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BACKGROUND: Previously, we assessed the impact of restrictive diets, including caloric restriction (CR), intermittent fasting (IF), or fasting-mimicking diet (FMD), on a healthy gastrointestinal tract. We revealed that each of the diets shows anti-inflammatory outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to verify the diets' applicability in treating colitis. METHODS: We exposed a mouse model with mild chronic dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis to ad libitum control feeding, CR, IF, or FMD. The collected samples were analyzed for markers of inflammation. RESULTS: The diets reduced DSS-triggered increases in spleen weight and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Diet intervention also influenced occludin levels, small intestine morphology, as well as cytokine and inflammatory gene expression, mainly in the mucosa of the proximal colon. The diets did not reverse DSS-enhanced gut permeability and thickening of the colon muscularis externa. Concerning inflammatory gene expression, the impact of DSS and the dietary intervention was limited to the colon as we did not measure major changes in the jejunum mucosa, Peyer's patches, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Further, rather modest changes in the concentration of intestinal bile acids were observed in response to the diets, whereas taurine and its conjugates levels were strongly affected. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the differences in the dietary protocol, the tested diets showed very similar impacts and, therefore, may be interchangeable when aiming to reduce inflammation in the colon. However, FMD showed the most consistent beneficial impact.
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Colitis , Dextranos , Sulfatos , Masculino , Animales , Ratones , Dextranos/efectos adversos , Dextranos/metabolismo , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Colitis/metabolismo , Colon/metabolismo , Inflamación/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Dieta , Sulfato de Dextran , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The gut microbiota contributes to metabolic disease, and diet shapes the gut microbiota, emphasizing the need to better understand how diet impacts metabolic disease via gut microbiota alterations. Fiber intake is linked with improvements in metabolic homeostasis in rodents and humans, which is associated with changes in the gut microbiota. However, dietary fiber is extremely heterogeneous, and it is imperative to comprehensively analyze the impact of various plant-based fibers on metabolic homeostasis in an identical setting and compare the impact of alterations in the gut microbiota and bacterially derived metabolites from different fiber sources. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of different plant-based fibers (pectin, ß-glucan, wheat dextrin, resistant starch, and cellulose as a control) on metabolic homeostasis through alterations in the gut microbiota and its metabolites in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. METHODS: HFD-fed mice were supplemented with 5 different fiber types (pectin, ß-glucan, wheat dextrin, resistant starch, or cellulose as a control) at 10% (wt/wt) for 18 wk (n = 12/group), measuring body weight, adiposity, indirect calorimetry, glucose tolerance, and the gut microbiota and metabolites. RESULTS: Only ß-glucan supplementation during HFD-feeding decreased adiposity and body weight gain and improved glucose tolerance compared with HFD-cellulose, whereas all other fibers had no effect. This was associated with increased energy expenditure and locomotor activity in mice compared with HFD-cellulose. All fibers supplemented into an HFD uniquely shifted the intestinal microbiota and cecal short-chain fatty acids; however, only ß-glucan supplementation increased cecal butyrate concentrations. Lastly, all fibers altered the small-intestinal microbiota and portal bile acid composition. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that ß-glucan consumption is a promising dietary strategy for metabolic disease, possibly via increased energy expenditure through alterations in the gut microbiota and bacterial metabolites in mice.
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Dieta Alta en Grasa , Fibras de la Dieta , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Homeostasis , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Animales , Fibras de la Dieta/farmacología , Fibras de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Masculino , beta-Glucanos/farmacología , beta-Glucanos/administración & dosificación , Pectinas/farmacología , Pectinas/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
The synthesis of imines denotes a cornerstone in organic chemistry. The use of alcohols as renewable substituents for carbonyl-functionality represents an attractive opportunity. Consequently, carbonyl moieties can be inâ situ generated from alcohols upon transition-metal catalysis under inert atmosphere. Alternatively, bases can be utilized under aerobic conditions. In this context, we report the synthesis of imines from benzyl alcohols and anilines, promoted by KOt Bu under aerobic conditions at room temperature, in the absence of any transition-metal catalyst. A detailed investigation of the radical mechanism of the underlying reaction is presented. This reveals a complex reaction network fully supporting the experimental findings.
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Intestinal cells are continuously exposed to food constituents while adapting to peristaltic movement and fluid shear stress. Oleic acid (OA) and palmitic acid (PA) are among the most prevalent fatty acids with respect to dietary lipids. Despite the central importance of dietary lipids for a balanced diet, awareness about potential detrimental effects related to excessive consumption is increasing; this includes toxicity, metabolic deregulation, and, particularly for cancer cells, a benefit from the uptake of fatty acids related to promotion of metastasis. Expanding on this, we started elucidating the effects of OA and PA (25-500 µM) on non-transformed human intestinal epithelial cells (HCEC-1CT) in comparison to colon carcinoma cells (HCT116), with regard to the mechanosensory apparatus. Hence, intestinal cells' motility is on the one side essential to ensure adaption to peristaltic movement and barrier function, but also to enable metastatic progression. Incubation with both OA and PA (≥ 25 µM) significantly decreased membrane fluidity of HCT116 cells, whereas the effect on HCEC-1CT was more limited. Application of rhodamine-labelled PA demonstrated that the fatty acid is incorporated into the plasma membrane of HCT116, which could not be observed in the non-tumorigenic cell line. Down-streaming into the intracellular compartment, a pronounced rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton was evident in both cell lines (OA and PA; 25 and 100 µM). This was accompanied by a variation of translocation efficiency of the mechanosensitive co-transcription factor YAP1, albeit with a stronger effect seen for PA and the cancer cells. Untargeted proteomic analysis confirmed that exposure to OA and PA could alter the response capacity of HCT116 cells to fluid shear stress. Taken together, OA and PA were able to functionally modulate the mechanosensory apparatus of intestinal cells, implying a novel role for dietary fatty acids in the regulation of intestinal pathophysiology.
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Mecanotransducción Celular , Ácido Palmítico , Humanos , Ácido Palmítico/toxicidad , Ácido Palmítico/metabolismo , Proteómica , Ácidos Grasos , Ácido Oléico/metabolismoRESUMEN
Lipid oxidation is an inevitable event during the processing, storage, and even consumption of lipid-containing food, which may cause adverse effects on both food quality and human health. Water-in-oil (W/O) food emulsions contain a high content of lipids and small water droplets, which renders them vulnerable to lipid oxidation. The present review provides comprehensive insights into the lipid oxidation of W/O food emulsions. The key influential factors of lipid oxidation in W/O food emulsions are presented systematically. To better interpret the specific mechanisms of lipid oxidation in W/O food emulsions, a comprehensive detection method, oxidative lipidomics (oxidomics), is proposed to identify novel markers, which not only tracks the chemical molecules but also considers the changes in supramolecular properties, sensory properties, and nutritional value. The microstructure of emulsions, components from both phases, emulsifiers, pH, temperature, and light should be taken into account to identify specific oxidation markers. A correlation of these novel oxidation markers with the shelf life, the organoleptic properties, and the nutritional value of W/O food emulsions should be applied to develop targeted protective approaches for limiting lipid oxidation. Accordingly, the processing parameters, the application of antioxidants and emulsifiers, as well as packing and storage conditions can be optimized to develop W/O emulsions with improved oxidative stability. This review may help in emphasizing the future research priorities of investigating the mechanisms of lipid oxidation in W/O emulsion by oxidomics, leading to practical solutions for the food industry to prevent oxidative rancidity in W/O food emulsions.
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Antioxidantes , Agua , Humanos , Emulsiones/química , Agua/química , Antioxidantes/química , Oxidación-Reducción , Emulsionantes/química , Lípidos/químicaRESUMEN
Viruses have evolved to manipulate host lipid metabolism to benefit their replication cycle. Enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses, use host lipids in various stages of the viral life cycle, particularly in the formation of replication compartments and envelopes. Host lipids are utilised by the virus in receptor binding, viral fusion and entry, as well as viral replication. Association of dyslipidaemia with the pathological development of Covid-19 raises the possibility that exploitation of host lipid metabolism might have therapeutic benefit against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this review, promising host lipid targets are discussed along with potential inhibitors. In addition, specific host lipids are involved in the inflammatory responses due to viral infection, so lipid supplementation represents another potential strategy to counteract the severity of viral infection. Furthermore, switching the lipid metabolism through a ketogenic diet is another potential way of limiting the effects of viral infection. Taken together, restricting the access of host lipids to the virus, either by using lipid inhibitors or supplementation with exogenous lipids, might significantly limit SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or severity.
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COVID-19/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , SARS-CoV-2/fisiología , Animales , COVID-19/dietoterapia , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Humanos , Lípidos/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2/genéticaRESUMEN
A series of cobalt complexes, stabilized by a monoanionic tridentate NCN pincer ligand, was synthetized and characterized. Preparation of the paramagnetic 15 VE complex [Co(NCNCH2-Et)Br] (1) was accomplished by transmetalation of Li[2,6-(Et2NCH2)2C6H3] with CoBr2 in THF. Treatment of this air-sensitive compound with NO gas resulted in the formation of the diamagnetic Co(III) species [Co(NCNCH2-Et)(NO)Br] (2) as confirmed by X-ray diffraction. This complex features a strongly bent NO ligand (Co-N-Oâ 135.0°). The νNO is observed at 1609â cm-1 which is typical for a bent metal-N-O arrangement. Coordinatively unsaturated 1 could further be treated with pyridine, isocyanides, phosphines and CO to form five-coordinate 17â VE complexes. Oxidation of 1 with CuBr2 led to the formation of the Co(III) complex [Co(NCNCH2-Et)Br2]. Treatment of [Co(NCNCH2-Et)Br2] with TlBF4 as halide scavenger in acetonitrile led to the formation of the cationic octahedral complex [Co(NCNCH2-Et)(MeCN)3](BF4)2. A combination of X-ray crystallography, IR-, NMR- and EPR-spectroscopy as well as DFT/CAS-SCF calculations were used to characterize all compounds.
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Among mammals, serotonin is predominantly found in the gastrointestinal tract, where it has been shown to participate in pathway-regulating satiation. For the stomach, vascular serotonin release induced by gastric distension is thought to chiefly contribute to satiation after food intake. However, little information is available on the capability of gastric cells to synthesize, release and respond to serotonin by functional changes of mechanisms regulating gastric acid secretion. We investigated whether human gastric cells are capable of serotonin synthesis and release. First, HGT-1 cells, derived from a human adenocarcinoma of the stomach, and human stomach specimens were immunostained positive for serotonin. In HGT-1 cells, incubation with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine reduced the mean serotonin-induced fluorescence signal intensity by 27%. Serotonin release of 147 ± 18%, compared to control HGT-1 cells (set to 100%) was demonstrated after treatment with 30 mM of the satiating amino acid L-Arg. Granisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, reduced this L-Arg-induced serotonin release, as well as L-Arg-induced proton secretion. Similarly to the in vitro experiment, human antrum samples released serotonin upon incubation with 10 mM L-Arg. Overall, our data suggest that human parietal cells in culture, as well as from the gastric antrum, synthesize serotonin and release it after treatment with L-Arg via an HTR3-related mechanism. Moreover, we suggest not only gastric distension but also gastric acid secretion to result in peripheral serotonin release.
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Arginina/farmacología , Ácido Gástrico/metabolismo , Células Parietales Gástricas/efectos de los fármacos , Protones , Serotonina/biosíntesis , Línea Celular Tumoral , Fenclonina/farmacología , Expresión Génica , Granisetrón/farmacología , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Células Parietales Gástricas/citología , Células Parietales Gástricas/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Proteasas/farmacología , Receptores de Serotonina 5-HT3/genética , Receptores de Serotonina 5-HT3/metabolismo , Antagonistas de la Serotonina/farmacología , Estómago/citología , Estómago/efectos de los fármacos , Técnicas de Cultivo de Tejidos , Triptófano Hidroxilasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Triptófano Hidroxilasa/genética , Triptófano Hidroxilasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Non-enzymatic browning reactions between lipid aldehydes and aminophospholipids might play an important role in the oxidative stability of cold-pressed vegetable oils. We, therefore, aimed to study the Maillard-type reaction between hexanal, a lipid oxidation product of linoleic acid, and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE (16:0/18:1)) at a ratio of 2:1 at conditions representative of the extraction of cold-pressed soybean oils (CPSBO) and determine the radical scavenging activity of the carbonyl-amine adducts with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The reaction product, 2-pentyl-3,5-dibutyl-dihydropyridine, could be identified by means of LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. The formation of this nitrogen-containing heterocycle significantly increased with time and temperature (p < 0.05). The products formed during the carbonyl-amine reaction between PE (16:0/18:1) and hexanal at 60 °C showed a radical scavenging activity of approximately 20% (p < 0.05). The fraction, containing 2-pentyl-3,5-dibutyl-dihydropyridine, contributed to, but was not solely responsible for, the radical scavenging activity (p < 0.05). Incubation of CPSBO fortified with PE (16:0/18:1) at 60 °C for 60 min had the strongest radical scavenging activity of 85.1 ± 0.62%. Besides 2-pentyl-3,5-dibutyl-dihydropyridine, other carbonyl-amine adducts might impact the radical scavenging activity of CPSBO as well. The oxidative stability of CPSBO might be increased by promoting the formation of carbonyl-amine reaction products, such as 2-pentyl-3,5-dibutyl-dihydropyridine.
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Aminas/química , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/química , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/farmacología , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/química , Aceite de Soja/química , Aldehídos/química , Cromatografía Liquida , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Estructura Molecular , Oxidación-Reducción , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
Child malnutrition remains persistently high in Rwanda. Complementary foods play a key role in young child nutrition. This study explores the quality and safety of complementary food products available in the Rwandan market. Ten of the most consumed porridge-type complementary food products in Rwanda have been analysed. Mean values of macronutrient and micronutrient contents were compared against three international standards and evaluated against label claims. Mean mycotoxin, microbiological, and pesticide contamination were compared with maximum tolerable limits. Mean energy density (385 kcal/100 g) and total fat content (7.9 g/100 g) were lower than all three international benchmarks. The mean fibre content of 8.5 g/100 g was above the maximum recommended amount of Codex Alimentarius and more than double the amount claimed on labels. Mean levels of vitamin A (retinyl palmitate, 0.54 mg/100 g) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol, 3.7 mg/100 g) fell significantly short of all three standards, whereas calcium and zinc requirements were only partially met. Average iron content was 12.1 mg/100 g. The analysis revealed a mean aflatoxin contamination of 61 µg/kg, and high mold and yeast infestation. Escherichia coli and pesticide residues were found, whereas no heavy metals could be quantitated. Overall, complementary food products in Rwanda show inadequate nutrient contents and high aflatoxin and microbial contamination levels. Improved regulation and monitoring of both local and imported products are needed to improve the quality and safety of complementary foods in Rwanda.
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Contaminación de Alimentos , Alimentos Fortificados/análisis , Alimentos Fortificados/normas , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Valor Nutritivo , Escherichia coli , Etiquetado de Alimentos/normas , Alimentos Fortificados/microbiología , Hongos , Humanos , Lactante , Micronutrientes/análisis , Micotoxinas/análisis , Nutrientes/análisis , Necesidades Nutricionales , Plaguicidas , Rwanda , LevadurasRESUMEN
The synthesis and characterization of air-stable cationic mono nitrosonium Fe(I) PNP pincer complexes of the type [Fe(PNP)(NO)Cl]+ are described. These complexes are obtained via direct nitroslyation of [Fe(PNP)Cl2] with nitric oxide at ambient pressure. On the basis of magnetic and EPR measurements as well as DFT calculations, these compounds were found to adopt a low-spin d7 configuration and feature a nearly linear bound NO ligand suggesting FeINO+ rather than FeIINO⢠character. X-ray structures of all nitrosonium Fe(I) PNP complexes are presented. Preliminary investigations reveal that [Fe(PNPNH- iPr)(NO)(Cl)]+ efficiently catalyzes the conversion of primary alcohols and aromatic and benzylic amines to yield mono N-alkylated amines in good isolated yields.
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The Western diet is characterized by a high consumption of heat-treated fats and oils. During deep-frying processes, vegetable oils are subjected to high temperatures which result in the formation of lipid peroxidation products. Dietary intake of oxidized vegetable oils has been associated with various biological effects, whereas knowledge about the effects of structurally-characterized lipid peroxidation products and their possible absorption into the body is scarce. This study investigates the impact of linoleic acid, one of the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils, and its primary and secondary peroxidation products, 13-HpODE and hexanal, on genomic and metabolomic pathways in human gastric cells (HGT-1) in culture. The genomic and metabolomic approach was preceded by an up-to-six-hour exposure study applying 100 µM of each test compound to the apical compartment in order to quantitate the compounds' recovery at the basolateral side. Exposure of HGT-1 cells to either 100 µM linoleic acid or 100 µM 13-HpODE resulted in the formation of approximately 1 µM of the corresponding hydroxy fatty acid, 13-HODE, in the basolateral compartment, whereas a mean concentration of 0.20 ± 0.13 µM hexanal was quantitated after an equivalent application of 100 µM hexanal. An integrated genomic and metabolomic pathway analysis revealed an impact of the linoleic acid peroxidation products, 13-HpODE and hexanal, primarily on pathways related to amino acid biosynthesis (p < 0.05), indicating that peroxidation of linoleic acid plays an important role in the regulation of intracellular amino acid biosynthesis.
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Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Genómica/métodos , Ácido Linoleico/metabolismo , Metabolómica/métodos , Hexanos/metabolismo , Humanos , Peroxidación de Lípido , Oxidación-ReducciónRESUMEN
In the current investigation, the reaction of Fe2(CO)9 with the ligand precursor 2-chloro-N1,N3-bis(diisopropylphosphanyl)-N1,N3-diethylbenzene-1,3-diamine (P(C-Cl)PNEt- iPr) (1) was investigated. When a suspension of Fe2(CO)9 and 1 in CH3CN was transferred in a sealed microwave glass vial and stirred for 18 h at 110 °C the complex [Fe(PCPNEt- iPr)(CO)2Cl] (2) was obtained. In an attempt to prepare the hydride Fe(II) complex [Fe(PCPNEt- iPr)(CO)2H] (3), 2 was reacted with 1 equiv of Li[HBEt3] in THF. Instead of ligand substitution, this complex underwent a one electron reduction which led to the formation of the low-spin d7 Fe(I) complex [Fe(PCPNEt- iPr)(CO)2] (4). Exposure of a benzene solution of 4 to NO gas (1 bar) at room temperature affords the diamagnetic complex [Fe(PCPNEt- iPr)(CO)(NO)] (5). This is the first iron PCP nitrosyl complex. Protonation of 5 with HBF4·Et2O affords the cationic Fe(0) complex [Fe(κ3 P,CH,P-P(CH)PNEt- iPr)(CO)(NO)]BF4 (6) which features an η2-Caryl-H agostic bond. Even with relatively weak bases such as NEt3 the agostic C-H bond can be deprotonated with reformation of the starting material 5. Therefore, protonation of 5 is completely reversible.
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The antioxidant activity of tocopherols in vegetable oils was shown to chiefly depend on the amount and the tocopherol homolog present. However, the most effective ratio of tocopherol homologs with regard to the antioxidant capacity has not been elucidated so far. The present study analyzed the effect of different tocopherol concentrations, homologs and ratios of homologs on markers of lipid oxidation in the most commonly consumed vegetable oils (canola, sunflower, soybean oil) stored in a 12 h light/dark cycle at 22 ± 2 °C for 56 days under retail/household conditions. After 56 days of storage, the α-tocopherol-rich canola and sunflower oil showed the strongest rise in lipid peroxides, yielding 25.1 ± 0.03 meq O2/kg (+25.3-fold) and 24.7 ± 0.05 meq O2/kg (+25.0-fold), respectively. ESR experiments, excluding effects of the oils' matrices and other minor constituents, confirmed that a food representative tocopherol ratio of (γ + δ)/α = 4.77, as represented in soybean oil, led to a more pronounced delay of lipid oxidation than a lower ratio in canola (1.39) and sunflower oil (0.06). An optimum (γ + δ)/α -tocopherol ratio contributing to the oxidative quality of vegetable oils extending their shelf life has to be investigated.
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Oxidación-Reducción , Aceites de Plantas/química , Tocoferoles/química , Aldehídos/química , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos/química , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/química , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/farmacología , Peroxidación de Lípido , Temperatura , Tocoferoles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The oxidative deterioration of vegetable oils is commonly measured by the peroxide value, thereby not considering the contribution of individual lipid hydroperoxide isomers, which might have different bioactive effects. Thus, the formation of 9- and 13-hydroperoxy octadecadienoic acid (9-HpODE and 13- HpODE), was quantified after short-term heating and conditions representative of long-term domestic storage in samples of linoleic acid, canola, sunflower and soybean oil, by means of stable isotope dilution analysis-liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. RESULTS: Although heating of pure linoleic acid at 180 °C for 30 min led to an almost complete loss of 9-HpODE and 13-HpODE, heating of canola, sunflower and soybean oil resulted in the formation of 5.74 ± 3.32, 2.00 ± 1.09, 16.0 ± 2.44 mmol L-1 13-HpODE and 13.8 ± 8.21, 10.0 ± 6.74 and 45.2 ± 6.23 mmol L-1 9-HpODE. An almost equimolar distribution of the 9- and 13-HpODE was obtained during household-representative storage conditions after 56 days, whereas, under heating conditions, an approximately 2.4-, 2.8- and 5.0-fold (P ≤ 0.001) higher concentration of 9-HpODE than 13-HpODE was detected in canola, soybean and sunflower oil, respectively. CONCLUSION: A temperature-dependent distribution of HpODE regioisomers could be shown in vegetable oils, suggesting their application as markers of lipid oxidation in oils used for short-term heating. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Aditivos Alimentarios/química , Ácidos Linoleicos/química , Ácidos Linolénicos/química , Aceites de Plantas/química , Culinaria , Almacenamiento de Alimentos , Calor , Oxidación-Reducción , EstereoisomerismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Resveratrol is a key component of red wine that has been reported to have anti-carcinogenic and anti-aging properties. Additional studies conducted in vitro and in animal models suggested anti-inflammatory properties. However, data from primary human immune cells and in vivo studies are limited. METHODS: A pilot study was performed including 10 healthy volunteers. Plasma cytokine levels were measured over 48h after oral application of 5g resveratrol. To verify the in vivo findings, cytokine release and gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and/or monocytes was assessed after treatment with resveratrol or its metabolites and stimulation with several toll-like receptor (TLR)-agonists. Additionally, the impact on intracellular signaling pathways was analyzed using a reporter cell line and Western blotting. RESULTS: Resveratrol treated individuals showed a significant increase in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels 24h after treatment compared to baseline. Studies using human PBMC or isolated monocytes confirmed potentiation of TNF-α production with different TLR agonists, while interleukin (IL)-10 was inhibited. Moreover, we observed significantly enhanced nuclear factor 'kappa-light-chain-enhancer' of activated B-cells (NF-κB) activation using a reporter cell line and found increased phosphorylation of p105, which is indicative of alternative NF-κB pathway activation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: By administering resveratrol to healthy humans and utilizing primary immune cells we were able to detect TNF-α enhancing properties of the agent. In parallel, we found enhanced alternative NF-κB activation. We report on a novel pro-inflammatory property of resveratrol which has to be considered in concepts of its biologic activity.
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Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/administración & dosificación , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Monocitos/metabolismo , Estilbenos/administración & dosificación , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Administración Oral , Adolescente , Adulto , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Western Blotting , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/metabolismo , Voluntarios Sanos , Humanos , Leucocitos Mononucleares/efectos de los fármacos , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/microbiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Monocitos/inmunología , Monocitos/microbiología , FN-kappa B/genética , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Proyectos Piloto , ARN Mensajero/genética , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Resveratrol , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Estilbenos/farmacología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of native, fermented and extruded wheat bran on the performance and intestinal morphology of piglets. Additionally, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), biogenic amines, ammonia, lactic acid, pH as well as E. coli and lactic acid bacterial counts were analysed in digesta samples from three gut sections. Furthermore, the antioxidant potential in blood samples was evaluated based on the lipid radicals formed. For this purpose, 48 newly weaned piglets (28 d old) were allocated to one of the four different dietary treatment groups: no wheat bran (Control), native wheat bran, fermented wheat bran as well as extruded wheat bran. Wheat bran variants were included at 150 g/kg into the diets. All diets were mixed to reach the calculated isonitrogenic nutrient contents. Gut tissue and digesta samples were collected from the proximal jejunum, the terminal ileum and the colon ascendens, blood samples directly at slaughter. Although none of the dietary interventions had an impact on performance parameters, the amount of goblet cells in the ileum was increased upon feeding native and extruded wheat bran, compared to fermented bran (p < 0.05). The E. coli counts in colonic chyme were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the Control group compared to the groups fed with wheat bran. The concentration of SCFA showed differences for minor compounds (p < 0.05), while linear contrast analyses revealed a reduced concentration of total SCFA in the colon following the feeding of modified wheat bran compared to native wheat bran. This may suggest that several compounds are more easily digested already in the ileum, resulting in a reduced nutrient flow into the large intestine and therefore less unexploited digesta is available as substrate for the microorganisms there. Fermentation also resulted in a significant decrease of methylamine in the colon (p < 0.05), while other biogenic amines in the ileum and colon showed no statistically significant differences. The formation of lipid radicals was decreased (p < 0.05) after feeding native wheat bran compared to the Control group. These results suggest that fermentation and extrusion of wheat bran exert some different impact regarding their physiological mode of action.
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Alimentación Animal/análisis , Fibras de la Dieta/metabolismo , Tracto Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Sus scrofa/anatomía & histología , Sus scrofa/fisiología , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Fibras de la Dieta/deficiencia , Fermentación , Tracto Gastrointestinal/anatomía & histología , Sus scrofa/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a polyphenolic natural product mainly present in grape skin, berries and peanuts. In the vasculature resveratrol is thought to boost endothelial function by increasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression, by enhancing eNOS activity, and by reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Recent studies show that dietary resveratrol is metabolized in the liver and intestine into resveratrol-sulfate and -glucuronide derivatives questioning the relevance of multiple reported mechanistic in vitro data on resveratrol. In this study, we compare side by side different physiologically relevant resveratrol metabolites (resveratrol sulfates- and -glucuronides) and their parent compound in their influence on eNOS enzyme activity, endothelial NO release, and intracellular ROS levels. In contrast to resveratrol, none of the tested resveratrol metabolites elevated eNOS enzyme activity and endothelial NO release or affected intracellular ROS levels, leaving the possibility that not tested metabolites are active and able to explain in vivo findings.
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Endotelio Vascular/metabolismo , Glucurónidos/farmacología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Estilbenos/farmacología , Sulfatos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Células Cultivadas , Endotelio Vascular/citología , Endotelio Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Oxidación-Reducción , Resveratrol , Estilbenos/químicaRESUMEN
Microalgae are promising sources of essential lipids, including omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 and n-6 PUFA) and novel lipid metabolites like oxylipins. However, limited data exist on the oxylipin profile, its characterization, and the potential impact of the extraction process on these metabolites in microalgae. Thus, our study aimed to investigate the fatty acid and oxylipin profile of four microalgal species of interest (Microchloropsis gaditana, Tisochrysis lutea, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Porphyridium cruentum) while also examining the impact of the extraction method, with a focus on developing a greener process using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and ethanol. The UAE method showed similar oxylipin profiles, generally yielding concentrations comparable to those of the conventional Folch method. In total, 68 oxylipins derived from n-3 and n-6 PUFA were detected, with the highest concentrations of n-3 oxylipins found in P. tricornutum and T. lutea and of n-6 oxylipins in P. cruentum. This study provides the most extensive oxylipin characterization of these microalgae species to date, offering insights into alternative extraction methods and opening new avenues for further investigation of the significance of oxylipins in microalgae.
Asunto(s)
Microalgas , Oxilipinas , Oxilipinas/aislamiento & purificación , Oxilipinas/análisis , Microalgas/química , Microalgas/metabolismo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Tecnología Química Verde , Espectrometría de Masas , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/análisis , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/aislamiento & purificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/química , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Fraccionamiento Químico/métodos , Cromatografía Líquida con Espectrometría de MasasRESUMEN
Previously, we showed that restrictive diets, including ketogenic diet (KD), have an anti-inflammatory impact on the healthy gastrointestinal tract of mice. Afterward, we found that energy-restricting diets mitigate inflammation in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis mouse model. The current study aimed to verify the impact of KD on DSS colitis and assess if the diet's fat composition influences the outcomes of the intervention. Mice with mild chronic colitis were fed control chow, KD composed of long-chain triglycerides (KD LCT) or a KD containing a mix of LCT and medium-chain triglycerides (KD LCT/MCT). KDs did not reverse DSS-enhanced gut permeability and shortening of the colon. Both KDs had a similar impact on liver, cecum, and spleen weight, villi and colon length, the thickness of muscularis externa, and expression of ZO-1 and occludin. On the contrary, body weight, glutathione (GSH) and taurine-GSH levels, GSH-S transferase (GST), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, as well as an abundance of several fecal bacteria, all were differentially affected by the two types of KDs. When compared to the DSS control diet, reduction in colon mucosa cytokines expression was stronger in KD LCT than in the KD LCT/MCT group. We conclude that the outcomes of the KD interventions in terms of potential therapeutical applications depend on lipid composition. KD LCT showed a strong positive impact on gut inflammation. A potential contribution of GSH to KD outcomes and a correlation between MPO activity and microbiota composition was identified.