Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination and immunoprophylaxis: realising the potential for protection of young children.

The search for safe and efficacious products to prevent severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease in young infants has lasted more than 60 years. In high-income and middle-income countries, two new products have been authorised: an RSV monoclonal antibody for administration to infants (nirsevimab) and an RSV prefusion F maternal vaccine (RSVpreF [Pfizer, Puurs, Belgium]) for administration to pregnant people. These products are not yet available in low-income and lower-middle-income countries, where most RSV deaths occur. Other papers in this Series describe the acute burden of RSV disease in young children, the effects of RSV infection in early childhood on long-term lung health, and the burden of RSV disease and disease prevention products in older adults. In this Series paper, we briefly review the efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of nirsevimab and RSVpreF maternal vaccine for protection of infants. We then explore potential regulatory, policy, and implementation pathways and provide case studies of intervention uptake in Spain and Argentina, and considerations for use in Kenya. We also explore the health economic evidence to inform product introduction decisions. With sufficient political will and affordable pricing, RSV disease prevention in infants can become a global reality.

Effectiveness of rAd26-rAd5, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and BBIBP-CorV vaccines for risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and death due to COVID-19 in people older than 60 years in Argentina: a test-negative, case-control, and retrospective longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: In January, 2021, a vaccination campaign against COVID-19 was initiated with the rAd26-rAd5, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and BBIBP-CorV vaccines in Argentina. The objective of this study was to estimate vaccine effectiveness at reducing risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 deaths in people older than 60 years. METHODS: In this test-negative, case-control, and retrospective longitudinal study done in Argentina, we evaluated the effectiveness of three vaccines (rAd26-rAd5, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and BBIBP-CorV) on SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of death in people with RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19, using data from the National Surveillance System (SNVS 2.0). All individuals aged 60 years or older reported to SNVS 2.0 as being suspected to have COVID-19 who had disease status confirmed with RT-PCR were included in the study. Unvaccinated individuals could participate in any of the analyses. People with suspected COVID-19 who developed symptoms before the start of the implementation of the vaccination programme for their age group or district were excluded from the study. The odds ratio of SARS-CoV-2 infection was evaluated by logistic regression and the risk of death in individuals with RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 was evaluated by proportional hazard regression models, adjusted for possible confounders: age at the time of the symptom onset date, sex, district of residence, epidemiological week corresponding to the symptom onset date, and history of COVID-19. The estimation of vaccine effectiveness to prevent death due to COVID-19 was done indirectly by combining infection and death estimates. In addition, we evaluated the effect of the first dose of viral vector vaccines across time. FINDINGS: From Jan 31, to Sept 14, 2021, 1 282 928 individuals were included, of whom 687 167 (53·6%) were in the rAd26-rAd5 analysis, 358 431 (27·6%) in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 analysis, and 237 330 (18·5%) in the BBIBP-CorV analysis. Vaccine effectiveness after two doses was high for all three vaccines, adjusted odds ratio 0·36 (95% CI 0·35-0·37) for rAd26-rAd5, 0·32 (0·31-0·33) for ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and 0·56 (0·55-0·58) for BBIBP-CorV. After two doses, the effect on deaths was higher than that on risk of infection: adjusted hazard ratio 0·19 (95% CI 0·18-0·21) for rAd26-rAd5, 0·20 (0·18-0·22) for ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and 0·27 (0·25-0·29) for BBIBP-CorV. The indirectly estimated effectiveness on deaths was 93·1% (95% CI 92·6-93·5) for rAd26-rAd5, 93·7% (93·2-94·3) for ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and 85·0% (84·0-86·0) for BBIBP-CorV following two doses. First dose effect of viral vector vaccines remained stable over time. INTERPRETATION: The vaccines used in Argentina showed effectiveness in reducing infection and death by SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. FUNDING: None.

Declines in Pneumonia Mortality Following the Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Latin American and Caribbean Countries.

BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are recommended for use in pediatric immunization programs worldwide. Few data are available on their effect against mortality. We present a multicountry evaluation of the population-level impact of PCVs against death due to pneumonia in children < 5 years of age. METHODS: We obtained national-level mortality data between 2000 and 2016 from 10 Latin American and Caribbean countries, using the standardized protocol. Time series models were used to evaluate the decline in all-cause pneumonia deaths during the postvaccination period while controlling for unrelated temporal trends using control causes of death. RESULTS: The estimated declines in pneumonia mortality following the introduction of PCVs ranged from 11% to 35% among children aged 2-59 months in 5 countries: Colombia (24% [95% credible interval {CrI}, 3%-35%]), Ecuador (25% [95% CrI, 4%-41%]), Mexico (11% [95% CrI, 3%-18%]), Nicaragua (19% [95% CrI, 0-34%]), and Peru (35% [95% CrI, 20%-47%]). In Argentina, Brazil, and the Dominican Republic, the declines were not detected in the aggregated age group but were detected in certain age strata. In Guyana and Honduras, the estimates had large uncertainty, and no declines were detected. Across the 10 countries, most of which have low to moderate incidence of pneumonia mortality, PCVs have prevented nearly 4500 all-cause pneumonia deaths in children 2-59 months since introduction. CONCLUSIONS: Although the data quality was variable between countries, and the patterns varied across countries and age groups, the balance of evidence suggests that mortality due to all-cause pneumonia in children declined after PCV introduction. The impact could be greater in populations with a higher prevaccine burden of pneumonia.

Community acquired pneumonia incidence among children less than 5 years of age in Concordia, Argentina: vaccination impact.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV13) against Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) and invasive pneumococcal disease, 2 years after the vaccine (2+1) was included into the National Immunization Program of Argentina, and to describe variables associated with bacterial pneumonia and hospitalization. METHODS: This was a prospective, population-based surveillance study of CAP incidence (ambulatory and hospitalized) among children less than 5 years of age in the Department of Concordia (Entre Rios, Argentina) from April 2014 - March 2016. The diagnosis of probable bacterial pneumonia (PBP) was determined following the standardized WHO protocol. Incidence during the post-vaccine introduction period was compared with the results from a previous study that used similar methodology for the pre-PCV13 introduction period from 2002 - 2005. RESULTS: During the study period, 330 patients had a clinical diagnosis of CAP, of which 92 were PBP (6 with pleural effusion). S. pneumoniae was not isolated from any sample. No factors associated with PBP were found in multivariable analysis. The decrease in PBP and pleural effusion was significant in relation to the previous study: 63% (P < 0.0001) and 80.9% (P < 0.003), respectively. PCV13 uptake was 97.3% for the 1st dose and 84.8% for the booster dose. CONCLUSIONS: PCV13 was effective to reduce incidence of consolidated pneumonia and pleural effusion, among children less than 5 years of age in Concordia, Argentina. Vaccination is a very effective public health strategy for reducing vaccine preventable diseases, with impact on burden of disease and hospitalization.

Burden and typing of rotavirus group A in Latin America and the Caribbean: systematic review and meta-analysis.

The efficacy of licensed rotavirus vaccines has only been shown against certain rotavirus group A (RV-A) types. It is critical to understand the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) and its prevalent types to assess the potential impact of these vaccines in Latin America and the Caribbean (LA&C). We performed a systematic review and meta-analyses of all the available evidence reported from 1990 to 2009 on the burden of rotavirus disease and strains circulating in LA&C. Eligible studies--185 country-level reports, 174 951 faecal samples--were selected from MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, LILACS, regional Ministries of Health, PAHO, regional proceedings, doctoral theses, reference lists of included studies and consulting experts. Arc-sine transformations and DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model were used for meta-analyses. The proportion of gastroenteritis cases due to rotavirus was 24.3% (95%CI 22.3-26.4) and the incidence of RVGE was 170 per 1000 children-years (95%CI 130-210). We estimated a global annual mortality for 22 countries of 88.2 (95%CI 79.3-97.1) deaths per 100 000 under 5 years (47 000 deaths).The most common G type detected was G1 (34.2%), followed by G9 (14.6%), and G2 (14.4%). The most common P types detected were P[8] (56.2%), P[4] (22.1%) and P[1] 5.4%, and the most prevalent P-G type associations were P[8]G1 17.9%, P[4]G2 9.1% and P[8]G9 8.8%. In the last 10 years, G9 circulation increased remarkably and G5 almost disappeared. More recently, G12 appeared and P[4]G2 re-emerged. To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis of rotavirus infection and burden of disease in LA&C.

Effectiveness of mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, and BBIBP-CorV vaccines against infection and mortality in children in Argentina, during predominance of delta and omicron covid-19 variants: test negative, case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effectiveness of a two dose vaccine schedule (mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, and BBIBP-CorV) against SARS-CoV-2 infection and covid-19 related death and short term waning of immunity in children (3-11 years old) and adolescents (12-17 years old) during periods of delta and omicron variant predominance in Argentina. DESIGN: Test negative, case-control study. SETTING: Database of the National Surveillance System and the Nominalized Federal Vaccination Registry of Argentina. PARTICIPANTS: 844 460 children and adolescents without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection eligible to receive primary vaccination schedule who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction or rapid antigen test from September 2021 to April 2022. After matching with their corresponding controls, 139 321 (60.3%) of 231 181 cases remained for analysis. EXPOSURES: Two dose mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, and BBIBP-CorV vaccination schedule. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: SARS-CoV-2 infection and covid-19 related death. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of SARS-CoV-2 infection among two dose vaccinated and unvaccinated participants. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated as (1-odds ratio)×100%. RESULTS: Estimated vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection was 61.2% (95% confidence interval 56.4% to 65.5%) in children and 66.8% (63.9% to 69.5%) in adolescents during the delta dominant period and 15.9% (13.2% to 18.6%) and 26.0% (23.2% to 28.8%), respectively, when omicron was dominant. Vaccine effectiveness declined over time, especially during the omicron period, from 37.6% (34.2% to 40.8%) at 15-30 days after vaccination to 2.0% (1.8% to 5.6%) after ≥60 days in children and from 55.8% (52.4% to 59.0%) to 12.4% (8.6% to 16.1%) in adolescents.Vaccine effectiveness against death related to SARS-CoV-2 infection during omicron predominance was 66.9% (6.4% to 89.8%) in children and 97.6% (81.0% to 99.7%) in adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccine effectiveness in preventing mortality remained high in children and adolescents regardless of the circulating variant. Vaccine effectiveness in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in the short term after vaccination was lower during omicron predominance and decreasing sharply over time. TRIAL REGISTRATION: National Registry of Health Research IS003720.

Adoption of digital tools in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Region of the Americas - the Go.Data experience.

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the growth of digital health tools. Although a number of different tools exist to support field data collection in the context of outbreak response, they have not been sufficient. This prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to collaborate with the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) and GOARN partners to develop a comprehensive system, Go.Data. Go.Data, a digital tool for outbreak response has simplified how countries operationalize and monitor case and contact data. Since the start of the pandemic, WHO and GOARN partners have provided support to Go.Data projects in 65 countries and territories, yet the demand by countries to have documented success cases of Go.Data implementations continues to grow. This viewpoint documents the successful Go.Data implementation frameworks in two countries, Argentina and Guatemala and an academic institution, the University of Texas at Austin.

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of heterologous immunization against SARS CoV-2 using Sputnik V, ChAdOx1-S, BBIBP-CorV, Ad5-nCoV, and mRNA-1273.

Heterologous vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) provides a rational strategy to rapidly increase vaccination coverage in many regions of the world. Although data regarding messenger RNA (mRNA) and ChAdOx1 vaccine combinations are available, there is limited information about the combination of these platforms with other vaccines widely used in developing countries, such as BBIBP-CorV and Sputnik V. Here, we assess the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of 15 vaccine combinations in 1,314 participants. We evaluate immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-spike response and virus neutralizing titers and observe that a number of heterologous vaccine combinations are equivalent or superior to homologous schemes. For all cohorts in this study, the highest antibody response is induced by mRNA-1273 as the second dose. No serious adverse events are detected in any of the schedules analyzed. Our observations provide rational support for the use of different vaccine combinations to achieve wide vaccine coverage in the shortest possible time.

Política interministerial para la investigación, transferencia y fortalecimiento de la salud en territorio, una experiencia federal / Interministerial Policy for Research, Transfer and Strengthening of Health in the Territory, a Federal Experience

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: En marzo de 2023, en el marco del "Convenio Marco de Cooperación y Asistencia Técnica Mutua - MSAL/MINCYT", se creó el "Proyecto Federal Interministerial de Investigación, Transferencia y Fortalecimiento para la Salud en Territorio". El objetivo fue presentar un proceso de trabajo innovador entre dos ministerios, que sienta las bases para configurar un modelo de gestión de las políticas de investigación en salud con asiento federal y tendiente a potenciar las funciones y capacidades institucionales de cada sector. MÉTODOS: La coordinación del Proyecto se encuentra a cargo de un Comité Interministerial. En 2023 se realizó la Convocatoria para la presentación de un proyecto anual, que consta de dos componentes: A) Línea de investigación y transferencia; y B) Plan de fortalecimiento de las capacidades institucionales de las áreas de investigación de los ministerios de salud jurisdiccionales agrupadas en la Red Ministerial de Áreas de Investigación en Salud de Argentina. RESULTADOS: Las 24 jurisdicciones presentaron sus proyectos, y todos ellos resultaron aprobados. La estrategia tuvo un impacto en el fortalecimiento de los mecanismos de trabajo conjunto de dos ministerios nacionales, que debieron armonizar modalidades de gestión entre las áreas de investigación en salud y las representaciones de CyT en el ámbito jurisdiccional y entre los decisores en materia sanitaria y los actores del sistema científico. DISCUSIÓN: Esta experiencia contribuye a fortalecer las capacidades estatales, a la vez que permite identificar aspectos que requieren continuar siendo trabajados para consolidar nuevas modalidades de gestión interministeriales.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: In March 2023, within the framework of the "Framework Agreement for Cooperation and Mutual Technical Assistance - MSAL/MINCYT", the "Federal Interministerial Project of Research, Transfer and Strengthening for Health in the Territory" was created. The objective was to present an innovative work process between the Ministry of Health (MSAL) and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MINCYT), that lays the foundations for a management model of health research policies with a federal approach and aimed at enhancing the institutional functions and capacities of each sector. METHODS: The Project was coordinated by an Interministerial Committee. In 2023 there was a Call for the presentation of an annual project that consists of two components: A) Line of research and transfer; and B) Plan to strengthen the institutional capacities of the research areas of the jurisdictional health ministries grouped in REMINSA. RESULTS: The 24 jurisdictions presented their projects, and all of them were approved. The strategy strengthened the joint work mechanisms of two national ministries, that had to harmonize management patterns between health research areas and S&T representations at the jurisdictional level and between health decision-makers and the actors of the scientific system. DISCUSSION: This experience contributes to strengthening state capacities, while allowing to identify aspects that require continued work to reinforce new interministerial management patterns.

Anthropometric and biochemical assessment of nutritional status and dietary intake in school children aged 6-14 years, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. / Estado nutricional antropométrico, bioquímico e ingesta alimentaria en niños escolares de 6 a 14 años, General Pueyrredón, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

INTRODUCTION: Childhood obesity is a global epidemic. School age and adolescence are critical stages for the implementation of eating and lifestyle habits. OBJECTIVE: To assess anthropometric and biochemical assessment of nutritional status and dietary intake in children, their relationship with socioeconomic factors and georeferencing. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in schoolchildren aged 6-14 years from the District of General Pueyrredon, during August-November 2013. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-hour dietary recall interview, and georeferencing was done using the gvSIG software. RESULTS: A total of 1296 children were included for anthropometric and socioeconomic assessment. A sub-sample included 362 children for intake and biochemical parameters. Overweight was observed in42.97% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 40.3-45.7) and obesity, in 18.5% (95% CI: 16.320.5). Breakfast was related to a lower risk for overweight (OR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5-0.9) and obesity (OR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5-0.9). Attending high school was related to a lower prevalence of weight excess (OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.3-0.7); male sex posed a higher risk for obesity (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3-2.3). Also, 4.44% of participants had anemia; 19.6%, hypercholesterolemia; and 21.3%, hypertriglyceridemia. Lipid and saturated fat intake was high, whereas dietary cholesterol and fiber intake was low. Geographic distribution was homogeneous. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of overweight was high. The risk for obesity was higher among boys; breakfast appeared as a protective factor against overweight/obesity. A low-fiber and high-fat intake, and high blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels reveal that overnutrition is a prevalent public health problem.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La obesidad infantil es una epidemia global. La edad escolar y la adolescencia son etapas cruciales para la implementación de hábitos alimentarios y estilo de vida. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el estado nutricional, antropométrico, bioquímico e ingesta alimentaria de niños, su relación con factores socioeconómicos y georreferenciación. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal en escolares de 6 a 14 años, del Partido de General Pueyrredón, durante agosto-noviembre de 2013. Se evaluó la ingesta por recordatorio de 24 horas; se georreferenció con el programa gvSIG. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 1296 niños para evaluación antropométrica y socioeconómica. Una sub muestra incluyó 362 niños para parámetros bioquímicos e ingesta. El 42,97% (IC 95%: 40,3-45,7) presentó exceso de peso y el 18,5% (IC 95%: 16,3-20,5), obesidad. Desayunar se relacionó con menor riesgo de exceso de peso (OR: 0,7; IC 95%: 0,5-0,9) y obesidad (OR: 0,7; IC 95%: 0,5-0,9). Concurrir al secundario se asoció a menor prevalencia de exceso de peso (OR: 0,45; IC 95%: 0,3-0,7); el sexo masculino presentó mayor riesgo de obesidad (OR: 1,7; IC 95%: 1,3-2,3). Presentaron anemia 4,44%, hipercolesterolemia 19,6% e hipertrigliceridemia 21,3%. La ingesta de lípidos y grasas saturadas fue alta y de colesterol dietario y fibra, baja. La distribución geográfica fue homogénea. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de exceso de peso fue elevada. El riesgo de obesidad fue mayor en varones; el desayuno surgió como factor protector para sobrepeso/obesidad. La baja ingesta de fibras y elevada de grasas, y los niveles altos de colesterol y triglicéridos en sangre, reflejan que la malnutrición por exceso es un problema de salud pública prevalente.

[Infection by Bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis in cases of suspected whooping cough (2011-2015) in Mar del Plata, Argentina]. / Infección por Bordetella pertussis y bordetella parapertussis en casos con sospecha de coqueluche (2011-2015). Mar del Plata, Argentina.

OBJECTIVES: . To classify the study population in the Argentinian National Health Surveillance System framework, determine the proportion of infection by Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis, and identify factors associated with the cases of suspected whooping cough attended to in the city of Mar del Plata and its outskirts during the period 2011- 2015. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational and descriptive study was carried out. Clinical cases with suspicion of whooping cough were diagnosed by laboratory. The laboratory studies consisted of culture, PCR, and serology using the ELISA technique. RESULTS: A total of 572 cases were evaluated. The female sex was the most frequent (51.9%). The most frequent age range was 2 to 17 moths (51.1%; 290/568), which was also the group with the most confirmed cases. Only 47.8% (155/324) of the population studied had complete vaccination for their age. Whooping cough due to B. pertussis was confirmed in 15.5% (89/572) of cases and one case with B. parapertussis. Those cases that had contact with a coughing relative were significantly associated with the confirmation of Bordetella spp. by the laboratory (odds ratio: 3.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.9-5.4). CONCLUSIONS: The results show the need to suspect whooping cough and diagnose it early in children, adolescents, and adults in order to better control the disease. Likewise, continuing prevention and containment measures are fundamental in decreasing the circulation of the causal agent.

All-cause excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina, 2020 / Exceso de mortalidad por todas las causas en el contexto de la pandemia de covid-19 en argentina, 2020

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La vigilancia del exceso de mortalidad (EM) por todas las causas puede ser utilizada para evaluar la magnitud del impacto de la pandemia de la enfermedad por el coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19, por sus siglas en inglés). El objetivo de este estudio fue calcular el EM en Argentina durante 2020 y compararlo con las muertes por COVID-19 notificadas en el Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia de la Salud (SNVS). MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, en el que se analizaron las series de defunciones por todas las causas de los períodos 2015-2019 y 2020, y las muertes por COVID-19 notificadas al SNVS durante 2020. El EM se estableció como la diferencia entre el número de defunciones por todas las causas del año 2020 y el umbral de alerta (percentil 75 de los datos históricos). Se calculó la proporción de muertes en exceso no explicadas por los casos confirmados de COVID-19 fallecidos. RESULTADOS: En 2020 el EM en Argentina fue de 10,6% (36 306 muertes sobre el umbral). En el primer semestre no hubo exceso, las muertes observadas se encontraron por debajo del límite inferior esperado; en el segundo semestre fue de 25,6% por encima del umbral. Se notificaron 45 568 fallecidos por COVID-19 mediante el SNVS. DISCUSIÓN: Los valores de mortalidad concuerdan con la evolución de la pandemia en el país. El sistema de notificación de fallecidos por COVID-19 es robusto debido al aporte de una amplia red y al cotejo con otras fuentes oficiales para completar la información en el SNVS.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: All-cause excess mortality (EM) surveillance can be used to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to estimate the EM in Argentina in 2020 and compare it with the deaths from COVID-19 reported in the National Health Surveillance System (SNVS). METHODS: A descriptive study was conducted based on the analysis of all-cause mortality series for the period 2015-2019,2020 and confirmed COVID-19 deaths during 2020 in Argentina. The EM was calculated as the difference between the number of deaths in 2020 and the alert threshold (75th percentile of historical data). The proportion of excess deaths not explained by deaths reported by COVID-19 in the surveillance system was calculated. RESULTS: EM in Argentina in 2020 was 10.6% (36306 deaths above the threshold). In the first half of the year there was no excess, deaths were below the expected lower limit; in the second half of the year it was 25.6% above the threshold. A total of45568 COVID-19 deaths were reported to the SNVS. DISCUSSION: Mortality values are in accordance with the evolution of the pandemic in the country. The COVID-19 death reporting system is robust due to the contribution of a wide notification network and the cross-checking with other official sources to complete the information in the SNVS.

Exceso de mortalidad por todas las causas en el contexto de la pandemia del COVID-19 en Argentina, 2020 / All-cause excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina, 2020

INTRODUCCIÓN: La vigilancia del exceso de mortalidad (EM) por todas las causas puede ser utilizada para evaluar la magnitud del impacto de la pandemia de la enfermedad por el coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19, por sus siglas en inglés). El objetivo de este estudio fue calcular el EM en Argentina durante 2020 y compararlo con las muertes por COVID-19 notificadas en el Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia de la Salud (SNVS). MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, en el que se analizaron las series de defunciones por todas las causas de los períodos 2015-2019 y 2020, y las muertes por COVID-19 notificadas al SNVS durante 2020. El EM se estableció como la diferencia entre el número de defunciones por todas las causas del año 2020 y el umbral de alerta (percentil 75 de los datos históricos). Se calculó la proporción de muertes en exceso no explicadas por los casos confirmados de COVID-19 fallecidos. RESULTADOS: En 2020 el EM en Argentina fue de 10,6% (36 306 muertes sobre el umbral). En el primer semestre no hubo exceso, las muertes observadas se encontraron por debajo del límite inferior esperado; en el segundo semestre fue de 25,6% por encima del umbral. Se notificaron 45 568 fallecidos por COVID-19 mediante el SNVS. DISCUSIÓN: Los valores de mortalidad concuerdan con la evolución de la pandemia en el país. El sistema de notificación de fallecidos por COVID-19 es robusto debido al aporte de una amplia red y al cotejo con otras fuentes oficiales para completar la información en el SNVS

Single-dose Universal Hepatitis A Immunization in One-year-old Children in Argentina: High Prevalence of Protective Antibodies up to 9 Years After Vaccination.

BACKGROUND: Single-dose hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccination was implemented in all Argentinean children 12 months of age in 2005. Previous studies demonstrated high prevalence of protective antibody response 4 years after single-dose vaccination. This study assessed long-term seroprotection against HAV after vaccination. METHODS: Children who received 1 dose of HAV vaccine at 1 year of age at least 6 years before enrollment were included at 5 centers in Argentina between 2013 and 2014. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics were collected through a questionnaire. Blood samples were tested for anti-HAV antibodies. Antibody values ≥10 mIU/mL were considered seroprotective. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between demographic and socioeconomic variables and seroprotection. RESULTS: A total of 1088 children were included, with a median postvaccination interval of 7.7 years (range 6.3-9.2 years). Of these children, 97.4% (95% confidence interval: 96.3%-98.3%) had protective antibodies against HAV. No association between demographic or socioeconomic variables and seroprotection was found. Geometric mean concentration of antibody levels against HAV was 170.5 mUI/mL (95% confidence interval: 163.2-178.2 mUI/mL). CONCLUSIONS: Single-dose universal hepatitis A immunization in 1-year-old children resulted in sustained immunologic protection for up to 9 years in Argentina. These findings, along with the low current disease burden, confirm the success of the intervention.

Monitoreo seroepidemiológico de IGG contra el SARS-COV-2 en estaciones ferroviarias cabeceras de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Seroepidemiological monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 IgG in main railway stations in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los estudios de seroprevalencia permiten monitorear la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 y dan información para evaluar medidas sanitarias. El objetivo fue conocer la proporción y evolución de la seropositividad en puntos de gran circulación de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) y las características clínico-epidemiológicas de los seropositivos, de abril a octubre de 2020. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal de seis rondas de testeos rápidos serológicos y una encuesta de datos epidemiológicos. Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia en tres estaciones ferroviarias cabeceras de CABA consideradas puntos de alto tránsito bidireccional del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. RESULTADOS: Participaron 7339 personas. La proporción de seropositivos fue 0,6% (IC95%: 0,2-0,9) en la primera ronda y aumentó a 5,6% en la última (IC95%: 4,3-7). Al inicio aumentó la seropositividad en residentes de CABA y de la zona sur de la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. El antecedente de haber presentado síntomas y el de contacto con personas con COVID-19 fueron las únicas variables relacionadas con el resultado de inmunoglobulina G positivo (p <0,05). El 56,1% (n = 97) de los seropositivos no tuvo síntomas. El 78,4% (n = 134) no fue diagnosticado en la etapa aguda. DISCUSIÓN: La seropositividad fue en ascenso en cada ronda, en coincidencia con la situación epidemiológica de la zona de residencia. Las características epidemiológicas como la proporción de seropositivos sin antecedentes de síntomas, reafirman la importancia de las medidas sanitarias poblacionales.

Impact of the single-dose immunization strategy against hepatitis A in Argentina.

BACKGROUND: After a country wide outbreak occurred during 2003-2004, 1 dose of hepatitis A vaccine was introduced into Argentinian regular immunization schedule for all children aged 12 months in June 2005. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of this novel intervention. METHODS: A longitudinal analysis was done of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection rates reported to the National Epidemiological Surveillance System from 2000 to 2011. Occurrence of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and liver transplantation cases up to 2011 were also assessed. Incidence rates and clinical impact were compared between pre- and postvaccination periods (2000-2002 vs. 2006-2011). Notification rates were also compared by age groups and geographical regions. RESULTS: Since 2006, an abrupt decline was observed in HAV infection rates, as well as in FHF and liver transplantation cases. The mean incidence rate of 7.9/100,000 in the postvaccination period represents a reduction of 88.1% (P < 0.001) when compared with the prevaccination period. Neither FHF nor liver transplantation due to HAV infection were observed since March 2007. Decline in incidence rates was evident in all geographical regions and all age groups but was higher in the prevaccination most affected areas and in young children. Although an absolute decrease was observed for cases and rates in all age groups, since 2006, a higher proportion of cases was observed in people >14 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: The single-dose vaccination strategy has been highly effective for controlling HAV infection in all age groups till now in Argentina. Long-term surveillance will be critical to document the sustained success of this unique intervention.

Estado nutricional antropométrico, bioquímico e ingesta alimentaria en niños escolares de 6 a 14 años, General Pueyrredón, Buenos Aires, Argentina / Anthropometric and biochemical assessment of nutritional status and dietary intake in school children aged 6-14 years, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Introducción: La obesidad infantil es una epidemia global. La edad escolar y la adolescencia son etapas cruciales para la implementación de hábitos alimentarios y estilo de vida. Objetivo: Evaluar el estado nutricional, antropométrico, bioquímico e ingesta alimentaria de niños, su relación con factores socioeconómicos y georreferenciación. Métodos: Estudio transversal en escolares de 6 a 14 años, del Partido de General Pueyrredón, durante agosto-noviembre de 2013. Se evaluó la ingesta por recordatorio de 24 horas; se georreferenció con el programa gvSIG. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1296 niños para evaluación antropométrica y socioeconómica. Una sub muestra incluyó 362 niños para parámetros bioquímicos e ingesta. El 42,97% (IC 95%: 40,3-45,7) presentó exceso de peso y el 18,5% (IC 95%: 16,3-20,5), obesidad. Desayunar se relacionó con menor riesgo de exceso de peso (OR: 0,7; IC 95%: 0,5-0,9) y obesidad (OR: 0,7; IC 95%: 0,5-0,9). Concurrir al secundario se asoció a menor prevalencia de exceso de peso (OR: 0,45; IC 95%: 0,3-0,7); el sexo masculino presentó mayor riesgo de obesidad (OR: 1,7; IC 95%: 1,3-2,3). Presentaron anemia 4,44%, hipercolesterolemia 19,6% e hipertrigliceridemia 21,3%. La ingesta de lípidos y grasas saturadas fue alta y de colesterol dietario y fibra, baja. La distribución geográfica fue homogénea. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de exceso de peso fue elevada. El riesgo de obesidad fue mayor en varones; el desayuno surgió como factor protector para sobrepeso/obesidad. La baja ingesta de fibras y elevada de grasas, y los niveles altos de colesterol y triglicéridos en sangre, reflejan que la malnutrición por exceso es un problema de salud pública prevalente.

Introduction: Childhood obesity is a global epidemic. School age and adolescence are critical stages for the implementation of eating and lifestyle habits. Objective: To assess anthropometric and biochemical assessment of nutritional status and dietary intake in children, their relationship with socioeconomic factors and georeferencing. Methods: Cross-sectional study in schoolchildren aged 6-14 years from the District of General Pueyrredon, during August-November 2013. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-hour dietary recall interview, and georeferencing was done using the gvSIG software. Results: A total of 1296 children were included for anthropometric and socioeconomic assessment. A sub-sample included 362 children for intake and biochemical parameters. Overweight was observed in42.97% (95% confidence interval --#91;CI--#93;: 40.3-45.7) and obesity, in 18.5% (95% CI: 16.320.5). Breakfast was related to a lower risk for overweight (OR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5-0.9) and obesity (OR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5-0.9). Attending high school was related to a lower prevalence of weight excess (OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.3-0.7); male sex posed a higher risk for obesity (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3-2.3). Also, 4.44% of participants had anemia; 19.6%, hypercholesterolemia; and 21.3%, hypertriglyceridemia. Lipid and saturated fat intake was high, whereas dietary cholesterol and fiber intake was low. Geographic distribution was homogeneous. Conclusions: The prevalence of overweight was high. The risk for obesity was higher among boys; breakfast appeared as a protective factor against overweight/obesity. A low-fiber and high-fat intake, and high blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels reveal that overnutrition is a prevalent public health problem.

Community acquired pneumonia incidence among children less than 5 years of age in Concordia, Argentina: vaccination impact / Incidencia de la neumonía extrahospitalaria en menores de 5 años en Concordia (Argentina): repercusión de la vacunación / Incidência de pneumonia adquirida na comunidade em crianças menores de 5 anos em Concordia, Argentina: impacto da vacinação

ABSTRACT Objective To measure the effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV13) against Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) and invasive pneumococcal disease, 2 years after the vaccine (2+1) was included into the National Immunization Program of Argentina, and to describe variables associated with bacterial pneumonia and hospitalization. Methods This was a prospective, population-based surveillance study of CAP incidence (ambulatory and hospitalized) among children less than 5 years of age in the Department of Concordia (Entre Rios, Argentina) from April 2014 - March 2016. The diagnosis of probable bacterial pneumonia (PBP) was determined following the standardized WHO protocol. Incidence during the post-vaccine introduction period was compared with the results from a previous study that used similar methodology for the pre-PCV13 introduction period from 2002 - 2005. Results During the study period, 330 patients had a clinical diagnosis of CAP, of which 92 were PBP (6 with pleural effusion). S. pneumoniae was not isolated from any sample. No factors associated with PBP were found in multivariable analysis. The decrease in PBP and pleural effusion was significant in relation to the previous study: 63% (P < 0.0001) and 80.9% (P < 0.003), respectively. PCV13 uptake was 97.3% for the 1st dose and 84.8% for the booster dose. Conclusions PCV13 was effective to reduce incidence of consolidated pneumonia and pleural effusion, among children less than 5 years of age in Concordia, Argentina. Vaccination is a very effective public health strategy for reducing vaccine preventable diseases, with impact on burden of disease and hospitalization.

RESUMEN Objetivo Medir la efectividad de la vacuna antineumocócica conjugada (VNC13)contra la neumonía extrahospitalaria y las enfermedades neumocócicas invasoras, dos años después de que se incorporara la vacuna (2+1) en el Programa Nacional de Vacunación de Argentina, y describir las variables asociadas con la neumonía bacteriana y la hospitalización. Métodos Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo de vigilancia poblacional de la incidencia de la neumonía extrahospitalaria (pacientes ambulatorios y hospitalizados) en menores de 5 años en el departamento Concordia (Entre Ríos, Argentina) desde abril del 2014 hasta marzo del 2016. Se determinó el diagnóstico de probable neumonía bacteriana según el protocolo estandarizado de la OMS. Se comparó la incidencia durante el período posterior a la incorporación de la vacuna con los resultados de un estudio anterior en el que se usó una metodología similar para el período previo a la incorporación de la VNC13 entre el 2002 y el 2005. Resultados Durante el estudio, 330 pacientes presentaron un diagnóstico clínico de neumonía extrahospitalaria, de los cuales 92 presentaron probable neumonía bacteriana (6 con derrame pleural). No se aisló ninguna muestra del S. pneumoniae. No se encontraron factores asociados con la neumonía bacteriana probable en el análisis multivariante. La disminución de la neumonía bacteriana probable y el derrame pleural fue significativa en relación con el estudio anterior: 63 % (P < 0,0001) y 80,9 % (P < 0,003), respectivamente. La absorción de la VNC13 fue de 97,3 % para la primera dosis y de 84,8 % para la dosis de refuerzo. Conclusiones La VNC13 fue efectiva para reducir la incidencia consolidada de derrame pleural y neumonía en menores de 5 años en Concordia (Argentina). La vacunación es una estrategia de salud pública muy efectiva para reducir las enfermedades prevenibles por vacunación, con repercusión en la carga de enfermedad y la hospitalización.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a efetividade da vacina pneumocócica conjugada (PCV13) em prevenir pneumonia adquirida na comunidade (PAC) e doença pneumocócica invasiva (DPI) após 2 anos da incorporação da vacina (2 + 1) ao Programa Nacional de Vacinação da Argentina e descrever as variáveis associadas à ocorrência de pneumonia bacteriana e internação hospitalar. Métodos Estudo prospectivo de base populacional de vigilância da incidência de PAC (atendimento ambulatorial e em internação hospitalar) em crianças menores de 5 anos de idade realizado no Departamento de Concordia, Entre Rios, na Argentina, de abril de 2014 a março de 2016. O diagnóstico de provável pneumonia bacteriana foi determinado segundo o protocolo padronizado da OMS. A incidência no período pós-introdução da vacina foi comparada aos resultados de um estudo anterior realizado com metodologia semelhante no período pré-introdução da PCV13 de 2002 a 2005. Resultados No período de estudo, foi feito o diagnóstico clínico de PAC em 330 pacientes, dos quais 92 foram casos de provável pneumonia bacteriana (6 com derrame pleural). A bactéria Streptococcus pneumoniae não foi isolada em nenhuma amostra. Não foi observado nenhum fator associado à provável pneumonia bacteriana na análise multivariada. Houve uma redução significativa da ocorrência de provável pneumonia bacteriana e derrame pleural em relação ao estudo anterior: 63% (P < 0,0001) e 80,9% (P < 0,003), respectivamente. A cobertura vacinal de PCV13 foi de 97,3% para a primeira dose e 84,8% para a dose de reforço. Conclusões A PCV13 foi efetiva em reduzir a incidência de pneumonia com consolidação e derrame pleural em crianças menores de 5 anos em Concordia, na Argentina. A vacinação é uma estratégia de saúde pública muito efetiva para reduzir doenças que podem ser evitadas com vacina, com impacto na morbidade e nas internações hospitalares.

Community acquired pneumonia incidence among children less than 5 years of age in Concordia, Argentina: vaccination impact

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To measure the effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV13) against Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) and invasive pneumococcal disease, 2 years after the vaccine (2+1) was included into the National Immunization Program of Argentina, and to describe variables associated with bacterial pneumonia and hospitalization. Methods. This was a prospective, population-based surveillance study of CAP incidence (ambulatory and hospitalized) among children less than 5 years of age in the Department of Concordia (Entre Rios, Argentina) from April 2014 – March 2016. The diagnosis of probable bacterial pneumonia (PBP) was determined following the standardized WHO protocol. Incidence during the post-vaccine introduction period was compared with the results from a previous study that used similar methodology for the pre-PCV13 introduction period from 2002 – 2005. Results. During the study period, 330 patients had a clinical diagnosis of CAP, of which 92 were PBP (6 with pleural effusion). S. pneumoniae was not isolated from any sample. No factors associated with PBP were found in multivariable analysis. The decrease in PBP and pleural effusion was significant in relation to the previous study: 63% (P < 0.0001) and 80.9% (P < 0.003), respectively. PCV13 uptake was 97.3% for the 1st dose and 84.8% for the booster dose. Conclusions. PCV13 was effective to reduce incidence of consolidated pneumonia and pleural effusion, among children less than 5 years of age in Concordia, Argentina. Vaccination is a very effective public health strategy for reducing vaccine preventable diseases, with impact on burden of disease and hospitalization.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Medir la efectividad de la vacuna antineumocócica conjugada (VNC13) contra la neumonía extrahospitalaria y las enfermedades neumocócicas invasoras, dos años después de que se incorporara la vacuna (2+1) en el Programa Nacional de Vacunación de Argentina, y describir las variables asociadas con la neumonía bacteriana y la hospitalización. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo de vigilancia poblacional de la incidencia de la neumonía extrahospitalaria (pacientes ambulatorios y hospitalizados) en menores de 5 años en el departamento Concordia (Entre Ríos, Argentina) desde abril del 2014 hasta marzo del 2016. Se determinó el diagnóstico de probable neumonía bacteriana según el protocolo estandarizado de la OMS. Se comparó la incidencia durante el período posterior a la incorporación de la vacuna con los resultados de un estudio anterior en el que se usó una metodología similar para el período previo a la incorporación de la VNC13 entre el 2002 y el 2005. Resultados. Durante el estudio, 330 pacientes presentaron un diagnóstico clínico de neumonía extrahospitalaria, de los cuales 92 presentaron probable neumonía bacteriana (6 con derrame pleural). No se aisló ninguna muestra del S. pneumoniae. No se encontraron factores asociados con la neumonía bacteriana probable en el análisis multivariante. La disminución de la neumonía bacteriana probable y el derrame pleural fue significativa en relación con el estudio anterior: 63 % (P < 0,0001) y 80,9 % (P < 0,003), respectivamente. La absorción de la VNC13 fue de 97,3 % para la primera dosis y de 84,8 % para la dosis de refuerzo. Conclusiones. La VNC13 fue efectiva para reducir la incidencia consolidada de derrame pleural y neumonía en menores de 5 años en Concordia (Argentina). La vacunación es una estrategia de salud pública muy efectiva para reducir las enfermedades prevenibles por vacunación, con repercusión en la carga de enfermedad y la hospitalización.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar a efetividade da vacina pneumocócica conjugada (PCV13) em prevenir pneumonia adquirida na comunidade (PAC) e doença pneumocócica invasiva (DPI) após 2 anos da incorporação da vacina (2 + 1) ao Programa Nacional de Vacinação da Argentina e descrever as variáveis associadas à ocorrência de pneumonia bacteriana e internação hospitalar. Métodos. Estudo prospectivo de base populacional de vigilância da incidência de PAC (atendimento ambulatorial e em internação hospitalar) em crianças menores de 5 anos de idade realizado no Departamento de Concordia, Entre Rios, na Argentina, de abril de 2014 a março de 2016. O diagnóstico de provável pneumonia bacteriana foi determinado segundo o protocolo padronizado da OMS. A incidência no período pós-introdução da vacina foi comparada aos resultados de um estudo anterior realizado com metodologia semelhante no período pré-introdução da PCV13 de 2002 a 2005. Resultados. No período de estudo, foi feito o diagnóstico clínico de PAC em 330 pacientes, dos quais 92 foram casos de provável pneumonia bacteriana (6 com derrame pleural). A bactéria Streptococcus pneumoniae não foi isolada em nenhuma amostra. Não foi observado nenhum fator associado à provável pneumonia bacteriana na análise multivariada. Houve uma redução significativa da ocorrência de provável pneumonia bacteriana e derrame pleural em relação ao estudo anterior: 63% (P < 0,0001) e 80,9% (P < 0,003), respectivamente. A cobertura vacinal de PCV13 foi de 97,3% para a primeira dose e 84,8% para a dose de reforço. Conclusões. A PCV13 foi efetiva em reduzir a incidência de pneumonia com consolidação e derrame pleural em crianças menores de 5 anos em Concordia, na Argentina. A vacinação é uma estratégia de saúde pública muito efetiva para reduzir doenças que podem ser evitadas com vacina, com impacto na morbidade e nas internações hospitalares.

Infección por Bordetella pertussis y bordetella parapertussis en casos con sospecha de coqueluche (2011-2015). Mar del Plata, Argentina / Infection by Bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis in cases of suspected whooping cough (2011-2015) in Mar del Plata, Argentina

RESUMEN Objetivos Caracterizar la población en estudio en el marco del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia de Salud de la Argentina, determinar la proporción de infección por Bordetella pertussis y Bordetella parapertussis e identificar factores asociados de los casos con sospecha de coqueluche atendidos en la ciudad de Mar del Plata y alrededores durante el período 2011- 2015. Materiales y Métodos Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo. Se diagnosticaron por laboratorio casos clínicos con sospecha de coqueluche. Los estudios de laboratorio consistieron en cultivo, PCR y serología por técnica de ELISA. Resultados Se evaluaron 572 casos. El sexo femenino fue el más frecuente con 51,9% (296/570), el rango etario más frecuente fue de 2 a 17 meses con 51,1% (290/568) que fue además el grupo con más casos confirmados. Solo el 47,8% (155/324) de la población estudiada tenía vacunación completa para su edad. Se confirmó coqueluche por Bordetella pertussis en el 15,5 % y un solo caso con Bordetella parapertussis. Hubo asociación entre tener un contacto familiar tosedor por más de dos semanas con la confirmación de Bordetella spp. (odds ratio [OR]: 3,3; [intervalo de confianza al 95%] IC 95%: 1,9 - 5,4). Conclusiones Existe la necesidad de realizar una evaluación oportuna de los casos sospechosos de coqueluche tanto en niños como en adolescentes y adultos para lograr un mejor control de la enfermedad. Asimismo, continuar con las medidas de prevención y de contención resulta fundamental para disminuir la circulación del agente causal.

ABSTRACT Objectives . To classify the study population in the Argentinian National Health Surveillance System framework, determine the proportion of infection by Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis, and identify factors associated with the cases of suspected whooping cough attended to in the city of Mar del Plata and its outskirts during the period 2011- 2015. Materials and Methods An observational and descriptive study was carried out. Clinical cases with suspicion of whooping cough were diagnosed by laboratory. The laboratory studies consisted of culture, PCR, and serology using the ELISA technique. Results A total of 572 cases were evaluated. The female sex was the most frequent (51.9%). The most frequent age range was 2 to 17 moths (51.1%; 290/568), which was also the group with the most confirmed cases. Only 47.8% (155/324) of the population studied had complete vaccination for their age. Whooping cough due to B. pertussis was confirmed in 15.5% (89/572) of cases and one case with B. parapertussis. Those cases that had contact with a coughing relative were significantly associated with the confirmation of Bordetella spp. by the laboratory (odds ratio: 3.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.9-5.4). Conclusions The results show the need to suspect whooping cough and diagnose it early in children, adolescents, and adults in order to better control the disease. Likewise, continuing prevention and containment measures are fundamental in decreasing the circulation of the causal agent.