[Feminization of urology and glass ceiling: Survey of women urologists in France]. / Féminisation de l'urologie et plafond de verre : enquête auprès des femmes urologues en France.

INTRODUCTION: Urology has long remained the least feminized specialty. The objective of this study was to assess the demographic characteristics of female urologists and their feelings in terms of discrimination. MATERIAL: The survey consisted of a questionnaire of 12 questions, sent by mailing to all female urologists, a first time in May 2016 (n=84), then a second time in January 2020 (n=98). The anonymized answers were analyzed and compared in order to assess the evolution over the last 4 years. The participation rate was 46.4% in 2016 (n=39 respondents) and 50% in 2020 (n=49 respondents). RESULTS: The majority of women worked full time (73.5%), with a hospital (38.8%), liberal (46.9%) or mixed (14.3%) activity. Their main theme was women's urology (57.1%). In 2020, 59.2% of respondents had encountered difficulties related to their status as women during their career and 28.1% difficulties related to motherhood. Female urologists in private practice were significantly less concerned than their counterparts with hospital or mixed activity (43.5% versus 73.1%, P=0.035). Women felt that they were underrepresented in association committees at 95.9% (vs. 82.1% in 2016) and in university positions at 79.6% (vs. 89.7% in 2016). Finally, 91.8% were in favor of the creation of an association of women urologists (vs. 53.8% in 2016). CONCLUSION: Women urologists may encounter difficulties related to their status as women during their professional career. Between 2016 and 2020, there is an increase in the feeling of under-representation within association committees and an increase in the need to federate. NIVEAU DE PREUVE: III, étude rétrospective cas-témoins.

[Complications in urological surgery: Monitoring and classification]. / Les complications en chirurgie urologique. Recueil et classification.

The objective of this article was to discuss the statistics of surgical complications in urology and the methods of collection and classification. In the absence of a comprehensive national registry of complications, we used statistics from insurance companies as indicators. They are limited by the exclusion of complications that did not result in a claim. Overall, urology is less exposed to claims than other surgical specialties. It comes far behind orthopedic surgery, gynecology-obstetrics and visceral surgery. The new techniques in urological surgery and in particular the rise of robotic surgery do not seem to have modified the number of claims handled by medical insurance companies. It is unfortunate that complications in urological surgery are not collected, reported, and discussed in order to develop prevention, treatment, and strategies for educational purposes. The lack of an established definition and classification of surgical complications, as well as methodological differences in the collection of related information, has hampered the evaluation of their public health and health economics impact. Awareness of this problem is growing among learned societies and practitioners. Complication reporting should be organized on a national basis and should respect the following points: - definition of the collection process according to a validated system. For urology, the Martin table revised by the EAU working group would be adapted; - classification of complications according to a validated system such as Clavien-Dindo or CCI.

[Complications of radical nephrectomy and partial nephrectomy: What are they? How can they be anticipated and managed?] / Les complications de la néphrectomie totale et de la néphrectomie partielle : quelles sont-elles, comment les prévenir et les prendre en charge ?

INTRODUCTION: Surgical techniques of radical and partial nephrectomy have changed over the last 20years. Indications for partial nephrectomy have widened and mini-invasive surgery (laparoscopy and robotic assistance) has become widely used. However, both still have a significant morbidity. The objective of this article is to review complications of renal surgery and their predictive factors and to offer algorithms of management. METHODS: Recent literature regarding complications of radical and partial nephrectomy was queried using Pubmed engine search. The most relevant articles were analyzed and served as a basis for this work. RESULTS: The literature on complications of radical and partial nephrectomy has a low level of evidence. There are only retrospective series. The most frequent complications of radical nephrectomy occur during surgery in 5-10% of the cases: wound of the pedicle or of an adjacent organ. The management can often be conservative. Laparoscopy has a similar morbidity compare to the open approach but has greatly increased postoperative outcomes and comfort. Partial nephrectomy has a 20% complication rate. Many factors have an impact on the risk of complications (tumor size, inflammation of perirenal fat, access, surgeon experience, centre volume, comorbidities and age of the patient) and must be taken into consideration before advising partial nephrectomy. The two most feared complications of partial nephrectomy are bleeding (per- or postoperative, 10% of the cases) and urinary fistula (<5% of the cases). Robotic assistance is associated with a lower morbidity in many publications. CONCLUSION: Complications after partial and radical nephrectomy are quite frequent but have decreased with the improvement of surgical techniques. French urologists should maintain their interest in novel technologies and simplification of perioperative pathway to further improve patients' outcomes.

[Complications in urological surgery. Prevention]. / Complications chirurgicales en urologie adulte. La prévention.

The objective of this article was to summarize the means and tools of prevention and safety of care to reduce non-random surgical complications in urology, related to the care environment and the patient. The prevention of complications is an essential strategy to be applied in a standardized way in urological surgery, as in the world of aeronautics, from which we can draw valuable lessons. This prevention is multifactorial and concerns interventions, systems and human factors. The essential points listed below must be traceable: the quality of the assessment of the patient and his co-morbidities. This is a multidisciplinary task; the relevance of the surgical indication, which must take into account the state of the art at the time it is given; the expertise of the urologist and his continuing education; the relevance of the surgical indication, which must take into account the state of the art at the time it is given; the quality of the information provided to the patient and his family, and to the medical and paramedical team involved in the patient's care; the quality of the professional environment and equipment; compliance with recommended safety rules (e.g. checklist, identity check). All these points are not isolated but interdependent. They must be recorded in the patient's file, the quality and completeness of which is essential to the patient's follow-up, to the prevention and management of complications and to the understanding, if necessary, of the truth of the medical facts.

[Complications in urological surgery: Bladder surgery]. / Les complications chirurgicales en urologie adulte : chirurgie de la vessie.

CONTEXT-OBJECTIVE: The management of bladder tumors is based on two major interventions, the risks of complications of which can be significant. The objective of this work is to provide an update on the complications related to bladder surgery, to detail the preventive measures and management strategies in practice. METHODS: Bibliographic search using Medline bibliographic database (Pubmed) using the following keywords: transurethral resection of the bladder, cystectomy, neobladder, Bricker, complications, anastomotic strictures. RESULTS: Trans-urethral resection of the bladder (TURB) essentially exposes to the risk of hemorrhage (2 to 4%) and bladder perforation (1 to 3%). Total cystectomy is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, despite recent technical advances. The most frequent early complications are ileus (23 to 30%) and infectious complications (29 to 38%). Late complications included by functional complications (urinary and sexual), anastomotic strictures (7 to 12%), metabolic complications of continent derivation (25 to 46%) and stomial complications in case of non-continent derivation. The management of complications is well codified. It is however essential to anticipate and put in place preventive measures, especially for infectious and thromboembolic complications, including an exhaustive pre-operative assessment, prehabilitation of the patient and enhanced recovery after surgery. CONCLUSION: Preventing, analyzing and understanding complications in bladder surgery is essential to reduce mortality and morbidity.

[Complications in urological surgery: Prostate surgery]. / Les complications chirurgicales en urologie adulte : chirurgie de la prostate.

Prostate surgery mainly addresses the treatment of the two most common pathologies of the prostate: benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), symptomatic or complicated, and prostate cancer (PCa). The objective of this manuscript was to present after review of the literature the main intraoperative and postoperative surgical complications associated with radical prostatectomy and surgery of the BPH whatever the surgical approach. The incidence and type of these complications may vary depending on the patient's comorbidities and the type of surgery. Regarding radical prostatectomy, the main complications are hemorrhagic, digestive and urinary. During or after surgery of BPH, hemorrhagic and urinary complications dominate. The management of these complications relies on general principles based on a low level of evidence, but usually associate a structured diagnostic pathway and an appropriate treatment decision.

[Complications in endourology: Ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy]. / Complications en endo-urologie : urétéroscopie et néphrolithotomie percutanée.

If surgical treatment of urinary stones is indicated, the urologist has now different modalities depending on each situation. This includes extracorporeal lithotripsy, ureteroscopy (rigid and flexible), and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Ureteroscopy is also performed for diagnostic purposes, and for the treatment of upper urinary tract tumors. Indications, as well as the steps of each of these techniques will not be discussed in this review. Only intra- and postoperative complications of ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy will be reviewed, including diagnostic, management, and preventive measures.

[Surgical complications in adult urology: Pelvic and perineal surgery]. / Les complications chirurgicales en urologie adulte : chirurgie du pelvis et du périnée.

Pelvic and perineal surgeries and in particular those for stress urinary incontinence and prolapse are functional surgeries, which require careful selection of patients and assessment of discomfort to expect satisfactory surgical results and reduce failure rates and of complications. Before offering pelvic and perineal surgery, the risk of potential complications should be carefully assessed and discussed with patients. Recent attention to the potential complications prosthetic mesh has raised awareness in the urological community to report complications. This chapter will focus on the complications of surgeries used for stress urinary incontinence (synthetic retropubic or transobturator suburethral slings, colposuspension, pubovaginal slings, artificial urinary sphincter, adjustable periurethral balloons and periurethral injections of bulking agents) and sacrocolpopexies. The epidemiology of complications, the minimum assessment to be carried out, treatment and prevention will be discussed.

[Surgical complications in adult urology: Surgery of the external genitalia]. / Les complications chirurgicales en urologie adulte : chirurgie des organes génitaux externes.

AIM: Define and present the complications of surgery of the external genitalia (EG), as well as their management. METHOD: Bibliographic search using the Medline (NLM Pubmed tool) and Embase bibliographic databases using the following keywords: scrotal surgery, orchidopexy, hydrocele, varicocele, testicular biopsy, vasectomy, cryptorchidism, orchiectomy, testicular implant, subcapsular orchiectomy, spermatic cord cyst, posthectomy, penis curvature surgery, penile implant, urethral strictures. RESULTS: EG surgery is common in urology, it includes scrotal surgeries and penile surgeries, which are performed openly. They expose to complications such as bleeding, infection, scar disunity requiring early reassessment especially in case of ambulatory procedure. Rare complications must be known, some of which must lead to expert management. CONCLUSION: Complications of surgical treatment of EG should be identified and managed. This report should allow a better understanding and management of these complications.

[Does the announcement of cancer at the time of Non Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer diagnosis affect quality of life and adherence of patients? Data from the French prospective cohort VICAN]. / L'annonce du cancer au diagnostic de Tumeur de vessie non infiltrant le muscle modifie-t-elle la qualité de vie et l'observance des patients ? Données de la cohorte prospective française VICAN.

INTRODUCTION: The information provided at the time of diagnosis of Non Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) is highly variable. Well-informed patient are more involved in shared decisions. The objective of our study was to assess the information perceived by the patient at the time of NMIBC diagnosis and its impact on quality of life. METHODS: The VICAN french cohort involved a representative sample of 4174 cancer patients and 5 years survivors. Patients reported outcomes (PROs) were collected by phone and self-questionnaire. Among the 118 NMIBC patients, the term used to define the pathology at diagnosis was prospectively evaluated. The impact on quality of life (using SF-12, EORTC-QLQ-C30 and HAD scale) and on adherence to the care protocol (endoscopic monitoring) has been assessed. RESULTS: Only 26.8% of patients reported hearing the word « Cancer ¼ at the time of NMIBC diagnosis. Conversely, 73.2% of them reported others terms, including « Tumor ¼ (22%), « Polyp ¼ (24%), and « Carcinoma ¼ (17.1%). There was no difference in terms of physical, mental quality of life and anxiety, regardless of the term used. Adherence to the follow-up endoscopic protocol was better in the group of patients hearing the word "Cancer". CONCLUSION: Three quarters of patients treated for NMIBC did not integrate the concept of « Cancer ¼ at the time of diagnosis. Quality of life and anxiety did not differ significantly depending on the term used at diagnosis. However, adherence to care protocol appears to be higher when using the word "Cancer". LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

[Intravesical adjuvant regimen of epitubicin for intermediate risk NMIBC: Feasability study from CC-AFU vessie]. / Instauration du traitement adjuvant endovésical par épirubicine des tumeurs de vessie n'infiltrant pas le muscle : premier retour national d'expérience du CC-AFU vessie.

INTRODUCTION: Mitomycin C is the gold standard intravesical adjuvant therapy for intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Tensions in the supply of mitomycin have emerged in France since late 2019. The ANSM in agreement with the AFU proposed to use epirubicin, already available in other European countries in this indication. The objective of our study was to report the initial French experience with the use of epirubicin in adjuvant treatment of NMIBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We undertook a French multicenter retrospective descriptive study to collect, from the centers of the members of the CC-AFU bladder, the clinico-pathological data of the patients, the indications, the modalities of use (dose, indication, circuit in the pharmacy) and the tolerance data of epirubicin. The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on treatment interruptions was also identified. Of the 20 centers contacted, 5 (25%) had implemented the epirubicin administration protocol developed by the CC-AFU bladder subcommittee. A total of 61 patients were treated with endovesical instillations of epirubicin between November 2019 and November 2020 for NMIBC at a single dose of 50mg. RESULTS: A total of 61 patients (mean age 67 years, 64-77 years) were treated with epirubicin, of which 45 (73.8%) were male. The patients had intermediate-risk NMIBC in 88.5%, the rest had high-risk disease. Induction therapy without or with maintenance was planned for 48 (78.7%) and 13 patients (21.3%), respectively. The preparation and administration of epirubicin was similar to that of mitomycin: central pharmacy preparation for same-day dispensing with immediate outpatient instillation. Unlike mitomycin, urinary alkalinization was not required. Of the 498 total instillations scheduled, 345 were performed (69.3%). The COVID-19 epidemic significantly impacted epirubicin delivery: one patient could not start treatment (1.6%), 8 patients (13.1%) had to discontinue it permanently; the rest of the patients underwent delayed instillations (18%). Other causes of discontinuation included infectious complications (9.8%). No major toxicities were reported. CONCLUSION: The implementation of an adjuvant epirubicin treatment protocol presented a good feasibility with low toxicity, without modifying the organization of the patients' care pathway. In the context of unpredictable mitomycin shortage, epirubicin represents a good therapeutic alternative in the endovesical adjuvant treatment of intermediate-risk NMIBC. LEVEL OF PROOF: 3.

[Complications in urological surgery. The urologist as a player in risk management]. / Les complications en chirurgie urologique. L'urologue acteur de la gestion des risques.

The first part of this article deals with accreditation of the quality of the professional practice of urologists and medical teams working in public or private health care institutions. This is a voluntary national risk management process based on the reporting and analysis of medical risk events and the development and implementation of recommendations. The fundamental objective of the system is to reduce the frequency and severity of adverse events associated with care for the patient. The second part aims to describe the mechanisms and management of surgical complications. The perception of complications by the urologist is discussed, as it may be distorted by cognitive biases leading to inappropriate actions. Two important points were also emphasized: communication with the patient following an injury, therapeutic hazard or complication following an error, and proper maintenance of the medical record. A joint effort to cultivate a culture of safety and quality in urological surgical practice should be encouraged. Collective actions by urologists in the future should help to maintain a proactive attitude: - generalization of quality accreditation of urologic physicians' professional practice; - national registry: which has demonstrated its advantages in the world of aeronautics; - creation of a specific module "Management of complications in urology" in teaching (ECU) and continuing education (SUC, website); - creation of an AFU "Complications" Committee; - management of social networks.

Multicenter external validation of the radical cystectomy pentafecta in a European cohort of patients undergoing robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion for bladder cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To perform an external validation of this RC-pentafecta. METHOD: Between January 2014 and December 2019, 104 consecutive patients who underwent RARC with ICUD within 6 urological centers were analyzed retrospectively. Patients who simultaneously demonstrated negative soft tissue surgical margins (STSMs), a lymph node (LN) yield ≥ 16, absence of major (Clavien-Dindo grade III-V) 90-day postoperative complications, absence of UD-related long-term sequelae, and absence of 12-month clinical recurrence were considered to have achieved RC-pentafecta. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to measure predictors for achieving RC-pentafecta. We analyzed the influence of this RC-pentafecta on survival, and the impact ofthe surgical experience. RESULTS: Since 2014, 104 patients who had completed at least 12 months of follow-up were included. Over a mean follow-up of 18 months, a LN yield ≥ 16, negative STSMs, absence of major complications at 90 days, and absence of UD-related surgical sequelae and clinical recurrence at ≤ 12 months were observed in 56%, 96%, 85%, 81%, and 91% of patients, respectively, resulting in a RC-pentafecta rate of 39.4%. Multivariate analysis showed that age was an independent predictor of pentafecta achievement (odds ratio [OR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90. 0.99; p = 0.04). The surgeon experience had an impact on the validation of the criteria. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that the RC-pentafecta is reproducible and could be externally used for the outcome assessment after RARC with ICUD. Therefore, the RC-pentafecta could be a useful tool to assess surgical success and its impact on different outcomes.

[Adjuvant radiotherapy after radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer]. / Place de la radiothérapie adjuvante après cystectomie pour les tumeurs de vessie infiltrant le muscle.

OBJECTIVES: Locoregional relapse (LRR) after cystectomy is a common early event associated with poor prognosis. The role of radiotherapy as an adjunct to radical cystectomy is not well-defined. The aim of this critical literature review is to provide an overview of the elements in favor of adjuvant radiation for patients treated for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An exhaustive review of the literature was carried out using the Pubmed search tool with the following keywords: "radiotherapy" [Mesh], "adjuvant" [Mesh], "local recurrence" [Mesh], "Bladder cancer" [Mesh]. RESULTS: Several recent publications have led to the development of a nomogram that predicts the risk of LRR, in order to identify patients for which adjuvant radiotherapy could be beneficial. Several randomized trials seem to suggest a benefit of radiotherapy, in particular when combined with chemotherapy, in terms of reducing LRR, and may even improve overall survival, with good safety profile. However, there are many biases and the interest of adjuvant radiotherapy in urothelial carcinomas remains debated. CONCLUSION: Prospective trials evaluating adjuvant radiotherapy with current techniques should be undertaken.

[Safety of Hyperthermic IntraVEsical Chemotherapy (HIVEC) for BCG Unresponsive Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Patients]. / Tolérance de la thermo-chimiothérapie par HIVEC® chez les patients réfractaires au BCG.

INTRODUCTION: There is increasing evidence that Hyperthermic Intravesical Chemotherapy is an effective treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). HIVEC (COMBAT BRS system) is an innovative hyperthermia delivering device. The aim of our study is to evaluate tolerance and safety of HIVEC in patients with BCG-refractory NMIBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we included 22 patients between January 2017 and April 2018. The treatment consisted in a weekly instillation of Hyperthermic Mitomycin for a total of 6 weeks, with a follow-up every 3 months. In order to evaluate the tolerance, patients filled a questionnaire before each instillation. We analyzed collected data to evaluate safety and efficiency of the treatment after one year. RESULTS: Among 22 patients included, no patient suffered from severe side effects. The minor side effects reported were : urinary urgency (40,1 %), urinary pain (40,1%), macroscopic hematuria (4,5%). The IPSS score didn't significantly varied before and after instillations (mean IPSS: 10.8 versus 10.1, p=0.77). The mean follow-up was 11.2 months. The recurrence rate was 27,3% with an average time to recurrence of 7.36 months. Two patients (9.1%) presented a progression to muscle-invasive disease. Four patients (18,2%) had a radical cystectomy. CONCLUSION: Hyperthermic Mitomycin using the HIVEC® device is a rather safe and well tolerated treatment. Efficiency remains partial as 27.3% of patients experienced recurrence during the first year. These data should be confirmed by prospective multicentric studies.

[French ccAFU guidelines - update 2020-2022: bladder cancer]. / Recommandations françaises du Comité de cancérologie de l'AFU ­ actualisation 2020­2022 : tumeurs de la vessie.

OBJECTIVE: - To update French guidelines for the management of bladder cancer specifically non-muscle invasive (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBC). METHODS: - A Medline search was achieved between 2018 and 2020, notably regarding diagnosis, options of treatment and follow-up of bladder cancer, to evaluate different references with levels of evidence. RESULTS: - Diagnosis of NMIBC (Ta, T1, CIS) is based on a complete deep resection of the tumor. The use of fluorescence and a second-look indication are essential to improve initial diagnosis. Risks of both recurrence and progression can be estimated using the EORTC score. A stratification of patients into low, intermediate and high risk groups is pivotal for recommending adjuvant treatment: instillation of chemotherapy (immediate post-operative, standard schedule) or intravesical BCG (standard schedule and maintenance). Cystectomy is recommended in BCG-refractory patients. Extension evaluation of MIBC is based on contrast-enhanced pelvic-abdominal and thoracic CT-scan. Multiparametric MRI can be an alternative. Cystectomy associated with extended lymph nodes dissection is considered the gold standard for non-metastatic MIBC. It should be preceded by cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in eligible patients. An orthotopic bladder substitution should be proposed to both male and female patients with no contraindication and in cases of negative frozen urethral samples; otherwise transileal ureterostomy is recommended as urinary diversion. All patients should be included in an Early Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol. For metastatic MIBC, first-line chemotherapy using platin is recommended (GC or MVAC), when performans status (PS <1) and renal function (creatinine clearance >60 mL/min) allow it (only in 50% of cases). In second line treatment, immunotherapy with pembrolizumab demonstrated a significant improvement in overall survival. CONCLUSION: - These updated French guidelines will contribute to increase the level of urological care for the diagnosis and treatment of patients diagnosed with NMIBC and MIBC.

[French ccAFU guidelines - update 2020-2022: upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma]. / Recommandations françaises du Comité de cancérologie de l'AFU - actualisation 2020­2022 : tumeurs de la voie excrétrice urinaire supérieure.

INTRODUCTION: -The purpose was to propose an update of the French guidelines from the national committee ccAFU on upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUC). METHODS: - A systematic Medline search was performed between 2018 and 2020, as regards diagnosis, options of treatment and follow-up of UTUC, to evaluate different references with levels of evidence. RESULTS: - The diagnosis of this rare pathology is based on CT-scan acquisition during excretion and ureteroscopy with histological biopsies. Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) remains the gold standard for surgical treatment, nevertheless a conservative endoscopic approach can be proposed for low risk lesion: unifocal tumor, possible complete resection and low grade and absence of invasion on CT-scan. Close monitoring with endoscopic follow-up (flexible ureteroscopy) in compliant patients is therefore necessary. After RNU, bladder instillation of chemotherapy is recommended to reduce risk of bladder recurrence. A systemic chemotherapy is recommended after RNU in pT2-T4 N0-3 M0 disease. CONCLUSION: - These updated guidelines will contribute to increase the level of urological care for diagnosis and treatment for UTUC.

[Role of the nurse in the implementation of enhanced recovery after surgery]. / Rôle de l'infirmier(e) dans l'application de la récupération améliorée après chirurgie.

INTRODUCTION: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) requires a reorganization of care and optimal coordination of the different perioperative steps. The coordinating nurse has a crucial role in setting up such a protocol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have identified the tasks of the coordinating nurse in the patient's management. RESULTS: The role of the coordinator is major in the different steps to: inform the patient, reduce the consequences of surgical stress, solicit other actors according to the needs of the patient, anticipate the organization of care and discharge of the patient by staying in touch with a network of liberal nurses, detect alerts justifying readmission, promote and stimulate recovery of autonomy of the patient. CONCLUSION: The coordinating nurse is one of the pillars of ERAS protocol, allowing a harmonization of the multidisciplinary management in order to establish an optimal organization between the patient and the different actors of the care course.

[Immunotherapy in urology: Concept and results]. / Immunothérapie en urologie : principes et résultats.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to update current data on immunotherapy in uro-oncology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Synthesis of data from recent literature and data presented at national and international conferences on immunotherapy in urological cancers. RESULTS: Current immunotherapies restore the anti-tumor immunity, by blocking immunity-negative feedback checkpoints. In metastatic renal cell carcinoma and bladder carcinoma, immunotherapy has first shown a significant survival benefit in second-line, and more recently in first-line for kidney cancer. Trials are currently ongoing in adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings. In prostate cancer, there is little data and immunotherapy seems to benefit a limited subgroup of patients. CONCLUSION: Immunotherapy is a key treatment in kidney and bladder cancer. In the future, the identification of predictive markers should allow us to better select patients responding to immunotherapy.

[Is a routine second transurethral resection of the bladder still necessary after hexaminolévulinate photodynamic diagnosis-assisted TURBT?] / La résection transurétrale de vessie de réévaluation est-elle toujours nécessaire en cas de primo-résection sous luminofluorescence par hexaminolévulinate ?

OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to assess the impact of blue light cystoscopy with hexaminolevulinate on residual tumor rates at second-look transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Among all patients undergoing TURB in our center between 2012 and 2017, 52 patients had a second-look after a first complete TURB with a delay<3months. We compare patients with standard white light cystoscopy/TURB then second-look blue light cystoscopy/re-TURB (group A, n=30) and patients with blue light cystoscopy/TURB at the initial procedure then white light cystoscopy/re-TURB (group B, n=22). The residual tumor rates at second-look, restaging and changing in therapeutic strategy, as well as recurrence free survival and progression rate were compared. RESULTS: Residual tumor at the time of second-look cystoscopy was detected in 42.3% of cases in our cohort, with a significant difference between the two groups (63.3% in group A versus 0% in group B, <0.001). In group A, 16.7% (5/30) of patients had upstaging and/or upgrading at second-look cystoscopy, resulting in a change in therapeutic strategy in most cases (4/5) while none upstaging was observed in group B. In multivariate analysis, the use of luminofluorescence at the first TURB was the only independent predictive factor of residual tumor (P=0.0031). CONCLUSION: The quality of the initial TURB, when performed by using blue light cystoscopy, had a significant impact on the rate of residual tumor at the second-look resection and could modify therapeutic strategy of NMIBC. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.