational study (DRKS00017229). Of those, 51 patients (non-ERAS) were enrolled before and 253 patients (ERAS) after the implementation of the ERAS protocol. Perioperative adherence and complications were compared between the two groups. Results: Overall adherence increased from 45.2% in the non-ERAS group to 62.7% in the ERAS group (P<0.001). This was associated with significant improvements in the preoperative and postoperative phase (P<0.001), rather than in the outpatient and intraoperative phase (both P>0.05). Overall complications decreased from 41.2% (n=21) in the non-ERAS group to 26.5% (n=67) in the ERAS group (P=0.0423), which was mainly due to the reduction of grade 1-2 complications from 17.6% (n=9) to 7.6% (n=19) (P=0.0322). As for patients undergoing open surgery, implementation of ERAS lead to a reduction of overall complications in patients scheduled for minimally invasive liver surgery (MILS) (P=0.036). Conclusions: Implementation of the ERAS protocol for liver surgery according to the ERAS guidelines of the ERAS Society reduced Clavien-Dindo grade 1-2 complications particularly in patients who underwent MILS. The ERAS guidelines are beneficial for the outcome, while adherence to the various items has not yet been satisfactorily defined.

Minimal Invasive Versus Open Surgery for Colorectal Liver Metastases: A Multicenter German StuDoQ|Liver Registry-Based Cohort Analysis in Germany.

Objective: To compare the outcome of minimally invasive liver surgery (MILS) to open liver surgery (OLS) for resection of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) on a nationwide level. Background: Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignancy worldwide. Up to 50% of all patients with colorectal cancer develop CRLM. MILS represents an attractive alternative to OLS for treatment of CRLM. Methods: Retrospective cohort study using the prospectively recorded German Quality management registry for liver surgery. Propensity-score matching was performed to account for variance in the extent of resection and patient demographics. Results: In total, 1037 patients underwent liver resection for CRLM from 2019 to 2021. MILS was performed in 31%. Operative time was significantly longer in MILS (234 vs 222 minutes, P = 0.02) compared with OLS. After MILS, median length of hospital stay (LOS) was significantly shorter (7 vs 10 days; P < 0.001). Despite 76% of major resections being OLS, postoperative complications and 90-day morbidity and mortality did not differ. The Pringle maneuver was more frequently used in MILS (48% vs 40%, P = 0.048). After propensity-score matching for age, body mass index, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, and extent of resection, LOS remained shorter in the MILS cohort (6 vs 10 days, P < 0.001) and operative time did not differ significantly (P = 0.2). Conclusion: MILS is not the standard for resection of CRLM in Germany. Drawbacks, such as a longer operative time remain. However, if technically possible, MILS is a reasonable alternative to OLS for resection of CRLM, with comparable postoperative complications, reduced LOS, and equal oncological radicality.

[Bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy : Classification, recognition and repair]. / Gallengangsverletzung im Rahmen der laparoskopischen Cholezystektomie : Klassifikation, Erkennung und Reparation.

BACKGROUND: Bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy are rare but serious complications. CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSTICS: Bile duct injuries can be classified based on their location, injury pattern and possible concomitant vascular injury. Several classifications exist with the Neuhaus classification, which is widely used in Germany, allowing a clinically oriented classification of bile duct injuries. The diagnostic algorithm is based on whether the injury is diagnosed due to bile leakage or bile duct occlusion and whether there is also a circulatory disturbance of the liver. The differentiated use of laboratory, image-based, endoscopic and interventional methods enables not only classification but also treatment planning. TREATMENT: About half of all bile duct lesions can be treated by an endoscopic intervention; however, with increasing size of the defect, with complete occlusion of the bile duct or with relevant circulatory disturbances of the liver, the probability for the need of a surgical procedure increases. Intraoperatively, a distinction must be made between repair by suturing and splinting and reconstruction of the bile duct by patch plasty or hepaticojejunostomy. Partial liver resection or liver transplantation may be necessary, especially in cases of circulatory disorders. In addition to appropriate experience, good communication and interdisciplinary cooperation between endoscopy, interventional radiology and surgery are crucial for the success of the treatment. In this respect, contacting a specialized center for liver and transplantation surgery as soon as possible is advised.

Treatment of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma-A Multidisciplinary Approach.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCC) is distinguished as an entity from perihilar and distal cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma. Recently, molecular profiling and histopathological features have allowed further classification. Due to the frequent delay in diagnosis, the prognosis for iCC remains poor despite major technical advances and multimodal therapeutic approaches. Liver resection represents the therapeutic backbone and only curative treatment option, with the functional residual capacity of the liver and oncologic radicality being deciding factors for postoperative and long-term oncological outcome. Furthermore, in selected cases and depending on national guidelines, liver transplantation may be a therapeutic option. Given the often advanced tumor stage at diagnosis or the potential for postoperative recurrence, locoregional therapies have become increasingly important. These strategies range from radiofrequency ablation to transarterial chemoembolization to selective internal radiation therapy and can be used in combination with liver resection. In addition, adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapies as well as targeted therapies and immunotherapies based on molecular profiles can be applied. This review discusses multimodal treatment strategies for iCC and their differential use.

Complexity-Adjusted Learning Curves for Robotic and Laparoscopic Liver Resection: A Word of Caution.

Background: Minimally invasive liver surgery (MILS) has a high variance in the type of resection and complexity, which has been underestimated in learning curve studies in the past. The aim of this work was to evaluate complexity-adjusted learning curves over time for laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) and robotic liver resection (RLR). Methods: Cumulative sum analysis (CUSUM) and complexity adjustment were performed using the Iwate score for LLR and RLR (n = 647). Lowest point of smoothed data was used to capture the cutoff of the increase in complexity. Data were collected retrospectively at the Department of Surgery of the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin. Results: A total of 132 RLR and 514 LLR were performed. According to the complexity-adjusted CUSUM analysis, the initial learning phase was reached after 117 for LLR and 93 procedures for RLR, respectively. With increasing experience, the rate of (extended) right hemihepatectomy multiplied from 8.4% to 18.9% for LLR (P = 0.031) and from 21.6% to 58.3% for RLR (P < 0.001). Complication rates remained comparable between both episodes for LLR and RLR (T1 vs T2, P > 0.05). The complexity-adjusted CUSUM analysis demonstrated for blood transfusion, conversion, and operative time an increase during the learning phase (T1), while a steady state was reached in the following (T2). Conclusions: The learning phase for MILS after adjusting for complexity is about 4 times longer than assumed in previous studies, which should urge caution.