Telehealth Feasibility, Interest, and Satisfaction of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Living in the Veneto Region, Italy, During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction: Synchronous telehealth (ST) consists of the remote real-time delivery of health services. COVID-19 pandemic has pressed the use of ST and forced neurologists to deliver telehealth services. The aim of this study was to obtain the actual picture of ST accessibility/interest and to evaluate the user satisfaction in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study consisted of two phases. First, a hard-copy questionnaire ("Telehealth Identity Card" [TIC]), including only yes/no questions, filled in the presence of a neurologist, and investigating the technical/practical access and the willingness/interest of MS patients to the telehealth services, was obtained from 600 consecutive outpatients, with no time limit for answering. Second, a fully filled "Televisit Satisfaction Questionnaire" (TSQ) was obtained from 100 consecutive patients that underwent a televisit. Statistical analysis applied the t test for normally distributed variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for ordinal. Logistic univariate and multivariate regressions were applied to predict televisit availability on the base of demographic variables. Results: Statistical analysis was performed on 552/600 consecutive TIC (92%). Of them, 464/552 (84%) of the MS patients declared to possess the tools and to be interested in telehealth services. Compared with noninterested patients, they were younger (mean age: 44.0 vs. 49.8, p < 0.001) and with lower disability (mean Expanded Disability Status Scale: 2.5 vs. 3.3, p < 0.01). From TSQ, it emerged that 95% agree or strongly agree that televisit respected timelines, saved time and money, was conducted with respect to privacy, can be a useful tool for monitoring disease and therapy, and expressed their availability for further televisits. Discussion: A great majority of MS patients living in Padua Province were interested in telehealth. High satisfaction and the willingness for further televist were expressed. Telehealth services can help neurologists to manage the increasing number of MS patients and their complex therapeutic monitoring.

Sars-CoV2 infection in pregnant women with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: In the general population, maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy is associated with worse maternal outcomes; however, only one study so far has evaluated COVID-19 clinical outcomes in pregnant and postpartum women with multiple sclerosis, showing no higher risk for poor COVID-19 outcomes in these patients. OBJECTIVE: In this multicenter study, we aimed to evaluate COVID-19 clinical outcomes in pregnant patients with multiple sclerosis. METHODS: We recruited 85 pregnant patients with multiple sclerosis who contracted COVID-19 after conception and were prospectively followed-up in Italian and Turkish Centers, in the period 2020-2022. A control group of 1354 women was extracted from the database of the Multiple Sclerosis and COVID-19 (MuSC-19). Univariate and subsequent logistic regression models were fitted to search for risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 course (at least one outcome among hospitalization, intensive care unit [ICU] admission and death). RESULTS: In the multivariable analysis, independent predictors of severe COVID-19 were age, body mass index ⩾ 30, treatment with anti-CD20 and recent use of methylprednisolone. Vaccination before infection was a protective factor. Vaccination before infection was a protective factor. Pregnancy was not a risk nor a protective factor for severe COVID-19 course. CONCLUSION: Our data show no significant increase of severe COVID-19 outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis who contracted the infection during pregnancy.

The effect of air pollution on COVID-19 severity in a sample of patients with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Some studies have shown that air pollution, often assessed by thin particulate matter with diameter below 2.5 µg/m3 (PM2.5), may contribute to severe COVID-19 courses, as well as play a role in the onset and evolution of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the impact of air pollution on COVID-19 has never been explored specifically amongst patients with MS (PwMS). This retrospective observational study aims to explore associations between PM2.5 and COVID-19 severity amongst PwMS. METHODS: Data were retrieved from an Italian web-based platform (MuSC-19) which includes PwMS with COVID-19. PM2.5 2016-2018 average concentrations were provided by the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service. Italian patients inserted in the platform from 15 January 2020 to 9 April 2021 with a COVID-19 positive test were included. Ordered logistic regression models were used to study associations between PM2.5 and COVID-19 severity. RESULTS: In all, 1087 patients, of whom 13% required hospitalization and 2% were admitted to an intensive care unit or died, were included. Based on the multivariate analysis, higher concentrations of PM2.5 increased the risk of worse COVID-19 course (odds ratio 1.90; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Even if several other factors explain the unfavourable course of COVID-19 in PwMS, the role of air pollutants must be considered and further investigated.

Signs and symptoms of COVID-19 in patients with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Clinical outcomes of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been thoroughly investigated, but a further analysis on main signs and symptoms and their risk factors still needs attention. The objective of this study was to group together and describe based on similarity the most common signs and symptoms of COVID-19 in MS patients and identify all factors associated with their manifestation. METHOD: Logistic and linear regression models were run to recognize factors associated with each pooled group of symptoms and their total number. RESULTS: From March 2020 to November 2021, data were collected from 1354 MS patients with confirmed infection of COVID-19. Ageusia and anosmia was less frequent in older people (odds ratio [OR] 0.98; p = 0.005) and more in smoker patients (OR 1.39; p = 0.049). Smoke was also associated with an incremental number of symptoms (OR 1.24; p = 0.031), substance abuse (drugs or alcohol), conjunctivitis and rash (OR 5.20; p = 0.042) and the presence of at least one comorbidity with shortness of breath, tachycardia or chest pain (OR 1.24; p = 0.008). Some disease-modifying therapies were associated with greater frequencies of certain COVID-19 symptoms (association between anti-CD20 therapies and increment in the number of concomitant symptoms: OR 1.29; p = 0.05). Differences in frequencies between the three waves were found for flu-like symptoms (G1, p = 0.024), joint or muscle pain (G2, p = 0.013) and ageusia and anosmia (G5, p < 0.001). All cases should be referred to variants up to Delta. CONCLUSION: Several factors along with the choice of specific therapeutic approaches might have a different impact on the occurrence of some COVID-19 symptoms.

Early red nucleus atrophy in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis.

No study has investigated red nucleus (RN) atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS) despite cerebellum and its connections are elective sites of MS-related pathology. In this study, we explore RN atrophy in early MS phases and its association with cerebellar damage (focal lesions and atrophy) and physical disability. Thirty-seven relapse-onset MS (RMS) patients having mean age of 35.6 ± 8.5 (18-56) years and mean disease duration of 1.1 ± 1.5 (0-5) years, and 36 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) were studied. Cerebellar and RN lesions and volumes were analyzed on 3 T-MRI images. RMS did not differ from HC in cerebellar lobe volumes but significantly differed in both right (107.84 ± 13.95 mm3 vs. 99.37 ± 11.53 mm3 , p = .019) and left (109.71 ± 14.94 mm3 vs. 100.47 ± 15.78 mm3 , p = .020) RN volumes. Cerebellar white matter lesion volume (WMLV) inversely correlated with both right and left RN volumes (r = -.333, p = .004 and r = -.298, p = .010, respectively), while no correlation was detected between RN volumes and mean cortical thickness, cerebellar gray matter lesion volume, and supratentorial WMLV (right RN: r = -.147, p = .216; left RN: r = -.153, p = .196). Right, but not left, RN volume inversely correlated with midbrain WMLV (r = -.310, p = .008), while no correlation was observed between whole brainstem WMLV and either RN volumes (right RN: r = -.164, p = .164; left RN: r = -.64, p = .588). Finally, left RN volume correlated with vermis VIIb (r = .297, p = .011) and right interposed nucleus (r = .249, p = .034) volumes. We observed RN atrophy in early RMS, likely resulting from anterograde axonal degeneration starting in cerebellar and midbrain WML. RN atrophy seems a promising marker of neurodegeneration and/or cerebellar damage in RMS.

Multiple Sclerosis Incidence and Prevalence Trends in the Province of Padua, Northeast Italy, 1965-2018.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies, dating back to the 1960s disclosed a progressive increase in multiple sclerosis (MS) incidence and prevalence in the Province of Padua. To further analyze whether this trend is the effect of the improved diagnostic procedures or is primarily related to a real increase risk of MS, we analyzed MS incidence and prevalence of the 5-year period 2011-2015. METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis of MS or clinically isolated syndrome highly suggestive of MS were included in the study. All available sources of clinical and administrative information were evaluated. Mean annual incidence in the 5-year period 2011-2015 and the prevalence on December 31, 2015 were calculated. RESULTS: The 2011-2015 mean incidence was 6.5/100,000/year, 7.9 for females, 4.1 for males. The overall prevalence was 182/100,000, 241 for females, 116 for males. Compared to the 2000-2009 period, mean age at onset, onset-diagnosis delay and F/M ratio did not significantly change. Since the 1960s, incidence and prevalence of MS linearly increased with no interposed plateau periods. CONCLUSIONS: MS incidence and prevalence further and significantly increased in the period 2011-2015. Our 1965-2015 data indicate a real increased risk of MS and stress a role of exogenous factors in MS susceptibility.

Acute simultaneous development of brain tumour-like lesion and demyelinating polyneuropathy in a patient with chronic relapsing myelitis.

Combined central and peripheral demyelination (CCPD) is a rare chronic inflammatory disorder of the nervous system. We describe the case of a patient with a history of recurrent myelitis that acutely and simultaneously developed a brain tumour-like lesion and a sensitive-motor demyelinating polyneuropathy. The diagnosis of CCPD was supported by a detailed diagnostic workup. Up to date, no similar cases have been reported in the literature.

Cortical relapses in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a white and grey matter disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is recognized that cortical damage (i.e. focal lesions and atrophy) plays a role in determining the accumulation of physical and cognitive disability that is observed in patients with progressive MS. To date, an association of cortical lesions with clinical relapses has not been described. RESULTS: We report clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of five relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients who had clinical relapses characterized by the acute appearance of cortical symptoms, due to the development of large, snake-like, cortical inflammatory lesions. Symptoms were: acute Wernicke's aphasia mimicking stroke; agraphia with acalculia, not associated to a motor deficit nor linguistic disturbance; hyposthenia of the left arm, followed by muscle twitching of the hand, spreading to arm and face; acute onset of left lower limb paroxysmal hypertonia; and temporal lobe status epilepticus, with psychotic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Cortical relapses may occur in MS. MRI examination in MS should include sequences, such as double inversion recovery (DIR) or phase sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR), that are aimed at visualizing cortical lesions, especially in the presence of symptoms of cortical dysfunction. Our observation further stresses and extends the clinical relevance of cortical pathology in MS.

MRI-detectable cortical lesions in the cerebellum and their clinical relevance in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: The demonstration of cortical lesions (CL) in the cerebellum by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is hampered by technical and anatomical constraints. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occurrence of cerebellar CL and their correlation with cerebellar-related disability by combining Double Inversion Recovery (DIR) and Phase Sensitive Inversion Recovery (PSIR) MRI images in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 40 MS patients (10 CIS/eRRMS, 24 RRMS, 6 SPMS), having a wide range of disability and disease duration, were enrolled. DIR and PSIR images were obtained with a 3T-MRI. RESULTS: Cerebellar white matter lesions (WML) and/or CL were observed in 33/40 patients (82.5%) among which 14/40 had only CL. CL were demonstrated in 26/40 patients by DIR and in 31/40 by PSIR, and their number increased from CIS/eRRMS to SPMS. PSIR disclosed a significantly higher number of CL compared to DIR (RRMS: p=0.0008; SPMS: p=0.002). CL number correlates with the cerebellar Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) score (r=0.72, p<0.0001). No correlation was observed between supra-tentorial and cerebellar CL. CONCLUSIONS: CL are detected by PSIR in the cerebellum of the majority of MS patients, are more than WML, increase with disease progression and strongly correlate with the cerebellar EDSS. Thus, the observation of CL in the cerebellum of MS at clinical onset might be useful for prognostic and therapeutic aims.

A case of relapsing-remitting tumour-like inflammation of the central nervous system.

The case of a 37-year-old woman suffering from a relapsing-remitting tumefactive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) is described. The patient had four severe relapses over eight years, and was treated with steroids, immunosuppression and plasma-exchange with modest benefit. No magnetic resonance imaging or cerebrospinal spinal fluid findings suggestive of multiple sclerosis emerged during the eight-year follow-up. 'Relapsing-remitting tumefactive inflammation' seems to have the features of a distinct inflammatory CNS disease.

The changing clinical course of multiple sclerosis: a matter of gray matter.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical and neuroimaging parameters predictive of the changing clinical course of multiple sclerosis (MS) from relapsing-remitting to secondary progressive have not been clarified yet. We specifically designed a prospective 5-year longitudinal study aimed at assessing demographic, clinical, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters that could predict the changing clinical course of MS. METHODS: At study entry and after 5 years, clinical and MRI (ie, gray matter and white matter lesions, including spinal cord lesions, and global and regional cortical thinning) parameters were assessed in a training set of 334 consecutive relapsing-remitting MS patients and in an independent validation set of 84 relapsing-remitting MS patients. RESULTS: Sixty-six (19.7%) relapsing-remitting MS patients changed their clinical course during the study and entered into the secondary progressive phase. Age (p = 0.001, odds ratio [OR] = 1.2), cortical lesion volume (p < 0.001, OR = 1.7), and cerebellar cortical volume (p < 0.001, OR = 0.2) at study entry were found to predict the changing clinical course. The model including only these 3 variables correctly identified 252 of 268 (94.0%) patients who maintained the relapsing-remitting course and 58 of 66 (87.8%) patients who became secondary progressive (cross-validated error rate = 7.2%). When applied on the validation set, the model obtained a similar error rate (8.4%). INTERPRETATION: A prediction model based on age, cortical lesion load, and cerebellar cortical volume suitably explains the probability of relapsing-remitting MS patients evolving into the progressive phase. Gray matter damage appears to play a pivotal role in determining the changing clinical course of MS.

Hyper-reflective foci changes in RRMS under natalizumab therapy.

Introduction: Microglia (MG) is suggested to play an immunopathological role of in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Since hyper-reflective foci (HRF) might mark MG activation, in vivo analysis by Optic Coherence Tomography (OCT) in MS patients under disease modifying therapies may help to clarify MS immunopathology as well as drug's mechanism of intrathecal action. Objective: To analyze HRF in patients treated with Natalizumab (NTZ), a high efficacy therapy for MS. Materials and methods: The effect of NTZ on the retina of 36 Relapsing-Remitting MS patients was investigated in a prospective, single-center study. OCT was performed immediately before the first infusion and then between infusion 3 and 4, infusion 6 and 7, infusion 11 and 13. Peripapillary and macular scans were acquired, evaluating peripapillary RNFL thickness, macular volumes (vertical scans), and HRF count (horizontal scan) in Ganglion Cell Layer (GCL), Inner Plexiform Layer (IPL) and Inner Nuclear Layer (INL). Clinical examination was performed every six months. Results: HRF count significantly increased under NTZ therapy (p<0.001) in both GCL (18.85 ± 6.93 at baseline, 28.24 ± 9.55 after 12 months) and IPL (25.73 ± 7.03 at baseline, 33.21 ± 8.50 after 12 months) but remained stable in INL (33.65 ± 7.76 at baseline, 36.06 ± 6.86 after 12 months, p=0.87), while no relevant modification of pRNFL and macular volumes were observed during the study. EDSS remained stable and no clinical relapse was observed between month 6 and 12. Conclusion: In RRMS NTZ affects HRF count in GCL and IPL, but not in INL, suggesting that NTZ does not impact on some aspects of MS immunopathology.

High NEDA and No PIRA in Natalizumab-Treated Patients With Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) is characterized by a more rapid accumulation of CNS inflammation than adult-onset MS (AOMS), the therapeutic algorithms applied in POMS are usually based on AOMS therapeutic outcomes. To define a high-efficacy treatment (HET)-based strategy to treat POMS, we designed an observational retrospective study aimed at evaluating the efficacy and safety of natalizumab (NTZ) in naïve POMS and AOMS. METHODS: Starting from 160 patients, we applied a 2:1 (adult:pediatric) matching on propensity scores and obtained 32 patients with NTZ-treated POMS and 64 with AOMS, estimated from a multivariable logistic regression model. All patients were clinically and radiologically followed up every 6 months for a mean period of 46.0 ± 26.9 months. RESULTS: Following re-baseline at month 6, no difference (log-rank test: p = 0.924) in new and enlarging T2 white matter lesions, postcontrast T1 lesions, and relapse rate were observed between POMS and AOMS throughout the study. Progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA) was never observed in POMS, while 9 of 64 patients with AOMS (12.5%) had PIRA events during the follow-up (40.0 ± 25.9 months; log-rank p value 0.0156). JCV seroconversion rate during NTZ infusion did not differ between POMS and AOMS (log-rank test p = 0.3231). Finally, no serious adverse event was observed in both POMS and AOMS. DISCUSSION: The favorable outcomes observed on clinical, especially in PIRA, and radiologic parameters strongly support the use of NTZ as a first-choice HET in POMS.

The contribution of paramagnetic rim and cortical lesions to physical and cognitive disability at multiple sclerosis clinical onset: evaluating the power of MRI and OCT biomarkers.

BACKGROUND: In multiple sclerosis (MS), imaging biomarkers play a crucial role in characterizing the disease at the time of diagnosis. MRI and optical coherence tomography (OCT) provide readily available biomarkers that may help to define the patient's clinical profile. However, the evaluation of cortical and paramagnetic rim lesions (CL, PRL), as well as retinal atrophy, is not routinely performed in clinic. OBJECTIVE: To identify the most significant MRI and OCT biomarkers associated with early clinical disability in MS. METHODS: Brain, spinal cord (SC) MRI, and OCT scans were acquired from 45 patients at MS diagnosis to obtain: brain PRL and non-PRL, CL, SC lesion volumes and counts, brain volumetric metrics, SC C2-C3 cross-sectional area, and retinal layer thickness. Regression models assessed relationships with physical disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS]) and cognitive performance (Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis [BICAMS]). RESULTS: In a stepwise regression (R2 = 0.526), PRL (ß = 0.001, p = 0.023) and SC lesion volumes (ß = 0.001, p = 0.017) were the most significant predictors of EDSS, while CL volume and age were strongly associated with BICAMS scores. Moreover, in a model where PRL and non-PRL were pooled, only the contribution of SC lesion volume was retained in EDSS prediction. OCT measures did not show associations with disability at the onset. CONCLUSION: At MS onset, PRL and SC lesions exhibit the strongest association with physical disability, while CL strongly contribute to cognitive performance. Incorporating the evaluation of PRL and CL into the initial MS patient assessment could help define their clinical profile, thus supporting the treatment choice.

Predicted Expenditure for Prescription Drugs for Multiple Sclerosis in the Italian Market Between 2023 and 2028: Results of the Oracle Project.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that leads to impaired cognitive function and accumulation of disability, with significant socioeconomic burden. Serious unmet need in the context of managing MS has given rise to ongoing research efforts, leading to the launch of new drugs planned for the near future, and subsequent concerns about the sustainability of healthcare systems. This study assessed the changes in the Italian MS market and their impact on the expenditures of the Italian National Healthcare Service between 2023 and 2028. METHODS: A horizon-scanning model was developed to estimate annual expenditure from 2023 to 2028. Annual expenditure for MS was calculated by combining the number of patients treated with each product (clinical inputs) and the yearly costs of therapy (economic inputs). Baseline inputs (2020-2022) were collected from IQVIA® real-world data, while input estimation for the 5-year forecast was integrated with analog analyses and the insights of clinicians and former payers. RESULTS: The number of equivalent patients treated in 2028 in Italy was estimated at around 67,000, with an increase of 10% versus 2022. In terms of treatment pattern evolution, first-line treatments are expected to reduce their shares from 47% in 2022 to 27% in 2028, and Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors are expected to reach 23% of patient shares. Overall, expenditure for MS is estimated to decrease from €721 million in 2022 to €551 million in 2028, mainly due to losses of exclusivity and renegotiation of drug prices. CONCLUSION: Despite the increase in the number of patients treated for MS and the launch of new molecules that will reach high market penetration, the model confirmed sustainability for the Italian National Healthcare Service.

Disability trajectories by progression independent of relapse activity status differ in pediatric, adult and late-onset multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: To compare Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) trajectories over time between Multiple Sclerosis (MS) groups with pediatric (POMS), adult (AOMS) and late (LOMS) onset, and between patients with and without progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA). METHODS: Patients with a first visit within 1 year from onset, ≥ 5-year follow-up and ≥ 1 visit every 6 months were selected from the Italian MS Register. Adjusted disability trajectories were assessed by longitudinal models for repeated measures. Comparisons between groups and between patients with and without PIRA in subgroups were performed by evaluating the yearly differences of mean EDSS score changes versus baseline (delta-EDSS). A first CDA event was defined as a 6-months confirmed disability increase from study baseline, measured by EDSS (increase ≥ 1.5 points with baseline EDSS = 0; ≥ 1.0 with baseline EDSS score ≤ 5.0 and ≥ 0.5 point with baseline EDSS > 5.5). PIRA was defined as a CDA event occurring more than 90 days after and more than 30 days before the onset of a relapse. RESULTS: 3777 MS patients (268 POMS, 3282 AOMS, 227 LOMS) were included. The slope of disability trajectories significantly diverged in AOMS vs POMS starting from the second year of follow-up (Year 2: delta2-EDSS 0.18 (0.05; 0.31), p = 0.0054) and then mean delta2-EDSS gradually increased up to 0.23 (0.07; 0.39, p = 0.004) at year 5. Patients with PIRA had significant (p < 0.0001) steeper increase in EDSS scores than those without PIRA in all groups, although in POMS, the disability trajectories began to diverge later and at a lesser extent with delta-EDSS score of 0.48 vs 0.83 in AOMS and 1.57 in LOMS, at 3 years after the first PIRA. CONCLUSIONS: Age is relevant in determining disability progression in MS. POMS shows a less steep increase in EDSS scores over time than older patients. The effect of PIRA in accelerating EDSS progression is less pronounced in POMS than in AOMS and LOMS.

Low degree of cortical pathology is associated with benign course of multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Although a more favorable course of multiple sclerosis is associated with a low degree of cortical pathology, only longitudinal studies could definitely confirm this association. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We followed 95 early relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; median Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) = 1.5, mean disease duration = 3.1 ± 1.3 years) and 45 benign MS patients (EDSS ≤ 3.0, disease duration ≥ 15 years, normal cognition) for 6 years, with EDSS evaluations every 6 months and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline and then yearly. RESULTS: At baseline, we detected 406 cortical lesions (CLs) in 67/95 (70.5%) early RRMS and in 24/45 (53.3%) benign MS patients (p = 0.046). After 6 years, the appearance of new CLs was observed in 80/95 (84.2%; 518 CLs) of our early RRMS and in 25/45 (55.5%; 63 CLs; p < 0.001) benign MS patients. At baseline, after corrections for age and disease duration, we observed a cortical thinning of several frontal and temporal regions in our RRMS study patients, compared to the benign MS patients (p ranging between 0.001-0.05). After 6 years, the cortical thinning had increased significantly in several cortices of RRMS patients, but only in the occipital-temporal (p = 0.036) and superior parietal gyrus (p = 0.035) of those with benign MS. Stepwise regression analysis revealed the CL volume (p = 0.006) and the cortical thickness of the temporal middle (p < 0.001), insular long (p < 0.001), superior frontal (p < 0.001) and middle frontal gyri (p < 0.001) as the most sensitive independent predictors of a favorable disease course. CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirmed that a significantly milder cortical pathology characterizes the most favorable clinical course of MS. Measures of focal and diffuse grey matter should be combined to increase the accuracy in the identification of a benign MS course.