A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine for Prevention of Covid-19.

BACKGROUND: Current strategies for preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are limited to nonpharmacologic interventions. Hydroxychloroquine has been proposed as a postexposure therapy to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), but definitive evidence is lacking. METHODS: We conducted an open-label, cluster-randomized trial involving asymptomatic contacts of patients with polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-confirmed Covid-19 in Catalonia, Spain. We randomly assigned clusters of contacts to the hydroxychloroquine group (which received the drug at a dose of 800 mg once, followed by 400 mg daily for 6 days) or to the usual-care group (which received no specific therapy). The primary outcome was PCR-confirmed, symptomatic Covid-19 within 14 days. The secondary outcome was SARS-CoV-2 infection, defined by symptoms compatible with Covid-19 or a positive PCR test regardless of symptoms. Adverse events were assessed for up to 28 days. RESULTS: The analysis included 2314 healthy contacts of 672 index case patients with Covid-19 who were identified between March 17 and April 28, 2020. A total of 1116 contacts were randomly assigned to receive hydroxychloroquine and 1198 to receive usual care. Results were similar in the hydroxychloroquine and usual-care groups with respect to the incidence of PCR-confirmed, symptomatic Covid-19 (5.7% and 6.2%, respectively; risk ratio, 0.86 [95% confidence interval, 0.52 to 1.42]). In addition, hydroxychloroquine was not associated with a lower incidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission than usual care (18.7% and 17.8%, respectively). The incidence of adverse events was higher in the hydroxychloroquine group than in the usual-care group (56.1% vs. 5.9%), but no treatment-related serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Postexposure therapy with hydroxychloroquine did not prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection or symptomatic Covid-19 in healthy persons exposed to a PCR-positive case patient. (Funded by the crowdfunding campaign YoMeCorono and others; BCN-PEP-CoV2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04304053.).

Sentinel lymph node biopsy before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in cN0 breast cancer patients: impact on axillary morbidity and survival-a propensity score cohort study.

PURPOSE: In patients with clinically lymph node-negative (cN0) breast cancer, performing sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) has been preferentially embraced in comparison to before NACT. However, survival outcomes associated with both strategies remain understudied. We aimed to compare the axillary lymphadenectomy (ALND) rate, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS), between two strategies. METHODS: We included 310 patients in a retrospective observational study. SNLB was performed before NACT from December 2006 to April 2014 (107 cases) and after NACT from May 2014 to May 2020 (203 patients). An inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) method was applied to homogenize both groups. Hazard ratios (HR) and odd ratios (OR) are reported with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: The lymphadenectomy rate was 29.9% before NACT and 7.4% after NACT (p < 0.001), with an OR of 5.35 95%CI (2.7-10.4); p = .002. After 4 years of follow-up, SLNB after NACT was associated with lower risk for DFS, HR 0.42 95%CI (0.17-1.06); p = 0.066 and better OS, HR 0.21 CI 95% (0.07-0.67); p = 0.009 than SLNB before NACT. After multivariate analysis, independent adverse prognostic factors for OS included SLNB before NACT, HR 3.095 95%CI (2.323-4.123), clinical nonresponse to NACT, HR 1.702 95% CI (1.012-2.861), and small tumors (cT1) with high proliferation index, HR 1.889 95% (1.195-2.985). CONCLUSION: Performing SLNB before NACT results in more ALND and has no benefit for patient survival. These findings support discontinuing the practice of SLNB before NACT in patients with cN0 breast cancer.

REDCapDM: An R package with a set of data management tools for a REDCap project.

BACKGROUND: Research Electronic Data CAPture (REDCap) is a web application for creating and managing online surveys and databases. Clinical data management is an essential process before performing any statistical analysis to ensure the quality and reliability of study information. Processing REDCap data in R can be complex and often benefits from automation. While there are several R packages available for specific tasks, none offer an expansive approach to data management. RESULTS: The REDCapDM is an R package for accessing and managing REDCap data. It imports data from REDCap to R using either an API connection or the files in R format exported directly from REDCap. It has several functions for data processing and transformation, and it helps to generate and manage queries to clarify or resolve discrepancies found in the data. CONCLUSION: The REDCapDM package is a valuable tool for data scientists and clinical data managers who use REDCap and R. It assists in tasks such as importing, processing, and quality-checking data from their research studies.

Decay of HIV RNA in Seminal Plasma and Rectal Fluid in Treatment-Naive Adults Starting Antiretroviral Therapy With Dolutegravir Plus Lamivudine or Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide.

BACKGROUND: Decay of HIV in seminal plasma (SP) and rectal fluid (RF) has not yet been described for the antiretroviral combination of dolutegravir (DTG) + lamivudine (3TC). METHODS: In this randomized multicenter pilot trial, males who were antiretroviral naive were randomized (2:1) to DTG + 3TC or bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF). HIV-1 RNA was measured in blood plasma (BP), SP, and RF at baseline; days 3, 7, 14, and 28; and weeks 12 and 24. RESULTS: Of 25 individuals enrolled, 24 completed the study (DTG + 3TC, n = 16; BIC/FTC/TAF, n = 8). No significant differences were observed between groups for median decline in HIV-1 RNA from baseline at each time point or median time to achieve HIV-1 RNA <20 copies/mL in BP and SP and <20 copies/swab in RF. HIV-1 RNA decay patterns were compared in individuals receiving DTG + 3TC. Despite significantly higher percentages for changes from baseline in BP, median (IQR) times to HIV-1 RNA suppression were shorter in SP (7 days; 0-8.75) and RF (10.5 days; 3-17.5) than in BP (28 days; 14-84; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Comparable HIV-1 RNA decay in BP, SP, and RF was observed between DTG + 3TC and BIC/FTC/TAF. As shown with triple-drug integrase inhibitor-based regimens, rapid HIV-1 RNA suppression in SP and RF is achieved with DTG + 3TC, despite decay patterns differing from those of BP. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: EudraCT 2019-004109-28.

Factors associated with mechanical ventilation longer than 24 h after liver transplantation in patients at risk for bleeding.

BACKGROUND: This risk analysis aimed to explore all modifiable factors associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation (lasting > 24 h) after liver transplantation, based on prospectively collected data from a clinical trial. METHODS: We evaluated 306 candidates. Ninety-three patients were excluded for low risk for transfusion (preoperative haemoglobin > 130 g.l-1), and 31 patients were excluded for anticoagulation therapy, bleeding disorders, familial polyneuropathy, or emergency status. Risk factors were initially identified with a log-binomial regression model. Relative risk was then calculated and adjusted for age, sex, and disease severity (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease [MELD] score). RESULTS: Early tracheal extubation was performed in 149 patients (84.7%), and 27 patients (15.3%) required prolonged mechanical ventilation. Reoperations were required for 6.04% of the early extubated patients and 44% of patients who underwent prolonged ventilation (p = 0.001). A MELD score > 23 was the main risk factor for prolonged ventilation. Once modifiable risk factors were adjusted for MELD score, sex, and age, three factors were significantly associated with prolonged ventilation: tranexamic acid (p = 0.007) and red blood cell (p = 0.001) infusion and the occurrence of postreperfusion syndrome (p = 0.004). The median (IQR) ICU stay was 3 (2-4) days in the early extubation group vs. 5 (3-10) days in the prolonged ventilation group (p = 0.001). The median hospital stay was also significantly shorter after early extubation, at 14 (10-24) days, vs. 25 (14-55) days in the prolonged ventilation group (p = 0.001). Eight patients in the early-extubation group (5.52%) were readmitted to the ICU, nearly all for reoperations, with no between-group differences in ICU readmissions (prolonged ventilation group, 3.7%). CONCLUSION: We conclude that bleeding and postreperfusion syndrome are the main modifiable factors associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and length of ICU stay, suggesting that trials should explore vasopressor support strategies and other interventions prior to graft reperfusion that might prevent potential fibrinolysis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: European Clinical Trials Database (EudraCT 2018-002510-13,) and on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01539057).

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Incidence and Epidemiology of Catheter-Related Bacteremia, Spain.

We compared hospital-acquired catheter-related bacteremia (CRB) episodes diagnosed at acute care hospitals in Catalonia, Spain, during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 with those detected during 2007-2019. We compared the annual observed and predicted CRB rates by using the negative binomial regression model and calculated stratified annual root mean squared errors. A total of 10,030 episodes were diagnosed during 2007-2020. During 2020, the observed CRB incidence rate was 0.29/103 patient-days, whereas the predicted CRB rate was 0.14/103 patient-days. The root mean squared error was 0.153. Thus, a substantial increase in hospital-acquired CRB cases was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 compared with the rate predicted from 2007-2019. The incidence rate was expected to increase by 1.07 (95% CI 1-1.15) for every 1,000 COVID-19-related hospital admissions. We recommend maintaining all CRB prevention efforts regardless of the coexistence of other challenges, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Hydroxychloroquine for Early Treatment of Adults With Mild Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: No effective treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exist. We aimed to determine whether early treatment with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) would be efficacious for outpatients with COVID-19. METHODS: Multicenter open-label, randomized, controlled trial conducted in Catalonia, Spain, between 17 March and 26 May 2020. Patients recently diagnosed with <5-day of symptom onset were assigned to receive HCQ (800 mg on day 1 followed by 400 mg once daily for 6 days) or usual care. Outcomes were reduction of viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs up to 7 days after treatment start, disease progression up to 28 days, and time to complete resolution of symptoms. Adverse events were assessed up to 28 days. RESULTS: A total of 293 patients were eligible for intention-to-treat analysis: 157 in the control arm and 136 in the intervention arm. The mean age was 41.6 years (SD, 12.6), mean viral load at baseline was 7.90 log10 copies/mL (SD, 1.82), and median time from symptom onset to randomization was 3 days. No differences were found in the mean reduction of viral load at day 3 (-1.41 vs -1.41 log10 copies/mL in the control and intervention arm, respectively) or at day 7 (-3.37 vs -3.44). Treatment did not reduce risk of hospitalization (7.1% control vs 5.9% intervention) nor shorten the time to complete resolution of symptoms (12 days, control vs 10 days, intervention). No relevant adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with mild COVID-19, no benefit was observed with HCQ beyond the usual care.

Observational study on fluid therapy management in surgical adult patients.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative fluid therapy management is changing due to the incorporation of different fluids, surgical techniques, and minimally invasive monitoring systems. The objective of this study was to explore fluid therapy management during the perioperative period in our country. METHODS: We designed the Fluid Day study as a cross-sectional, multicentre, observational study. The study was performed in 131 Spanish hospitals in February 2019. We included adult patients undergoing general anaesthesia for either elective or non-elective surgery. Demographic variables were recorded, as well as the type and total volume of fluid administered during the perioperative period and the monitorization used. To perform the analysis, patients were categorized by risk group. RESULTS: We recruited 7291 patients, 6314 of which were included in the analysis; 1541 (24.4%) patients underwent high-risk surgery, 1497 (23. 7%) were high risk patients, and 554 (8.7%) were high-risk patients and underwent high-risk surgery; 98% patients received crystalloids (80% balanced solutions); intraoperative colloids were used in 466 patients (7.51%). The hourly intraoperative volume in mL/kg/h and the median [Q1; Q3] administered volume (mL/kg) were, respectively, 6.67 [3.83; 8.17] ml/Kg/h and 13.9 [9.52;5.20] ml/Kg in low-risk patients undergoing low- or intermediate-risk surgery, 6 [4.04; 9.08] ml/Kg/h and 15.7 [10.4;24.5] ml/Kg in high- risk patients undergoing low or intermediate-risk surgery, 6.41 [4.36; 9.33] ml/Kg/h and 20.2 [13.3;32.4] ml/Kg in low-risk patients undergoing high-risk surgery, and 5.46 [3.83; 8.17] ml/Kg/h and 22.7[14.1;40.9] ml/Kg in high-risk patients undergoing high- risk surgery . We used advanced fluid monitoring strategies in 5% of patients in the intraoperative period and in 10% in the postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: The most widely used fluid was balanced crystalloids. Colloids were used in a small number of patients. Hourly surgery volume tended to be more restrictive in high-risk patients but confirms a high degree of variation in the perioperatively administered volume. Scarce monitorization was observed in fluid therapy management. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials: NCT03630744.

Assessment of ovarian reserve and reproductive outcomes in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers.

INTRODUCTION: The clinical impact on fertility in carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess ovarian reserve as measured by anti-mullerian hormone levels in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers, as well as to investigate the impact of anti-mullerian hormone levels on reproductive outcomes. METHODS: The study involved a cohort of women who tested positive for BRCA1 and BRCA2 screening or were tested for a BRCA1 or BRCA2 family mutation. Blood samples were collected for anti-mullerian hormone analysis and the reproductive outcomes were analyzed after a mean follow-up of 9 years. Participants were classified into BRCA mutation-positive versus BRCA mutation-negative. Controls were healthy relatives who tested negative for the family mutation. All patients were contacted by telephone to collect data on reproductive outcomes. Linear regression was used to predict anti-mullerian hormone levels by BRCA status adjusted for a polynomial form of age. RESULTS: Results of anti-mullerian hormone analysis and reproductive outcomes were available for 135 women (BRCA mutation-negative, n=66; BRCA1 mutation-positive, n=32; BRCA2 mutation-positive, n=37). Anti-mullerian hormone curves according to BRCA status and adjusted by age showed that BRCA2 mutation-positive patients have lower levels of anti-mullerian hormone as compared with BRCA-negative and BRCA1 mutation-positive. Among the women who tried to conceive, infertility was observed in 18.7% of BRCA mutation-negative women, in 22.2% of BRCA1 mutation-positive women, and in 30.8% of BRCA2 mutation-positive women (p=0.499). In the multivariable analysis, there were no factors independently associated with infertility. DISCUSSION: BRCA2 mutation-positive carriers showed more diminished anti-mullerian hormone levels than BRCA1 mutation-positive and BRCA mutation-negative women. However, these differences do not appear to have a negative impact on reproductive outcome. This is important to consider at the time of reproductive counseling in women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.

NKG2C zygosity influences CD94/NKG2C receptor function and the NK-cell compartment redistribution in response to human cytomegalovirus.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection promotes a persistent expansion of a functionally competent NK-cell subset expressing the activating CD94/NKG2C receptor. Factors underlying the wide variability of this effect observed in HCMV-seropositive healthy individuals and exacerbated in immunocompromized patients are uncertain. A deletion of the NKG2C gene has been reported, and an apparent relation of NKG2C genotype with circulating NKG2C(+) NK-cell numbers was observed in HCMV(+) children. We have assessed the influence of NKG2C gene dose on the NK-cell repertoire in a cohort of young healthy adults (N = 130, median age 19 years). Our results revealed a relation of NKG2C copy number with surface receptor levels and with NKG2C(+) NK-cell numbers in HCMV(+) subjects, independently of HLA-E dimorphism. Functional studies showed quantitative differences in signaling (i.e. iCa(2+) influx), degranulation, and IL-15-dependent proliferation, in response to NKG2C engagement, between NK cells from NKG2C(+/+) and hemizygous subjects. These observations provide a mechanistic interpretation on the way the NKG2C genotype influences steady-state NKG2C(+) NK-cell numbers, further supporting an active involvement of the receptor in the HCMV-induced reconfiguration of the NK-cell compartment. The putative implications of NKG2C zygosity over viral control and other clinical variables deserve attention.

Long-term prognostic value for patients with chronic heart failure of estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated with the new CKD-EPI equations containing cystatin C.

BACKGROUND: Correct estimation of renal function is crucial in assessing prognosis of patients with heart failure (HF). Recently, two new equations have been proposed to calculate estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with cystatin C alone or both creatinine and cystatin C. We assessed the prognostic value of eGFR estimated by these new equations in outpatients with HF. METHODS: The study included 879 patients with median age, 70.4 years; main etiology of HF ischemic heart disease, 52.7%; and median LVEF, 34%. RESULTS: eGFR estimates by the new equations correlated significantly with eGFR estimates from previous equations, with the best correlation observed between the 2 equations containing cystatin C [intraclass correlation coefficient 0.95 (95% confidence interval 0.94-0.95)]. During a median follow-up of 3.94 years, 371 patients died. The Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations containing cystatin C were found to be best for predicting death [area under the ROC curve 0.685 for CKD-EPI-cystatin C and 0.672 for CKD-EPI-creatinine-cystatin C vs 0.632 for simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study traceable to isotope dilution mass spectrometry and 0.643 for CKD-EPI (all P < 0.001)]. The CKD-EPI-cystatin C equations also showed significantly better calibration and reclassification measurements for both integrated discrimination improvement and net reclassification improvement in predicting death (P < 0.001). Reclassification with these new equations was particularly better in the subgroup with intermediate eGFR [45-74 mL · min(-1) · (1.73 m(2))(-1)]. CONCLUSIONS: The two new CKD-EPI equations containing cystatin C are useful for HF risk stratification and show better prognostic performance than creatinine-only based eGFR equations, mostly in patients with intermediate eGFR. These equations seem appropriate for assessing prognosis of HF patients with moderate renal insufficiency.

Axillary lymph node dissection versus radiotherapy in breast cancer with positive sentinel nodes after neoadjuvant therapy (ADARNAT trial).

Introduction: Breast cancer surgery currently focuses on de-escalating treatment without compromising patient survival. Axillary radiotherapy (ART) now replaces axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in patients with limited sentinel lymph node (SLN) involvement during the primary surgery, and this has significantly reduced the incidence of lymphedema without worsening the prognosis. However, patients treated with neoadjuvant systemic treatment (NST) cannot benefit from this option despite the low incidence of residual disease in the armpit in most cases. Data regarding the use of radiotherapy instead of ALND in this population are lacking. This study will assess whether ART is non-inferior to ALND in terms of recurrence and overall survival in patients with positive SLN after NST, including whether it reduces surgery-related adverse effects. Methods and analyses: This multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial will enroll 1660 patients with breast cancer and positive SLNs following NST in approximately 50 Spanish centers over 3 years. Patients will be stratified by NST regimen and nodal involvement (isolated tumoral cells or micrometastasis versus macrometastasis) and randomly assigned 1:1 to ART without ALND (study arm) or ALND alone (control arm). Level 3 and supraclavicular radiotherapy will be added in both arms. The primary outcome is the 5-year axillary recurrence determined by clinical and radiological examination. The secondary outcomes include lymphedema or arm dysfunction, quality of life based (EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23 questionnaires), disease-free survival, and overall survival. Discussion: This study aims to provide data to confirm the efficacy and safety of ART over ALND in patients with a positive SLN after NST, together with the impact on morbidity. Ethics and dissemination: The Research Ethics Committee of Bellvitge University Hospital approved this trial (Protocol Record PR148/21, version 3, 1/2/2022) and all patients must provide written informed consent. The involvement of around 50 centers across Spain will facilitate the dissemination of our results. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier number NCT04889924.

NECPAL prognostic tool: a palliative medicine retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a prognostic model to assess mortality risk at 24 months in patients with advanced chronic conditions. METHODS: Retrospective design based on a previous population cohort study with 789 adults who were identified with the surprise question and NECPAL tool from primary and intermediate care centres, nursing homes and one acute hospital of Spain. A Cox regression model was used to derive a mortality predictive model based on patients' age and six previously selected NECPAL prognostic factors (palliative care need identified by healthcare professionals, functional decline, nutritional decline, multimorbidity, use of resources, disease-specific criteria of severity/progression). Patients were split into derivation/validation cohorts, and four steps were followed: descriptive analysis, predictors' assessment, model estimation and model assessment. RESULTS: All predictive variables were independently associated with increased risk of mortality at 24 months. Performance model including age was good; discrimination power by area under the curve (AUC) was 0.72/0.67 in the derivation/validation cohorts, and correlation between expected and observed (E/O) mortality ratio was 0.74/0.70. The model showed similar performance across settings (AUC 0.65-0.74, E/O 1.00-1.01), the best performance in oncological patients (AUC 0.78, E/O 0.76) and the worst in dementia patients (AUC 0.58, E/O 0.85). Based on the number of factors affected, three prognostic stages with significant differences and a median survival of 38, 17.2 and 3.6 months (p<0.001) were defined. CONCLUSION: The NECPAL prognostic tool is accurate and eventually useful at the clinical practice. Stratification in risk groups may enable early intervention and enhance policy-making and service planning.

Evaluating the impact of a multidisciplinary master programme in palliative care on professional learning outcomes: a cross-sectional study after 20 years of experience.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact after 20 years of a Master's degree in palliative care (MsPC) on the participants' educational outcomes in terms of educational needs satisfaction, motivation, applicability and professional development (PD) in the palliative care (PC) field. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2016 and February 2017. Participants were students of the MsPC from 13 editions. An ad hoc survey comprising closed-end questions was provided. Variables such as sociodemographic and learning outcomes, based on Kirkpatrick's model, were included. RESULTS: Respondents were 76.6% women, and 60% were between 30 and 50 years of age. Over half of participants were physicians (57.4%), with >15 years of experience (52%). 77% (n=152) reported previous work experience (PWE) in PC, and 23% (n=45) had no PWE. After completing the MsPC, 49% of those without PWE were hired to work in a PC unit, while 84,2% with PWE continued work in a PC-related position. 51.6% professionals with PWE were currently working in other PC areas, such as training or research. High scores were observed on expectations, training needs, motivation in professional practice, PD, applicability and satisfaction, in both groups. Data have shown statistically significant differences on the perceived value of the MsPC to obtain work in the PC field (p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: This MsPC training programme improves educational outcomes, and promotes PD, regardless of PWE in PC. Interdisciplinary training for all professionals who care for PC individuals is required. To ensure the quality of education in PC programmes, a systematic process of continuous evaluation is needed.

Lipids, biomarkers, and subclinical atherosclerosis in treatment-naive HIV patients starting or not starting antiretroviral therapy: Comparison with a healthy control group in a 2-year prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of HIV infection and combined antiretroviral therapy (c-ART) on various proatherogenic biomarkers and lipids and to investigate their relationship with subclinical atherosclerosis in a cohort of treatment-naive HIV-infected patients. METHODS: We performed a prospective, comparative, multicenter study of 2 groups of treatment-naive HIV-infected patients (group A, CD4>500 cells/µL, not starting c-ART; and group B, CD4<500 cells/µL, starting c-ART at baseline) and a healthy control group. Laboratory analyses and carotid ultrasound were performed at baseline and at months 12 and 24. The parameters measured were low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle phenotype, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), sCD14, sCD163, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1), and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). A linear mixed model based on patient clusters was used to assess differences in biomarkers between the study groups and over time. RESULTS: The study population comprised 62 HIV-infected patients (group A, n = 31; group B, n = 31) and 22 controls. Age was 37 (30-43) years, and 81% were men. At baseline, the HIV-infected patients had a worse LDL particle phenotype and higher plasma concentration of sCD14, sCD163, hs-CRP, and LDL-Lp-PLA2 than the controls. At month 12, there was an increase in total cholesterol (p = 0.002), HDL-c (p = 0.003), and Apo A-I (p = 0.049) and a decrease in sCD14 (p = <0.001) and sCD163 (p<0.001), although only in group B. LDL particle size increased in group B at month 24 (p = 0.038). No changes were observed in group A or in the healthy controls. Common carotid intima-media thickness increased in HIV-infected patients at month 24 (Group A p = 0.053; group B p = 0.048). Plasma levels of sCD14, sCD163, and hs-CRP correlated with lipid values. CONCLUSIONS: In treatment-naive HIV-infected patients, initiation of c-ART was associated with an improvement in LDL particle phenotype and inflammatory/immune biomarkers, reaching values similar to those of the controls. HIV infection was associated with progression of carotid intima-media thickness.

Association between chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and cardiovascular risk.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between chronic immune-mediated diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus or the following chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diagnoses groups: inflammatory bowel diseases, inflammatory polyarthropathies, systemic connective tissue disorders and spondylopathies) and the 6-year coronary artery disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease incidence and overall mortality; and to estimate the population attributable fractions for all four end-points for each chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease. METHODS: Cohort study of individuals aged 35-85 years, with no history of cardiovascular disease from Catalonia (Spain). The coded diagnoses of chronic immune-mediated diseases and cardiovascular diseases were ascertained and registered using validated codes, and date of death was obtained from administrative data. Cox regression models for each outcome according to exposure were fitted to estimate HRs in two models 1 : after adjustment for sex, age, cardiovascular risk factors and 2 further adjusted for drug use. Population attributable fractions were estimated for each exposure. RESULTS: Data were collected from 991 546 participants. The risk of cardiovascular disease was increased in systemic connective tissue disorders (model 1: HR=1.38 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.57) and model 2: HR=1.31 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.49)), rheumatoid arthritis (HR=1.43 (95% CI 1.26 to 1.62) and HR=1.31 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.49)) and inflammatory bowel diseases (HR=1.18 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.32) and HR=1.12 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.25)). The effect of anti-inflammatory treatment was significant in all instances (HR=1.50 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.81); HR=1.47 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.75); HR=1.43 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.73), respectively). The population attributable fractions for all three disorders were 13.4%, 15.7% and 10.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Systemic connective tissue disorders and rheumatoid arthritis conferred the highest cardiovascular risk and population impact, followed by inflammatory bowel diseases.

Prognostic Factors and Decision Tree for Long-Term Survival in Metastatic Uveal Melanoma.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the existence of a bimodal survival pattern in metastatic uveal melanoma. Secondary aims were to identify the characteristics and prognostic factors associated with long-term survival and to develop a clinical decision tree. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 99 metastatic uveal melanoma patients were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified as either short (≤ 12 months) or long-term survivors (> 12 months) based on a graphical interpretation of the survival curve after diagnosis of the first metastatic lesion. Ophthalmic and oncological characteristicswere assessed in both groups. RESULTS: Of the 99 patients, 62 (62.6%) were classified as short-term survivors, and 37 (37.4%) as long-term survivors. The multivariate analysis identified the following predictors of long-term survival: age ≤ 65 years (p=0.012) and unaltered serum lactate dehydrogenase levels (p=0.018); additionally, the size (smaller vs. larger) of the largest liver metastasis showed a trend towards significance (p=0.063). Based on the variables significantly associated with long-term survival, we developed a decision tree to facilitate clinical decision-making. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study demonstrate the existence of a bimodal survival pattern in patients with metastatic uveal melanoma. The presence of certain clinical characteristics at diagnosis of distant disease is associated with long-term survival. A decision tree was developed to facilitate clinical decision-making and to counsel patients about the expected course of disease.

Validation of the Regicor Short Physical Activity Questionnaire for the Adult Population.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a short questionnaire to estimate physical activity (PA) practice and sedentary behavior for the adult population. METHODS: The short questionnaire was developed using data from a cross-sectional population-based survey (n = 6352) that included the Minnesota leisure-time PA questionnaire. Activities that explained a significant proportion of the variability of population PA practice were identified. Validation of the short questionnaire included a cross-sectional component to assess validity with respect to the data collected by accelerometers and a longitudinal component to assess reliability and sensitivity to detect changes (n = 114, aged 35 to 74 years). RESULTS: Six types of activities that accounted for 87% of population variability in PA estimated with the Minnesota questionnaire were selected. The short questionnaire estimates energy expenditure in total PA and by intensity (light, moderate, vigorous), and includes 2 questions about sedentary behavior and a question about occupational PA. The short questionnaire showed high reliability, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging between 0.79 to 0.95. The Spearman correlation coefficients between estimated energy expenditure obtained with the questionnaire and the number of steps detected by the accelerometer were as follows: 0.36 for total PA, 0.40 for moderate intensity, and 0.26 for vigorous intensity. The questionnaire was sensitive to detect changes in moderate and vigorous PA (correlation coefficients ranging from 0.26 to 0.34). CONCLUSION: The REGICOR short questionnaire is reliable, valid, and sensitive to detect changes in moderate and vigorous PA. This questionnaire could be used in daily clinical practice and epidemiological studies.

No benefit from the obesity paradox for diabetic patients with heart failure.

AIMS: Paradoxically, obesity is associated with survival in heart failure (HF). Whether this is true for HF patients with comorbid type-2 diabetes (T2D) remains uncertain. Our aim was to address this issue in diabetic patients by collecting correlates for body mass index (BMI) and long-term mortality. METHOD AND RESULTS: Both BMI and survival after a mean follow-up of 4.3 ± 3.0 years (up to 10 years) were assessed for 2527 ambulatory patients (66.3% men; mean age 69 ± 12.3 years). A total of 1102 (43.6%) patients had T2D and ischaemic aetiology of HF was present in 47.8%; mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 38 ± 16%. Based on BMI scores, patients were categorized as either underweight, normal, overweight, or obese. A significant survival interaction was observed between BMI and T2D. Smooth spline curves for the estimation of risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death showed the classic obesity paradox, with reduced mortality as BMI increased in non-diabetics; for T2D patients this pattern was lost. After adjustment for age and sex, hazard ratios for low-weight and obesity were: 2.04 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.50-2.78, P < 0.001] and 0.76 (95% CI 0.58-0.99, P = 0.04), respectively, for non-T2D patients; and 1.30 (95% CI 0.77-2.19, P = 0.32) and 0.99 (95% CI 0.78-1.26, P = 0.95), respectively, for T2D patients. Multivariate analyses for mortality (including BMI as a continuous variable) were significant for non-diabetic patients only. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with HF, but without T2D, the obesity paradox was present; however, T2D removed this phenomenon. Advice about weight loss for obese diabetic patients with HF requires further research.