Effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on the growth of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans: in vitro study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Nd:YAG laser with flat-top handpiece on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. The incidence of C. albicans (opportunistic commensal) and S. mutans (facultatively anaerobic) infections is increasing, despite available treatments. Cultures of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans were irradiated using Nd:YAG laser (LightWalker, Fotona) with flat-top handpiece (Genova, LightWalker, Fotona) at the following parameters: group G1: 0.25 W, 10 Hz, 15 s, 3 J and group G2: 1 W, 10 Hz, 60s, 59 J. The results were evaluated directly and 24 h after irradiation using a quantitative culture method (estimation of colony-forming units in 1 ml of suspension, cfu/ml), and microscopic analysis with Janus green stain and compared with control group in which laser was not applied. C. albicans was reduced by 20 up to 54% for G1, and for G2 by 10 up to 60% directly after the application. The cfu/ml values for S. mutans decreased by 13% (p = 0.1771) for G1 and 89% (p < 0.0001) for G2. In both test groups 24 h after the application, the number of colony-forming units decreased by 15-46% for G1 and by 15-64% for G2. The arrested cell division, increasing the surface area and increasing the number of metabolically inactive cells, were observed in morphometric analysis. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses revealed a reduction in cell number and a significant decrease of cell metabolism after laser application for both C. albicans and S. mutans.

[Recommendations of the polish society of aesthetic and anti-aging medicine concerning the application of fillers in difficult areas: eye, glabella and temple].

Aesthetic medicine is a dynamically developing field of medicine and filling techniques are currently an important and widely used procedure in modern therapeutic methods of facial rejuvenation. The aim of the PTMEiAA Recommendation is to improve patient safety, standardize procedures performed in aesthetic medicine and define minimum quality requirements during individual procedures. This is particularly important in the situation where there are more and more reports of the performance of treatments by unauthorized persons in places that do not meet the sanitary and epidemiological requirements to provide health services. The present study concerns the use of fillers in difficult facial areas: around the eye, glabella and temples.

Biological Properties of Low-Toxic PLGA and PLGA/PHB Fibrous Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Osseous Tissue Regeneration. Evaluation of Potential Bioactivity.

Abstracts: The aim of the study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and bioactivity of two new prototype implants for bone tissue regeneration made from biodegradable fibrous materials. The first is a newly developed poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide), (PLGA), and the second is a blend of PLGA with synthetic poly([R,S]-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PLGA/PHB). The implant prototypes comprise PLGA or PLGA/PHB nonwoven fabrics with designed pore structures to create the best conditions for cell proliferation. The bioactivity of the proposed implants was enhanced by introducing a hydroxyapatite material and a biologically active agent, namely, growth factor IGF1, encapsulated in calcium alginate microspheres. To assess the biocompatibility and bioactivity, allergenic tests and an assessment of the local reaction of bone tissue after implantation were performed. Comparative studies of local tissue response after implantation into trochanters for a period of 12 months were performed on New Zealand rabbits. Based on the results of the in vivo evaluation of the allergenic effects and the local tissue reaction 12 months after implantation, it was concluded that the two implant prototypes, PLGA + IGF1 and PLGA/PHB + IGF1, were characterized by high biocompatibility with the soft and bone tissues of the tested animals.

Biological Properties of Low-Toxicity PLGA and PLGA/PHB Fibrous Nanocomposite Implants for Osseous Tissue Regeneration. Part I: Evaluation of Potential Biotoxicity.

In response to the demand for new implant materials characterized by high biocompatibility and bioresorption, two prototypes of fibrous nanocomposite implants for osseous tissue regeneration made of a newly developed blend of poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and syntheticpoly([R,S]-3-hydroxybutyrate), PLGA/PHB, have been developed and fabricated. Afibre-forming copolymer of glycolide and l-lactide (PLGA) was obtained by a unique method of synthesis carried out in blocksusing Zr(AcAc)4 as an initiator. The prototypes of the implants are composed of three layers of PLGA or PLGA/PHB, nonwoven fabrics with a pore structure designed to provide the best conditions for the cell proliferation. The bioactivity of the proposed implants has been imparted by introducing a hydroxyapatite material and IGF1, a growth factor. The developed prototypes of implants have been subjected to a set of in vitro and in vivobiocompatibility tests: in vitro cytotoxic effect, in vitro genotoxicity and systemic toxicity. Rabbitsshowed no signs of negative reactionafter implantation of the experimental implant prototypes.

Histological Evaluation of the Local Soft Tissue Reaction After Implanting Resorbable and Non-resorbable Monofilament Fibers.

BACKGROUND: The development of technologies and scientific disciplines connected with medical implantation devices is dynamically affecting modern treatments by contemporary medicine and veterinary medicine; it also entails a need to monitor their impact on living organisms. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to conduct a comparative histological evaluation of the response of soft tissues after implanting monofilament fibers from resorbable glyconate and from non-resorbable polypropylene (PP) and polyamide (PA) in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Non-resorbable polyamide-based fibers were applied to skin anastomoses in rats. Macroscopic and histological evaluations were performed on the 7th, 14th and 30th days. Non-resorbable polypropylene fibers and resorbable glyconate fibers (composed of 72% glycolide, 14% trimethylene carbonate and 4% caprolactone) were implanted in muscle tissue for periods of 7, 14, 30 and 90 days. RESULTS: A semi-quantitative and qualitative histological evaluation found different dynamics and degrees of intensification of cell and tissue response around the resorbable and non-resorbable fibers being tested. The resorption process of the glyconate threads caused a prolonged inflammatory cellular response compared to the non-resorbable threads; it passed, however, without the participation of giant cells. Around the non-resorbable threads the observed cellular response was less intensified, with the formation of single polymorphonuclear macrophages around the PP threads, along with a stronger degree of fibrosis and the presence of fatty infiltrate. CONCLUSIONS: During the early period, moderately intensified inflammatory cell response with the presence of single giant cells was observed around the non-degradable PA and PP fibers. In the late period, a band of fibrous connective tissue was present around the PP threads. Glyconate fibers underwent fragmentation and the process of resorption, which was associated with a weakly intensified inflammatory process lasting up to 90 days after implantation.

A comparison of an antibacterial sandwich dressing vs dressing containing silver.

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of dressings containing octenidine vs. dressings containing silver in the wound healing in the course of a chronic venous disease. There were two groups of 40 patients who met the inclusion criteria and who did not meet the exclusion criteria. The patients were randomly assigned into the groups (envelope method). The first, "O group" was treated with octenidine-based dressings. The second, "S group" was treated with silver dressings. The study lasted for 56 days. All patients in the research were treated with medical compression stockings with cotton understockings. Microbiological eradication was observed on the 28th day of the study among 33% of patients in the treatment group vs. 6% in control group. On the 56th day of the treatment, these percentages equalled 72% and 35%. The rate of healing was faster in the 0 group than in the S group. In the wounds <10 cm(2) it was faster by 1.35 cm(2)/week and in wounds >10 cm(2) it equalled 3.44 cm(2). The reduction of pain level was 37.5% higher in the O group, in contrast with the S group. One change of a dressing in the O group led to a 0.06 cm(2) greater wound size reduction and in the case of wounds >10 cm(2) to 0.29 cm(2) reduction compared with the S group. The presented results indicate that the efficacy of dressings containing octenidine is higher compared to silver dressings.

[Lymphocele--urological complication after renal transplantation]. / Limfocele--powiklanie urologiczne po przeszczepie nerki.

Renal transplantation is the best renal replacement treatment. It provides longer survival and a better quality of life. The outcome of renal transplantation is influenced by the occurrence of various complications, including urological. One of the most frequently occurring complications is lymphocele. Most cases of lymphocele develop during a period of several weeks after the procedure of transplantation. However, there are some literature reports concerning lymphocele diagnosis in the later period, even after several years. Most cases of lymphocele are asymptomatic and are diagnosed accidentally. Nevertheless, a large lymphocele may press the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder or neighbouring blood vessels, causing deterioration of renal function, leg oedema and thrombosis of iliac vessels. Among other complications there are infections. The cause of lymphocele is collection of the lymph drained from damaged lymph vessels surrounding iliac blood vessels and/or lymph vessels of the graft. Important factors predisposing to lymphocele are immunosuppressive treatment, including mTOR inhibitors, mycophenolic acid derivatives and high doses of glucosteroids. Factors favouring occurrence of lymphocele comprise obesity, diabetes, elderly age of recipient, long time of warm ischaemia, acute rejection episodes and delayed graft function. The authors describe presently available treatment methods including aspiration and percutaneous drainage, with or without sclerotisation, drainage using the Tenckhoff catheter and laparoscopic or open fenestration. At present, laparoscopic fenestration is considered to be the most efficient and the safest method. However, there are clinical cases where open surgical treatment is necessary.

[Does magnetic stimulation affect wound healing? In vitro studies]. / Czy magnetostymulacja moze miec wplyw na gojenie ran? Badania in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Variable magnetic field of low frequency (200-300 Hz) is one of physical methods used in reducing pain as well as regeneration of bone and soft tissue. In medical literature there are case reports about successful treatment of chronic wound healing with this method. However, there is a lack of research that could explain the mechanism of action of magnetic field in this area. Literature data show that magnetic fields have an influence on cells cultures in vitro. Cells reaction depends on cells line, field parameters and time of exposition. OBJECTIVE: In our study we checked if the magnetic field of 180-195 Hz frequency influences Balb 3T3 cells viability. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was conducted on mouse fibroblast Balb 3T3 cells, and the influence of variable magnetic field on cells was checked. Magnetic field was generated by Viofor JPS System Classic (Med&Life). Cells were seeded on 96-well plates. After 24 hours the cells culture was exposed on magnetic fields. Two controls and six groups was included in the study. Two programs generated by Viofor JPS System Classic were chosen: M1P2 and M2P2, as well as two intensities 6 and 12. Groups 1, 2, 5 and 6 were exposed once within two days, groups 3 and 4 were exposed three times a day every hour within two days. Experiment lasted two days and was repeated 3-5 times. RESULTS: Experiment was evaluated with colorimetric MTT test. The test showed influence of magnetic field generated by Viofor JPS System Classic on viability of Balb 3T3 cells. Three from six chosen programs resulted in the increase of viability, compare to control. The control was taken as 100%. In groups 139%, 128%, 108% and 92% of viability was noted. Results were statisticaly significant in four groups (p < 0.05, Student's t test). CONCLUSIONS: The influence of magnetic fields generated by Viofor JPS System Classic (Med&Life) on mouse fibroblast Balb 3T3 cells was noted. Results suggest potential beneficial effect of this physical method on chronic wound treatment.

[History, present and future of biomaterials used for artificial heart valves]. / Rys historyczny, terazniejszosc i przyszlosc biomaterialów wykorzystywanych w sztucznych zastawkach serca.

Artificial heart valves can be classified into mechanical and biological. We have three types of mechanical heart valves: caged ball, tilting disc and bileaflet. Mechanical heart valves are made from various materials. They may be produced from metals, ceramics and polymers, e.g.: stainless steel, titanium, silicone, pyrolytic carbon. Biological valves are made from synthetic components (e.g.: PTFE, Dacron) and materials of biological origin (e.g.: cow pericardium, pig heart valve). We have also identified transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). TAVI may be produced from metals, ceramics and polymers (e.g.: stainless steel, titanium, Dacron) and biological material (e.g.: pig heart valve). This paper describes advantages and disadvantages of different types of artificial heart valves. The lifespan of mechanical valves is 20-30 years and they can be used for patients of any age. Mechanical valves have also disadvantages--anticoagulants are required to prevent thrombosis. Biological valves are made from natural materials, so they do not require prolonged anticoagulation. Their lifetime is 10-15 years, so they are offered to patients over 40 years. Another problem is the occurrence of calcification.

[New directions of research related to chronic wound healing]. / Nowe kierunki badan zwiazane z gojeniem przewleklych ran.

Optimal nutrition, immunological state and psychological condition play an important role in the process of chronic wound healing. Infections caused by pathogens resistant to commonly used antibiotics additionally complicate and disturb regeneration of wounds. As part of the treatment, modern wound dressings are used, for example designed on the basis of alginates, dextranomers, hydrogels, hydrofiber, polyurethanes foams, hydrocolloids and liquids for wound debridement such us 0.9% NaCl, the PWE liquid, Ringer's liquid, octenidine. Owing to their features, treatment in accordance with TIME concept could be realized, because they provide moisture wound bed, protection against contamination, gas exchange, protection of wound edges and infection control. Repairing process in chronic wounds is dependent on blood flow in tissues, which may be insufficient. The result is a permanent hypoxia. Natural occurring antioxidants are becoming more crucial in chronic wound treatment. They decrease oxygen radical concentration, increase angiogenesis, reduce inflammatory response, stimulate fibroblasts and keratinocytes proliferation, possess antibacterial properties against chemotherapeutic resistant strains. There are a lot of antioxidants in honey, papaya fruit (Carrica papaia L.), transgenic flax (Linum usitatissimum), and in orange oil (Citrus sinensis), stem of acanthus (Acanthus ebracteatus), leafs of tea (Camellia sinensis). Application of biologically active, natural derived compounds is nowadays a direction of intense in vitro and in vivo research focused on the chronic wound treatment. Results suggest beneficial influence of antioxidant on wound repairing process. Clinical research are needed to state effective influence of natural compound in the chronic wound treatment.

[Artificial venous valves]. / Sztuczne zastawki zylne.

Venous diseases seem to be a large social problem. Chronic venous insufficiency, which is the most well-known venous disease, can be caused by high blood pressure in veins. The increase in pressure may cause the vein wall weakness and may even lead to damage venous valves. There are many different methods of treatment of chronic venous insufficiency: surgical and non-surgical. A new therapeutic approach is the use of artificial venous valves. Artificial venous valves can be classified into synthetics, xenografts and allografts. Different types of artificial venous valves are presented based on the analysis of literature reports. A variety of techniques have been used clinically. Improved venous hemodynamics and valve competency have been demonstrated. We presented advantages and disadvantages of described artificial venous valves. The majority of these valve studies await confirmation over extended periods of time. This paper also describes two types of artificial venous valves, which were analyzed by computer simulation.

[The place of laboratory medicine in the study of biomaterials biocompatibility]. / Miejsce diagnostyki laboratoryjnej w badaniu biozgodnosci biomaterialów.

Laboratory medicine is the one of the most important element in the routine medical procedures. Often it is necessary to make the correct diagnosis, which is an important complement to the study. Its role, however, is not limited only to the diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients. The authors of this article show to the importance of laboratory tests, taken from a routine medical diagnostics, in scientific research laboratories involved in the assessment of new and modified of biomaterials. In addition to an introduction and summary, the article is divided into four parts on order: place of laboratory medicine in the study of biocompatibility, laboratory testing of the impact of biomaterial in vitro, laboratory testing of the impact of biomaterial in vivo and the right choice of laboratory methodology. The first part of the article shows the general types of biocompatibility tests according to the classification of biomaterial with a view to the type and duration of contact with the body. The types of studies that use laboratory medicine, it was acute, subacute, subchronic and chronic toxicity, as well as biocompatibility with blood. The second part of the article shows and explains the validity of research on the effects of biomaterial in vitro and the categories of testing the biocompatibility with blood. Also shows lists the laboratory tests carried out in the various categories of research. In the third part of the article, generally described the impact test method biomaterial in vivo, as well as shows three groups of tests to determine the function of important internal organs, when assessing the toxicity of biomaterials on the body. As in the previous section, this section also contains recommended laboratory tests. The fourth part of the publication presents the concepts of sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic methods, as well as positive and negative predictive value of tests.

[Influence of the gelatin-alginate matrixes with calcium lactate in plasma coagulation system after implantation in soft tissues]. / Wplyw matryc zelatynowo-alginianowych z mleczanem wapnia na osoczowy uklad krzepniecia po implantacji w tkanki miekkie.

BACKGROUND: Bioresorbable porous substrates from copolymers have their application in tissue engineering to culture tissues in vitro. The advantage of polymers is the production of thermoplastic elements and their ability to biodegrade in a living body. Gelatin, collagen, alginates are part of dressings used for topical administration of the drug. Research was undertaken to achieve a porous gelatin-alginate matrix which could be used in therapy as among others, a carrier for a drug. OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of the impact of modified gelatin-alginate matrix on activation of plasma coagulation in vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Gelatin-alginate matrix cross-linked with calcium ions was implanted in the muscle tissue of a rat. The control group constituted animals not implanted with material, but they passed the operating procedure. Blood samples of plasma coagulation test and control group were collected after 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 days of the procedure. RESULTS: Prolongation of APTT and shortening of PT and TT with the unchanged values of fibrinogen and the count of platelet cells was observed till the 5th day on the basis of the obtained results. Prolongation of APTT with the unchanged values of the remaining parameters of the coagulation system was observed after 7, 10 and 14 days with unchanged values of PT and TT coagulation. CONCLUSIONS: The matrix gelatin-alginate with calcium ions in the biological environment undergoes biodegradation in soft tissues. This process in the initial period influences the activation of the coagulation within the intrinsic and extrinsic system. From the 5th to 14th day the activation of coagulation was observed only in the intrinsic system.

[Studies of interaction between surface of pirolytic carbon and blood cells and proteins]. / Badania interakcji powierzchni wegla pirolitycznego z komórkami i bialkami krwi.

BACKGROUND: Preventing blood clots formation on the biomaterials surface and finding the causes of their appearance are the leading research subjects while working out biomaterials for grafts into the circulation system. Interaction between the biological environment and the carbon implant is closely connected with the properties of its surface. Implants whith surfaces covered with pyrolytic carbon is characterised by athrombogenity have particular significance in medical applications. OBJECTIVES: Assessment of the influence of a pyrolytic carbon surface on the activation of coagulation system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Full human blood was subjected to temporal contact in vitro with the surface of low-temperature isotropic carbon (LTI). The haemostatic action of pyrolytic carbon was determined through marking the chosen parameters of the coagulation system and the recalcification time on the material surface. The evaluation of the topography of the material was performed in the scanning microscopy. RESULTS: Changes in the values APTT, PT, TT, fibrinogen and activity of factors F XII, F IX, F VIII as well as AT III, protein C and plasminogen were not observed in the studies of the plasmatic coagulation system. The blood coagulation time on the material surface was elongated in comparison with the surface of glass and polystyrene surface. CONCLUSIONS: Direct contact of blood with the surface of carbon LTI elongates clot formation, while not changing the parameters of the plasmatic coagulation system in temporal contact.

[Influence of oxidative stress on tissue regeneration]. / Wpllyw stresu oksydacyjnego na procesy regeneracji tkankowej.

The redox reactions involving oxidants and antioxidants play a key role in many biochemical pathways and cellular biosynthesis and regulation processes at the molecular level. Normally, there is the balance between oxidative and reductive processes in the organism. If oxidative processes are prevalent, it will result in oxidative stress. It leads to damage of many biological structures, resulting in impairment of many processes at the molecular level. Lipids and proteins are most sensitive to oxidative stress structures. Lipid oxidation can result in degradation of the cell membrane, whereas the oxidation of proteins can result in a change of their properties. It is suggested that oxidative processes accompany inflammation and affect their growth. This situation can lead to a number of serious diseases such as tumors. Many scientists claim that oxidative stress causes many pathological conditions. Enzymes and antioxidants, which are one of the body's defenses, can prevent oxidative processes.

[Influence of gelatin-alginian matrixes on morphological and functional changes of blood leukocytes]. / Wplyw matryc zelatynowo-alginianowych na zmiany morfologiczne i czynnosciowe leukocytów krwi.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the relation of biomaterials and living tissues constitutes necessary information which should be used when composing a set of optimal carriers, e.g. for drugs or preparations supporting blood clotting. OBJECTIVES: This paper presents an assessment of the influence of contact of gelatin-alginian matrixes with blood on leukocyte reactivity: the ability of mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and monocytes) to create a radial segmentation of nuclei--RS (the morphological change), and the ability of leukocytes to phagocytosis of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells and to produce active oxygen derivatives (functional changes). MATERIAL AND METHODS: After having contact with the matrixes, the test of induced and spontaneous RS, the phagocytic test and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test for blood leukocytes were performed. RESULTS: The obtained results showed a decrease in the ability of mononuclear cells to form RS and in the ability of granulocytes to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium--NBT, but an increase in their phagocytic activity. CONCLUSIONS: Temporary contact of gelatin-alginian matrixes with blood did not cause any morphological changes in the leukocytes. However, changes of their reactivity were observed.

[Use of the materials based on partially reduced graphene-oxide with silver nanoparticle as bacteriostatic and bactericidal agent]. / Wykorzystanie materialów opartych na czesciowo redukowanym tlenku grafenu z nanoczastkami srebra jako srodków bakteriostatycznych i bakteriobójczych.

BACKGROUND: Researches have been synthesizing nanocomposites with antibacterial properties for a dozen of years. A lot of study have confirmed a high antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles and oxygraphene. Silica, titanium dioxide and hydroxyapatites of 1-100 nm are used as carrier for these composites. OBJECTIVES: To synthesise graphene-silver nanocomposites and to determine their antibacterial properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The following bacteria strains from the American Type Culture Collection were tested: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (Gram-positive bacteria), Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 (Gram-negative bacteria), Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 4352 (Gram-negative bacteria). Clinical isolates of bacteria strains (from wounds) were also tested (from species of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae). The antibacterial effect of nanocomposites was determined by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values according to the reference methods of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) for the determination of MICs of aerobic bacteria by broth microdilution. The samples have physical and chemical characteristics. RESULTS: The results showed bacteriostatic (0.4-1.6 microg/ml) and bactericidal (0.4-3.2 microg/ml) efficacy of composities. CONCLUSION: The synthesized nanocomposites of graphene-oxide can be used in biology and medicine as bacteriostatic and bactericidal factor and may be used as an alternative to antibiotics and chemioterapeutics.

[A method of manufacture and characteristic of surface properties and biological activity of thin-film coatings of Cu-Ti system]. / Sposób wytwarzania oraz charakterystyka wlasciwosci powierzchni i aktywnosci biologicznej cienkowarstwowych powlok ukladu typu Cu-Ti.

BACKGROUND: Biomaterials in the form of thin-film coatings as-deposited on different substrates are nowadays increasingly popular. In particular coatings based on a combination of biocompatible materials (eg. titanium) with metals of high biological activity (eg. copper) have a potentially wide range of applications as active films, intended for various types of medical devices. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to present a method for preparation and analysis of the properties of Cu-Ti thin films, in particular their biological activity in connection with the properties of the surface. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The films were prepared by magnetron sputtering method with the aid of an innovative four-target apparatus. During deposition process two metallic targets (copper and titanium) were sputtered under an argon atmosphere. Material composition of produced coatings was characterized by scanning electron microscope equipped with an adapter for energy dispersive spectroscopy. Moreover, the surface microstructure and roughness of coatings was characterized based on three-dimensional surface profiles, which were obtained with the aid of optical profilometer. The research was also carried out by investigations of surface wettability on the apparatus for measurements of contact angle. Characterization of Cu-Ti surface properties was also expanded by microbiological tests involving Staphylococcus aureus (PCM 2602) bacteria and investigations of cytotoxicity with L 929 (NCTC clone 929) cell line. RESULTS: Measurements have shown that the film was composed of 71% at. Cu and 29% at. Ti. The analysis of surface topography has shown that the surface of Cu-Ti thin film was very uniform with roughness in range of nanometers. It was found that as-deposited film is hydrophilic. Obtained results has shown that as-deposited film had a very good bactericidal properties and it was cytotoxic. This effect was associated with the migration of copper ions, which was the most intense at the edge of the sample. CONCLUSIONS: The results presented in this paper testify that manufactured Cu-Ti thin films may find practical application in the industry as a bioactive coating.

The Safety of Fluoride Compounds and Their Effect on the Human Body-A Narrative Review.

Fluoride is one of the elements commonly present in the human environment. Due to its characteristics, it is very widely used in medicine, dentistry, industry or agriculture. On the other hand, its universality possesses a real threat to the human body in the form of acute and chronic poisoning. The aim of this paper is to characterize the properties of fluoride and its effects on the human body, as well as the sources of its occurrence. Particular emphasis is placed on the safety of its use and optimal dosage intake, which prevents accumulation and reduces its potential side effects. The positive effect of proper fluoride supply is widely described. In order to avoid overdose, it is best to consult a specialist to properly select the dosage.