Obesity Influences T CD4 Lymphocytes Subsets Profiles in Children and Adolescent's Immune Response.

BACKGROUND: OBJECTIVES: Evidence shows that CD4+ T cells are altered in obesity and play a significant role in the systemic inflammation in adults with the disease. Because the profile of these cells is poorly understood in the pediatric population, this study aims to investigate the profile of CD4+ T lymphocytes and the plasma levels of cytokines in this population. METHODS: Using flow cytometry, we compared the expression profile of lymphocyte markers, master transcription factors, cytokines, and molecules involved in the regulation of the immune response in CD4+ T cells from children and adolescents with obesity (OB group, n = 20) with those with eutrophy group (EU group, n = 16). Plasma levels of cytokines in both groups were determined by CBA. RESULTS: The OB group presents a lower frequency of CD3+ T cells, as well as a decreased frequency of CD4+ T cells expressing CD28, IL-4, and FOXP3, but an increased frequency of CD4+IL-17A+ cells compared with the EU group. The frequency of CD28 is increased in Th2 and Treg cells in the OB group, whereas CTLA-4 is decreased in all subpopulations compared with the EU group. Furthermore, Th2, Th17, and Treg profiles can differentiate the EU and OB groups. IL-10 plasma levels are reduced in the OB group and negatively correlated with adiposity and inflammatory parameters. CONCLUSIONS: CD4+ T cells have an altered pattern of expression in children and adolescents with obesity, contributing to the inflammatory state and clinical characteristics of these patients.

[Diabetes mellitus associated with atypical antipsychotic medications: case report and review of the literature]. / Diabetes mellitus associado com drogas antipsicóticas atípicas: relato de caso e revisão da literatura.

Since the introduction of atypical antipsychotic medications, starting with clozapine in 1990, many studies have associated these drugs with the development of diabetes among other metabolic disorders, as well as with the onset of the disease as ketoacidosis. We report the case of a 28-year-old patient with schizophrenia who was admitted with diabetic acidosis 1 month after the beginning of clozapine therapy. No weight gain was reported and the patient maintains satisfactory glycemia levels with no treatment required after discontinuation of the drug. The literature on this subject and cases reported so far are reviewed, including the association of other atypical antipsychotic drugs also involved in endocrine disorders. The objective of this report is to raise the awareness of physicians treating psychiatric patients to the possibility of new-onset diabetes during therapy with atypical antipsychotic drugs and to emphasize the necessity for increased vigilance and close metabolic follow-up of these patients.

Diabetes mellitus associado com drogas antipsicóticas atípicas: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Diabetes mellitus associated with atypical antipsychotic medications: case report and review of the literature

Desde a introdução das medicações antipsicóticas atípicas, iniciando com a clozapina, em 1990, muitos relatos associam essas drogas ao desenvolvimento de diabetes mellitus, entre outros distúrbios metabólicos, assim como abertura da doença como cetoacidose. Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 28 anos, com esquizofrenia, admitido em cetoacidose diabética 1 mês após início da terapia com clozapina, sem relação com ganho de peso, mantendo-se com níveis satisfatórios de glicemia, sem tratamento, após suspensão da droga. Revisamos o assunto, com outros casos relatados até o momento, incluindo a associação de outros antipsicóticos atípicos igualmente envolvidos em distúrbios endócrinos. Objetivamos, com o relato deste caso, aumentar a atenção dos clínicos envolvidos no tratamento dos pacientes portadores de distúrbios psiquiátricos para a possibilidade do surgimento de diabetes durante a terapia, e enfatizar a necessidade de aumento da vigilância e do acompanhamento metabólico desses pacientes.

Since the introduction of atypical antipsychotic medications, starting with clozapine in 1990, many studies have associated these drugs with the development of diabetes among other metabolic disorders, as well as with the onset of the disease as ketoacidosis. We report the case of a 28-year-old patient with schizophrenia who was admitted with diabetic acidosis 1 month after the beginning of clozapine therapy. No weight gain was reported and the patient maintains satisfactory glycemia levels with no treatment required after discontinuation of the drug. The literature on this subject and cases reported so far are reviewed, including the association of other atypical antipsychotic drugs also involved in endocrine disorders. The objective of this report is to raise the awareness of physicians treating psychiatric patients to the possibility of new-onset diabetes during therapy with atypical antipsychotic drugs and to emphasize the necessity for increased vigilance and close metabolic follow-up of these patients.