RESUMEN
BACKGROUNDS: Despite reported discordance between the mutational status of primary lung cancers and their metastases, metastatic sites are rarely biopsied and targeted therapy is guided by genetic biomarkers detected in the primary tumor. This situation is mostly explained by the apparent stability of EGFR-activating mutations. Given the dramatic increase in the range of candidate drugs and high rates of drug resistance, rebiopsy or liquid biopsy may become widespread. The purpose of this study was to test genetic biomarkers used in clinical practice (EGFR, ALK) and candidate biomarkers identified by the French National Cancer Institute (KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, HER2) in patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer for whom two tumor samples were available. METHODS: A retrospective study identified 88 tumor samples collected synchronously or metachronously, from the same or two different sites, in 44 patients. Mutation analysis used SNaPshot (EGFR, KRAS, BRAF missense mutations), pyrosequencing (EGFR and PIK3CA missense mutations), sizing assays (EGFR and HER2 indels) and IHC and/or FISH (ALK rearrangements). RESULTS: About half the patients (52%) harbored at least one mutation. Five patients had an activating mutation of EGFR in both the primary tumor and the metastasis. The T790M resistance mutation was detected in metastases in 3 patients with acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. FISH showed discordance in ALK status between a small biopsy sample and the surgical specimen. KRAS mutations were observed in 36% of samples, six patients (14%) having discordant genotypes; all discordances concerned sampling from different sites. Two patients (5%) showed PI3KCA mutations. One metastasis harbored both PI3KCA and KRAS mutations, while the synchronously sampled primary tumor was mutation free. No mutations were detected in BRAF and HER2. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted noteworthy intra-individual discordance in KRAS mutational status, whereas EGFR status was stable. Intratumoral heterogeneity for ALK rearrangement suggests a limitation of single-biopsy analysis for therapeutic strategy with crizotinib.
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Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , Metástasis de la Neoplasia/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Quinasa de Linfoma Anaplásico , Biopsia , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasa Clase I , Receptores ErbB/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mutación , Metástasis de la Neoplasia/patología , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/genética , Receptor ErbB-2/genéticaRESUMEN
The aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) gene has been implicated in a wide spectrum of disorders ranging from phenotypes with severe neuronal migration defects, such as lissencephaly, to mild forms of X-linked mental retardation without apparent brain abnormalities. To better understand its role in corticogenesis, we used in utero electroporation to knock down or overexpress ARX. We show here that targeted inhibition of ARX causes cortical progenitor cells to exit the cell cycle prematurely and impairs their migration toward the cortical plate. In contrast, ARX overexpression increases the length of the cell cycle. In addition, we report that RNA interference-mediated inactivation of ARX prevents cells from acquiring multipolar morphology in the subventricular and intermediate zones, resulting in decreased neuronal motility. In contrast, ARX overexpression appears to promote the development of tangentially oriented processes of cells in the subventricular and intermediate zones and affects radial migration of pyramidal neurons. We also demonstrate that the level of ARX expression is important for tangential migration of GABA-containing interneurons, because both inactivation and overexpression of the gene impair their migration from the ganglionic eminence. However, our data suggest that ARX is not directly involved in GABAergic cell fate specification. Overall, these results identify multiple and distinct cell-autonomous roles for ARX in corticogenesis.
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Diferenciación Celular/fisiología , Movimiento Celular/fisiología , Proliferación Celular , Corteza Cerebral/citología , Proteínas de Homeodominio/fisiología , Neuronas/fisiología , Factores de Transcripción/fisiología , Animales , Bromodesoxiuridina/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Corteza Cerebral/embriología , Chlorocebus aethiops , Proteína Doblecortina , Electroporación/métodos , Embrión de Mamíferos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/metabolismo , Proteínas de Homeodominio/genética , Antígeno Ki-67/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Ratones Transgénicos , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Interferencia de ARN/fisiología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Transfección , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: LINE-1 (long interspersed element-1) or L1-mediated retrotransposition is a potent force in human genome evolution and an occasional cause of human genetic disease. Since the first report of two de novo L1 insertions in the F8 gene causing hemophilia A, more than 50 L1-mediated retrotranspositional events have been identified as causing human genetic disease. However, a significant bias has generally militated against the detection of these pathological events at autosomal loci. Based upon this and other observations, we surmised that some previously unresolved cystic fibrosis chromosomes might carry hitherto undetected L1-mediated retrotranspositional insertions at the CFTR locus. This study represents an attempt to identify such mutational events. METHODS: 100 previously unresolved cystic fibrosis chromosomes were carefully reanalyzed using quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography (QHPLC). RESULTS: Two simple Alu insertions were identified in the CFTR gene, within exons 16 and 17b respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings have not only revealed a previously unknown mutational mechanism responsible for cystic fibrosis but also represent an important addition to the already diverse spectrum of known CFTR gene mutations. Experience with the CFTR gene suggests that pathological L1-mediated retrotranspositional events may also have been overlooked at other gene loci and should always be considered in cases that appear to be refractory to analysis.
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Elementos Alu/genética , Regulador de Conductancia de Transmembrana de Fibrosis Quística/genética , Fibrosis Quística/genética , Elementos de Nucleótido Esparcido Largo/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Exones/genética , HumanosRESUMEN
Variations in the SPINK1 gene (encoding pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI)) are associated with chronic pancreatitis. We have recently determined the functional consequences of three missense mutations that occurred within the signal peptide sequence of PSTI by Western blotting analysis of wild-type and mutant PSTI expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Here, this approach was extended to analyze seven missense mutations (p.N34S, p.G48E, p.D50E, p.Y54H, p.P55S, p.R65Q and p.R67C) occurring within the mature peptide of PSTI. This analysis enabled us to classify these missense mutations into three categories. The first category comprises the p.N34S and p.P55S polymorphisms, both of which occur in evolutionarily non-conserved residues, involve amino-acid substitutions with similar physicochemical properties, and do not cause any significant reduction in terms of PSTI mature peptide expression. The second category contains only the p.R65Q missense mutation, which occurs in a well-conserved residue, involves the substitution of a positively charged amino acid by a non-charged one, and causes a approximately 60% reduction of protein expression. The third category comprises p.G48E, p.D50E, p.Y54H, and p.R67C, all of which occur in strictly conserved residues, involve charged amino acids, and cause complete or nearly complete loss of PSTI expression. Having excluded the possibility that the reduced protein expression may have resulted from reduced transcription or unstable mRNA, we surmise that these missense mutations probably cause intracellular retention of their respective mutant proteins. This is suggestive of a potential unifying pathological mechanism underlying both the signal peptide and mature peptide mutations.
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Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Pancreatitis/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Células CHO , Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Humanos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mutación Missense , Páncreas/metabolismo , Pancreatitis/metabolismo , Pancreatitis/fisiopatología , Señales de Clasificación de Proteína/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Inhibidor de Tripsina Pancreática de KazalRESUMEN
Gross genomic rearrangements involving deletions in the CFTR gene have recently been found to account for approximately 20% of unidentified cystic fibrosis (CF) chromosomes in both French and Italian patients. Using QMPSF and walking quantitative DHPLC, six novel mutations (three simple deletions, two complex deletions with short insertions of 3-6 bp, and a complex deletion with a 182 bp inverted downstream sequence) were characterized by screening 274 unidentified CF chromosomes from 10 different countries. These lesions increase the total number of fully characterized large CFTR genomic rearrangements involving deletions to 21. Systematic analysis of the 42 associated breakpoints indicated that all 21 events were caused by nonhomologous recombination. Whole gene complexity analysis revealed a significant correlation between regions of low sequence complexity and the locations of the deletion breakpoints. Known recombination-promoting motifs were noted in the vicinity of the breakpoints. A total of 11 simple deletions were potentially explicable in terms of the classical model of replication slippage. However, the complex deletions appear to have arisen via multiple mechanisms; three of the five complex deletions with short insertions and both examples of large inverted insertions (299 and 182 bp, respectively) can be explained by either a model of serial replication slippage in cis (SRScis) or SRS in trans (SRStrans). Finally, the nature and distribution of large genomic rearrangements in the CFTR gene were compared and contrasted with those of two other genes, DMD and MSH2, with a view to gaining a broader understanding of DNA sequence context in mediating the diverse underlying mutational mechanisms.
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Regulador de Conductancia de Transmembrana de Fibrosis Quística/genética , Fibrosis Quística/genética , Genoma , Secuencia de Bases , Biología Computacional , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Eliminación de Gen , Humanos , Modelos Genéticos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mutación , Recombinación GenéticaRESUMEN
Reunion Island is a French province, 800 km east of Madagascar and 200 km west of Mauritius. On Reunion Island, the birth prevalence of cystic fibrosis (CF) is particularly high in the population of European origin, approximately 1:1000. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the screening of the 27 exons of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene by denaturing high-pressure liquid chromatography (DHPLC) in 114 CF families allowed the detection of about 93% of the molecular defects present on Reunion Island. Unidentified CF mutations may lie in introns or in regulatory regions that are not routinely investigated, or may correspond to gene rearrangements such as large, heterozygous deletions that escape detection using current PCR-based techniques. Using a combination of different methods (such as multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification), 6 of the 13 unidentified CF alleles (46%) were found to harbor a deletion of 5288 bp, spanning from exon 17a to 18. Identification and examination of the breakpoint sequences showed that this deletion is different from the 3120+1kbdel8.6Kb previously found in the Palestinian Arabs. The chromosomes bearing IVS16+3316_IVS18+644del5288 did not have a common extragenic haplotype. Clinical evaluation of homozygotes (2 unrelated patients) and compound heterozygotes indicated that this deletion represents a severe mutation associated with positive sweat chloride test, pancreatic insufficiency, and early age at diagnosis.
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Regulador de Conductancia de Transmembrana de Fibrosis Quística/genética , Fibrosis Quística/genética , Recombinación Genética , Eliminación de Secuencia , Adolescente , Adulto , Edad de Inicio , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Secuencia de Bases , Niño , Rotura Cromosómica , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Linaje , ReuniónRESUMEN
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR/ABCC7). Despite the extensive and enduring efforts of many CF researchers over the past 14 years, up to 30% of disease alleles still remain to be identified in some populations. It has long been suggested that gross genomic rearrangements could account for these unidentified alleles. To date, however, only a few large deletions have been found in the CFTR gene and only three have been fully characterized. Here, we report the first systematic screening of the 27 exons of the CFTR gene for large genomic rearrangements, by means of the quantitative multiplex PCR of short fluorescent fragments (QMPSF). A well-characterized cohort of 39 classical CF patients carrying at least one unidentified allele (after extensive and complete screening of the CFTR gene by both denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography) participated in this study. Using QMPSF, some 16% of the previously unidentified CF mutant alleles were identified and characterized, including five novel mutations (one large deletion and four indels). The breakpoints of these five mutations were precisely determined, enabling us to explore the underlying mechanisms of mutagenesis. Although non-homologous recombination may be invoked to explain all five complex lesions, each mutation appears to have arisen through a different mechanism. One of the indels was highly unusual in that it involved the insertion of a short 41 bp sequence with partial homology to a retrotranspositionally-competent LINE-1 element. The insertion of this ultra-short LINE-1 element (dubbed a "hyphen element") may constitute a novel type of mutation associated with human genetic disease.
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Alelos , Regulador de Conductancia de Transmembrana de Fibrosis Quística/genética , Fibrosis Quística/genética , Mutación , Recombinación Genética , Secuencia de Bases , Rotura Cromosómica , Genoma Humano , Humanos , Modelos Genéticos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mutagénesis Insercional , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Alineación de Secuencia , Eliminación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
In the last 5 years, mutations in three genes, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, the cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1) gene, and the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) gene, have been found to be associated with chronic pancreatitis (CP). In this study, using established mutation screening methods, we systematically analysed the entire coding sequences and all exon/intron junctions of the three genes in 39 patients with idiopathic CP (ICP), with a view to evaluating the relative contribution of each gene to the aetiology of the disease. Our results demonstrate that, firstly, 'gain-of-function' mutations in the PRSS1 gene may occasionally be found in an obvious ICP subject. Secondly, presumably 'loss-of-function' mutations in the PSTI gene appear to be frequent, with a detection rate of at least 10% in ICP and, finally, abnormal CFTR alleles are common: at least 20% of patients carried one of the most common CFTR mutations, and about 10% of patients were compound heterozygotes, having at least one 'mild' allele. Thus, in total, about 30% of ICP patients carried at least one abnormal allele in one of the three genes, and this is the most conservative estimate. Moreover, a trans-heterozygous state with sequence variations in the PSTI/CFTR genes was found in three patients. However, an association between the 5T allele in intron 8 of the CFTR gene and ICP remains unproven.
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Regulador de Conductancia de Transmembrana de Fibrosis Quística/genética , Pancreatitis/genética , Inhibidor de Tripsina Pancreática de Kazal/genética , Tripsina , Tripsinógeno/genética , Enfermedad Crónica , Regulador de Conductancia de Transmembrana de Fibrosis Quística/metabolismo , Femenino , Francia , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Masculino , Mutación , Pancreatitis/etiología , Inhibidor de Tripsina Pancreática de Kazal/metabolismo , Tripsinógeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
Inherited thrombocytopenia is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a reduced number of blood platelets. Despite the identification of nearly 20 causative genes in the past decade, approximately half of all subjects with inherited thrombocytopenia still remain unexplained in terms of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Here we report a six-generation French pedigree with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance and the identification of its genetic basis. Of the 55 subjects available for analysis, 26 were diagnosed with isolated macrothrombocytopenia. Genome-wide linkage analysis mapped a 10.9 Mb locus to chromosome 14 (14q22) with a LOD score of 7.6. Candidate gene analysis complemented by targeted next-generation sequencing identified a missense mutation (c.137GA; p.Arg46Gln) in the alpha-actinin 1 gene (ACTN1) that segregated with macrothrombocytopenia in this large pedigree. The missense mutation occurred within actin-binding domain of alpha-actinin 1, a functionally critical domain that crosslinks actin filaments into bundles. The evaluation of cultured mutation-harboring megakaryocytes by electron microscopy and the immunofluorescence examination of transfected COS-7 cells suggested that the mutation causes disorganization of the cellular cytoplasm. Our study concurred with a recently published whole-exome sequence analysis of six small Japanese families with congenital macrothrombocytopenia, adding ACTN1 to the growing list of thrombocytopenia genes.
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Actinina/genética , Plaquetas/patología , Genes Dominantes , Mutación Missense , Trombocitopenia/genética , Trombocitopenia/patología , Actinina/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Animales , Plaquetas/ultraestructura , Médula Ósea/patología , Células COS , Chlorocebus aethiops , Familia , Femenino , Francia , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Linaje , Agregación Plaquetaria , Recuento de Plaquetas , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Trombocitopenia/metabolismo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: A 6-year survey of HFE gene test was conducted to evaluate its helpfulness for hereditary hemochromatosis diagnosis. METHODS: We analyzed C282Y, H63D, and S65C mutations on 3525 individuals. RESULTS: The test produced 89.7% and 30% of positive results for individuals clinically diagnosed hemochromatosis before HFE gene-test availability and those prospectively tested because of elevated serum iron parameter and/or family history, respectively; among them there were 90.4% and 48.7% of C282Y homozygotes. CONCLUSIONS: The HFE gene test confirmed a genetic defect that may lead to iron loading in individuals when iron parameter values, especially for the C282Y/C282Y, were still low as well as for genotypes usually associated with low expressivity and penetrance (C282Y/H63D, H63D/H63D). This gene-test should allow a biochemical follow-up of patients carrying a disease-related genotype.
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Sustitución de Aminoácidos/genética , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Hemocromatosis/diagnóstico , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase I/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Mutación Puntual/genética , Análisis Mutacional de ADN/métodos , Recolección de Datos , Femenino , Hemocromatosis/genética , Proteína de la Hemocromatosis , Heterocigoto , Homocigoto , Humanos , Masculino , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Valor Predictivo de las PruebasRESUMEN
Several genetic factors have been well known to predispose one to chronic pancreatitis (CP). However, little is known about the genetic factors that may provide a protective effect against the disease. Having found a nonsense mutation (c.111C>A; Y37X) and a splicing mutation (IVS2+1G>A) in the cationic trypsinogen gene (protease, serine, 1; PRSS1) in alcoholics without the development of CP, but not in alcoholics with CP and patients with hereditary or idiopathic CP, we propose that while "gain of function" mutations in the PRSS1 gene predispose one to pancreatitis, "loss of function" mutations in the gene may protect one against the disease.
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Mutación/genética , Pancreatitis/genética , Tripsina , Tripsinógeno/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Alcoholismo/genética , Enfermedad Crónica , Exones , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Hereditary hemochromatosis is a common inherited disorder characterized by iron overload. A single mutation (C282Y) in the HFE gene is present in 80-95% of cases in populations of northern European extraction. The disorder presents a large phenotypic heterogeneity, and its expression can be influenced by environmental factors. This 1977-2002 study aimed to identify the influence of alcohol consumption on expression of the disease. The authors retrospectively registered 378 C282Y-homozygous patients treated in a blood center of western Brittany, France. In this cohort, 33 patients reported excessive alcohol consumption (8.7%). Those subjects presented significantly increased iron parameters (serum ferritin: 1745.2 vs. 968.7 microg/liter, p< 0.0001; serum iron: 39.9 vs. 36.0 micromol/liter, p = 0.0040; transferrin saturation: 87.1 vs. 80.1%, p = 0.0071) and elevated liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase: 66.3 vs. 41.1 IU/liter, p = 0.0003; aspartate aminotransferase: 56.2 vs. 34.9 IU/liter, p = 0.0002). Their risk of skin pigmentation was also higher (odds ratio = 3.4, p = 0.0006). Results remained unchanged after adjustment. This study provides precise quantitative data about the impact of alcohol on expression of hereditary hemochromatosis in C282Y-homozygous patients. Excessive alcohol consumption accentuates disease expression and therefore the risk of cirrhosis and cancer. Consequently, these patients should be encouraged to consume very moderate quantities of alcohol.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Hemocromatosis/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/sangre , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Femenino , Ferritinas/sangre , Francia/epidemiología , Hemocromatosis/sangre , Hemocromatosis/epidemiología , Homocigoto , Humanos , Hierro/sangre , Sobrecarga de Hierro/genética , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mutación , Fenotipo , Trastornos de la Pigmentación/epidemiología , Trastornos de la Pigmentación/etiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Transferrina/metabolismoRESUMEN
The activation peptide of mammalian trypsinogens contains a highly conserved tetra-aspartate sequence (D19-D20-D21-D22) preceding the K23-I24 scissile peptide bond, which is hydrolyzed as the first step in the activation process. Here, we examined the evolution and function of trypsinogen activation peptides through integrating functional characterization of disease-associated mutations with comparative genomic analysis. Activation properties of three chronic pancreatitis-associated activation peptide mutants (the novel D19A and the previously reported D22G and K23R) were simultaneously analyzed, for the first time, in the context of recombinant human cationic trypsinogen. A dramatic increase in autoactivation of cationic trypsinogen was observed in all three mutants, with D22G and K23R exhibiting the most marked increases. The physiological activator enteropeptidase activated the D19A mutant normally, activated the D22G mutant very poorly, and stimulated activation of the K23R mutant. The biochemical and structural data, taken together with a comprehensive sequence comparison, indicates that the tetra-aspartate sequence in mammalian trypsinogen activation peptides has evolved not only for optimal enteropeptidase recognition in the duodenum but also for efficient inhibition of trypsinogen autoactivation within the pancreas. Moreover, the use of lysine instead of arginine at the P1 position of activation peptides also has an advantageous effect against trypsinogen autoactivation. Finally, fixed substitutions in the key residues of the trypsinogen activation peptide may suggest the evolution of new functions unrelated to digestion, as found in the group III trypsinogens of cold-adapted fishes.