Addressing the Burden and Management Strategies for Disparities and Inequities Among Liver Transplant Professionals: The ILTS Experience.

Medical professional environments are becoming increasingly multicultural, international, and diverse in terms of its specialists. Many transplant professionals face challenges related to gender, sexual orientation or racial background in their work environment or experience inequities involving access to leadership positions, professional promotion, and compensation. These circumstances not infrequently become a major source of work-related stress and burnout for these disadvantaged, under-represented transplant professionals. In this review, we aim to 1) discuss the current perceptions regarding disparities among liver transplant providers 2) outline the burden and impact of disparities and inequities in the liver transplant workforce 3) propose potential solutions and role of professional societies to mitigate inequities and maximize inclusion within the transplant community.

Gender and Racial Disparity Among Liver Transplantation Professionals: Report of a Global Survey.

Equality, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) are fundamental principles. Little is known about the pattern of practice and perceptions of EDI among liver transplant (LT) providers. International Liver Transplant Society (ILTS) EDI Committee survey around topics related to discrimination, mentorship, and gender. Answers were collected and analyzed anonymously. Worldwide female leadership was also queried via publicly available data. The survey was e-mailed to 1312 ILTS members, 199 responses (40.7% female) were collected from 38 countries (15.2% response rate). Almost half were surgeons (45.7%), 27.6% hepatologists and 26.6% anesthetists. Among 856 LT programs worldwide, 8.2% of leadership positions were held by females, and 22% of division chiefs were female across all specialties. Sixty-eight of respondents (34.7%) reported some form of discrimination during training or at their current position, presumably related to gender/sexual orientation (20.6%), race/country of origin (25.2%) and others (7.1%). Less than half (43.7%) received mentorship when discrimination occurred. An association between female responses and discrimination, differences in compensation, and job promotion was observed. This survey reveals alarmingly high rate of experience with racial and gender disparity, lack of mentorship, and very low rates of female leadership in the LT field and calls to action to equity and inclusion.

An international multicenter study of protocols for liver transplantation during a pandemic: A case for quadripartite equipoise.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The outbreak of COVID-19 has vastly increased the operational burden on healthcare systems worldwide. For patients with end-stage liver failure, liver transplantation is the only option. However, the strain on intensive care facilities caused by the pandemic is a major concern. There is an urgent need for ethical frameworks to balance the need for liver transplantation against the availability of national resources. METHODS: We performed an international multicenter study of transplant centers to understand the evolution of policies for transplant prioritization in response to the pandemic in March 2020. To describe the ethical tension arising in this setting, we propose a novel ethical framework, the quadripartite equipoise (QE) score, that is applicable to liver transplantation in the context of limited national resources. RESULTS: Seventeen large- and medium-sized liver transplant centers from 12 countries across 4 continents participated. Ten centers opted to limit transplant activity in response to the pandemic, favoring a "sickest-first" approach. Conversely, some larger centers opted to continue routine transplant activity in order to balance waiting list mortality. To model these and other ethical tensions, we computed a QE score using 4 factors - recipient outcome, donor/graft safety, waiting list mortality and healthcare resources - for 7 countries. The fluctuation of the QE score over time accurately reflects the dynamic changes in the ethical tensions surrounding transplant activity in a pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: This four-dimensional model of quadripartite equipoise addresses the ethical tensions in the current pandemic. It serves as a universally applicable framework to guide regulation of transplant activity in response to the increasing burden on healthcare systems. LAY SUMMARY: There is an urgent need for ethical frameworks to balance the need for liver transplantation against the availability of national resources during the COVID-19 pandemic. We describe a four-dimensional model of quadripartite equipoise that models these ethical tensions and can guide the regulation of transplant activity in response to the increasing burden on healthcare systems.

Multicenter validation of a score to predict prognosis after the development of HCC recurrence following liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: HCC recurrence after LT impacts negatively on survival. A recent study detected late recurrence (≥12 months), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) <100 ng/mL at recurrence and being amenable for curative-intent treatments as good prognostic factors. With these variables a prognostic score was proposed. The objective of this study was to validate the prognostic score for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence following liver transplantation (LT). METHODS: Data from the University of California, San Francisco, the University Hospital of Birmingham and Instituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan including patients with HCC recurrence after LT were analyzed. The previous reported score was applied to this cohort. RESULTS: From June 2002-December 2014, 1328 patients had a confirmed HCC in their explanted liver. The study group comprised 130 patients (9.8%) diagnosed with HCC recurrence after LT. Overall median survival after HCC recurrence was 12.4 (95% CI 10.2-16.3) months. Application of the previously reported score showed a significantly superior survival for the good prognosis group compared to moderate and poor prognosis groups (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The score continues to identify a group of patients who would benefit from aggressive treatment and experience significant improved survival following recurrent HCC after LT.

The UK DCD Risk Score: A new proposal to define futility in donation-after-circulatory-death liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Primary non-function and ischaemic cholangiopathy are the most feared complications following donation-after-circulatory-death (DCD) liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to design a new score on risk assessment in liver-transplantation DCD based on donor-and-recipient parameters. METHODS: Using the UK national DCD database, a risk analysis was performed in adult recipients of DCD liver grafts in the UK between 2000 and 2015 (n = 1,153). A new risk score was calculated (UK DCD Risk Score) on the basis of a regression analysis. This is validated using the United Network for Organ Sharing database (n = 1,617) and our own DCD liver-transplant database (n = 315). Finally, the new score was compared with two other available prediction systems: the DCD risk scores from the University of California, Los Angeles and King's College Hospital, London. RESULTS: The following seven strongest predictors of DCD graft survival were identified: functional donor warm ischaemia, cold ischaemia, recipient model for end-stage liver disease, recipient age, donor age, previous orthotopic liver transplantation, and donor body mass index. A combination of these risk factors (UK DCD risk model) stratified the best recipients in terms of graft survival in the entire UK DCD database, as well as in the United Network for Organ Sharing and in our own DCD population. Importantly, the UK DCD Risk Score significantly predicted graft loss caused by primary non-function or ischaemic cholangiopathy in the futile group (>10 score points). The new prediction model demonstrated a better C statistic of 0.79 compared to the two other available systems (0.71 and 0.64, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The UK DCD Risk Score is a reliable tool to detect high-risk and futile combinations of donor-and-recipient factors in DCD liver transplantation. It is simple to use and offers a great potential for making better decisions on which DCD graft should be rejected or may benefit from functional assessment and further optimization by machine perfusion. LAY SUMMARY: In this study, we provide a new prediction model for graft loss in donation-after-circulatory-death (DCD) liver transplantation. Based on UK national data, the new UK DCD Risk Score involves the following seven clinically relevant risk factors: donor age, donor body mass index, functional donor warm ischaemia, cold storage, recipient age, recipient laboratory model for end-stage liver disease, and retransplantation. Three risk classes were defined: low risk (0-5 points), high risk (6-10 points), and futile (>10 points). This new model stratified best in terms of graft survival compared to other available models. Futile combinations (>10 points) achieved an only very limited 1- and 5-year graft survival of 37% and less than 20%, respectively. In contrast, an excellent graft survival has been shown in low-risk combinations (≤5 points). The new model is easy to calculate at the time of liver acceptance. It may help to decide which risk combination will benefit from additional graft treatment, or which DCD liver should be declined for a certain recipient.

Impact of donor age in donation after circulatory death liver transplantation: Is the cutoff "60" still of relevance?

Advanced donor age has been identified as a risk factor when combined with donor warm ischemia time (WIT), eg, in donation after circulatory death (DCD). In several countries, DCD livers older than 60 years are not considered suitable due to concerns related to poor graft function and development of ischemic cholangiopathy. In this study, we evaluate outcomes after DCD liver transplantation using grafts from donors older than 60 years. We analyzed outcomes after DCD liver transplantation (n = 315), comparing donors > 60 years (n = 93) and donors ≤ 60 years (n = 222) from our center between 2005 and 2015. End points included graft function and complications and patient and graft survival. Multivariate risk analysis was performed to define further key factors that predicted inferior outcome. Donor age at the cutoff 60 years failed to stratify patient and graft survival. The rate of vascular, biliary, and overall complications was comparably low in both cohorts, and the median comprehensive complication index was 42.7 points, independent from the donor age. Second, donor body mass index (BMI) above a threshold of 25 kg/m2 significantly impacted on graft and patient survival at any donor age, whereas donor WIT and cold ischemia times were not predictive for graft loss. In conclusion, older DCD donors can be successfully used for liver transplantation with good longterm outcomes when further risk factors are limited. Additional risk is transmitted by an increased donor BMI regardless of donor age. Liver Transplantation 24 352-362 2018 AASLD.

Clinical outcomes of donation after circulatory death liver transplantation in primary sclerosing cholangitis.

BACKGROUND & AIM: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive fibro-inflammatory cholangiopathy for which liver transplantation is the only life-extending intervention. These patients may benefit from accepting liver donation after circulatory death (DCD), however their subsequent outcome is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical impact of using DCD liver grafts in patients specifically undergoing transplantation for PSC. METHODS: Clinical outcomes were prospectively evaluated in PSC patients undergoing transplantation from 2006 to 2016 stratified by donor type (DCD, n=35 vs. donation after brainstem death [DBD], n=108). RESULTS: In liver transplantation for PSC; operating time, days requiring critical care support, total ventilator days, incidence of acute kidney injury, need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) or total days requiring RRT were not significantly different between DCD vs. DBD recipients. Although the incidence of ischaemic-type biliary lesions was greater in the DCD group (incidence rate [IR]: 4.4 vs. 0 cases/100-patient-years; p<0.001) there was no increased risk of post-transplant biliary strictures overall (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.20, 0.58-2.46; p=0.624), or in sub-analysis specific to anastomotic strictures or recurrent PSC, between donor types. Graft loss and mortality rates were not significantly different following transplantation with DCD vs. DBD livers (IR: 3.6 vs. 3.1 cases/100-patient-years, p=0.34; and 3.9 vs. 4.7, p=0.6; respectively). DCD liver transplantation in PSC did not impart a heightened risk of graft loss (HR: 1.69, 0.58-4.95, p=0.341) or patient mortality (0.75, 0.25-2.21, p=0.598). CONCLUSION: Transplantation with DCD (vs. DBD) livers in PSC patients does not impact graft loss or patient survival. In an era of organ shortage, DCD grafts represent a viable therapeutic option for liver transplantation in PSC patients. Lay summary: This study examines the impact of liver transplantation in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) with organs donated after circulatory death (DCD), compared to donation after brainstem death (DBD). We show that in appropriately selected patients, the outcomes for DCD transplantation mirror those using DBD livers, with no significant differences in complication rate, patient survival or transplanted liver survival. In an era of organ shortage and increasing wait-list times, DCD livers represent a potential treatment option for transplantation in PSC.

First Comparison of Hypothermic Oxygenated PErfusion Versus Static Cold Storage of Human Donation After Cardiac Death Liver Transplants: An International-matched Case Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Exposure of donor liver grafts to prolonged periods of warm ischemia before procurement causes injuries including intrahepatic cholangiopathy, which may lead to graft loss. Due to unavoidable prolonged ischemic time before procurement in donation after cardiac death (DCD) donation in 1 participating center, each liver graft of this center was pretreated with the new machine perfusion "Hypothermic Oxygenated PErfusion" (HOPE) in an attempt to improve graft quality before implantation. METHODS: HOPE-treated DCD livers (n = 25) were matched and compared with normally preserved (static cold preservation) DCD liver grafts (n = 50) from 2 well-established European programs. Criteria for matching included duration of warm ischemia and key confounders summarized in the balance of risk score. In a second step, perfused and unperfused DCD livers were compared with liver grafts from standard brain dead donors (n = 50), also matched to the balance of risk score, serving as baseline controls. RESULTS: HOPE treatment of DCD livers significantly decreased graft injury compared with matched cold-stored DCD livers regarding peak alanine-aminotransferase (1239 vs 2065 U/L, P = 0.02), intrahepatic cholangiopathy (0% vs 22%, P = 0.015), biliary complications (20% vs 46%, P = 0.042), and 1-year graft survival (90% vs 69%, P = 0.035). No graft failure due to intrahepatic cholangiopathy or nonfunction occurred in HOPE-treated livers, whereas 18% of unperfused DCD livers needed retransplantation. In addition, HOPE-perfused DCD livers achieved similar results as control donation after brain death livers in all investigated endpoints. CONCLUSIONS: HOPE seems to offer important benefits in preserving higher-risk DCD liver grafts.

Increasing the donor pool: consideration of prehospital cardiac arrest in controlled donation after circulatory death for liver transplantation.

Donor warm ischemia has implications for outcomes after liver transplantation (LT) using organs from donation after circulatory death (DCD) donors. Prehospital cardiac arrest (PHCA) before donation may generate a further ischemic insult. The aim of this single-center study of 108 consecutive DCD LT procedures was to compare the outcomes of PHCA and non-PHCA cohorts. A review of a prospectively collected database of all DCD grafts transplanted between January 2007 and October 2011 was undertaken to identify donors who had sustained PHCA. The unit policy was to consider such donors when transaminase levels were ≤4 times the normal range and had an improving trend. Twenty-six of the 108 DCD transplants were from DCD donors with PHCA, and 82 were in the non-PHCA cohort. A comparative analysis of the PHCA and non-PHCA cohorts showed better short-term results (a low incidence of acute kidney injury) for the PHCA group but satisfactory long-term results for both groups with no significant differences in graft or patient survival between them. In conclusion, a careful donor selection policy for including PHCA DCD donors with normalized liver function tests or transaminase levels ≤ 4 times the norm resulted in successful transplantation and could boost the donor pool with no adverse outcomes.

Complex outflow anatomy in left lateral lobe graft and modified venous reconstruction in pediatric living donor liver transplantation.

Hepatic venous outflow reconstruction is of critical significance in pediatric patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation. Accurate knowledge of the anatomical variations is important to obtain appropriate size segmental grafts. The diameter of the hepatic veins and the potential risk of complications at the level of the anastomosis require an adequate primary vascular reconstruction. We describe a venous outflow reconstruction technique, in a living related left lateral lobe graft, with unfavorable hepatic venous anatomy.

What Is the Role of Minimally Invasive Liver Surgery in Treating Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma on Cirrhosis?

Minimally invasive liver surgery (MILS) has been slowly introduced in the past two decades and today represents a major weapon in the fight against HCC, for several reasons. This narrative review conveys the major emerging concepts in the field. The rise in metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)-related HCC means that patients with significant cardiovascular risk will benefit more profoundly from MILS. The advent of efficacious therapy is leading to conversion from non-resectable to resectable cases, and therefore more patients will be able to undergo MILS. In fact, resection outcomes with MILS are superior compared to open surgery both in the short and long term. Furthermore, indications to surgery may be further expanded by its use in Child B7 patients and by the use of laparoscopic ablation, a curative technique, instead of trans-arterial approaches in cases not amenable to radiofrequency. Therefore, in a promising new approach, multi-parametric treatment hierarchy, MILS is hierarchically superior to open surgery and comes second only to liver transplantation.

Rescue liver transplantation after post-hepatectomy acute liver failure: A systematic review and pooled analysis.

BACKGROUND: Post-hepatectomy liver failure is a severe complication after major liver resection and is associated with a high mortality rate. Nevertheless, there is no effective treatment for severe liver failure. In such a setting, rescue liver transplantation (LT) is used only in extraordinary cases with unclear results. This systematic review aims to define indication of LT in post-hepatectomy liver failure and post-LT outcomes, in terms of patient and disease-free survivals, to assess the procedure's feasibility and effectiveness. METHODS: A systematic review of all English language full-text articles published until September 2022 was conducted. Inclusion criteria were articles describing patients undergoing LT for post-hepatectomy liver failure after liver resection, which specified at least one outcome of interest regarding patient/graft survival, postoperative complications, tumour recurrence and cause of death. A pseudo-individual participant data meta-analysis was performed to analyse data. Study quality was assessed with MINORS system. PROSPERO CRD42022349358. RESULTS: Postoperative complication rate was 53.6%. All patients transplanted for benign indications survived. For malignant tumours, 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival was 94.7%, 82.1% and 74.6%, respectively. The causes of death were tumour recurrence in 83.3% of cases and infection-related in 16.7% of LT recipients. At Cox regression, being transplanted for unconventional malignant indications (colorectal liver metastasis, cholangiocarcinoma) was a risk factor for death HR = 8.93 (95%CI = 1.04-76.63; P-value = 0.046). Disease-free survival differs according to different malignant tumours (P-value = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: Post-hepatectomy liver failure is an emergent indication for rescue LT, but it is not universally accepted. In selected patients, LT can be a life-saving procedure with low short-term risks. However, special attention must be given to long-term oncological prognosis before proceeding with rescue LT in an urgent setting, considering the severity of liver malignancy, organ scarcity, the country's organ allocation policies and the resource of living-related donation.

Traumatic focal pancreatitis with retro-duodenal hematoma: a rare cause of combined biliary and gastric outlet obstruction.

CONTEXT: Focal post-traumatic acute pancreatitis causing combined duodenal and biliary obstruction is extremely rare. CASE REPORT: A 16-year-old boy presented with acute upper abdominal pain which was clinically and biochemically consistent with mild acute pancreatitis. There was no etiological factor identified initially, although a history of blunt abdominal trauma was later discovered. He soon developed features of gastric outlet obstruction and obstructive jaundice over 48 hours. A CT scan showed a retroduodenal mass causing compression of both the duodenum and bile duct. At exploration, this was found to be a walled off hematoma. There was evidence of focal pancreatitis in the head of pancreas. Evacuation of the hematoma cured the gastric outlet and biliary obstruction. CONCLUSION: The triad of pancreatitis, gastric outlet and biliary obstruction along with a mass lesion on cross sectional imaging in young adults should raise the suspicion of a hematoma as a probable cause.

How useful is the machine perfusion in liver transplantation? An answer from a national survey.

Machine perfusion (MP) has been shown worldwide to offer many advantages in liver transplantation, but it still has some gray areas. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the donor risk factors of grafts, perfused with any MP, that might predict an ineffective MP setting and those would trigger post-transplant early allograft dysfunction (EAD). Data from donors of all MP-perfused grafts at six liver transplant centers have been analyzed, whether implanted or discarded after perfusion. The first endpoint was the negative events after perfusion (NegE), which is the number of grafts discarded plus those that were implanted but lost after the transplant. A risk factor analysis for NegE was performed and marginal grafts for MP were identified. Finally, the risk of EAD was analyzed, considering only implanted grafts. From 2015 to September 2019, 158 grafts were perfused with MP: 151 grafts were implanted and 7 were discarded after the MP phase because they did not reach viability criteria. Of 151, 15 grafts were lost after transplant, so the NegE group consisted of 22 donors. In univariate analysis, the donor risk index >1.7, the presence of hypertension in the medical history, static cold ischemia time, and the moderate or severe macrovesicular steatosis were the significant factors for NegE. Multivariate analysis confirmed that macrosteatosis >30% was an independent risk factor for NegE (odd ratio 5.643, p = 0.023, 95% confidence interval, 1.27-24.98). Of 151 transplanted patients, 34% experienced EAD and had worse 1- and 3-year-survival, compared with those who did not face EAD (NoEAD), 96% and 96% for EAD vs. 89% and 71% for NoEAD, respectively (p = 0.03). None of the donor/graft characteristics was associated with EAD even if the graft was moderately steatotic or fibrotic or from an aged donor. For the first time, this study shows that macrovesicular steatosis >30% might be a warning factor involved in the risk of graft loss or a cause of graft discard after the MP treatment. On the other hand, the MP seems to be useful in reducing the donor and graft weight in the development of EAD.

Proceedings of the 25th Annual Congress of the International Liver Transplantation Society.

The 25th Annual Congress of the International Liver Transplantation Society was held in Toronto, Canada, from May 15 to 18, 2019. Surgeons, hepatologists, anesthesiologists, critical care intensivists, radiologists, pathologists, and research scientists from all over the world came together with the common aim of improving care and outcomes for liver transplant recipients and living donors. Some of the featured topics at this year's conference included multidisciplinary perioperative care in liver transplantation, worldwide approaches to organ allocation, donor steatosis, and updates in pediatrics, immunology, and radiology. This report presents excerpts and highlights from invited lectures and select abstracts, reviewed and compiled by the Vanguard Committee of International Liver Transplantation Society. This will hopefully contribute to further advances in clinical practice and research in liver transplantation.

Report of the 24th Annual Congress of the International Liver Transplantation Society.

The 24th Joint Annual Congress of the International Liver Transplantation Society in association with European Liver and Intestine Transplant Association and Liver Intensive Care Group of Europe was held in Lisbon, Portugal from May 23 to 26, 2018. More than 1200 participants from over 60 countries including surgeons, hepatologists, anesthesiologists and critical care intensivists, radiologists, pathologists, organ procurement personnel, and research scientists came together with the common aim of improving care and outcomes for liver transplant recipients. Over 600 scientific abstracts were presented. The principal themes were living donation, use of marginal liver donors, machine preservation, disease-specific immunosuppressive regimen, malignancies, and advances in pediatric liver transplantation and liver transplant anesthesia. This report presents excerpts from invited lectures and select abstracts from scientific sessions, which add to current knowledge, and will drive clinical practice and future research.

The Impact of Combined Warm Ischemia Time on Development of Acute Kidney Injury in Donation After Circulatory Death Liver Transplantation: Stay Within the Golden Hour.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after liver transplantation and more frequently observed when high-risk grafts, such as donation after circulatory death (DCD) grafts are used. Our aim was to investigate the impact of the ischemia periods on development of AKI in DCD liver transplantation. METHODS: We performed a 2-center retrospective study with 368 DCD graft-recipients. Donor warm ischemia time (DWIT) was divided into agonal phase (withdrawal of life support-cardiac arrest) and asystolic phase (cardiac arrest-start cold perfusion). We introduced a new period of warm ischemia: the combined warm ischemia time (combined WIT), which was defined as the sum of DWIT and recipient WIT. RESULTS: AKI was observed in 65% of the recipients and severe AKI in 41% (KDIGO stage 2/3). The length of combined WIT increased significantly with AKI severity: 61 minutes in recipients without AKI up to 69 minutes in recipients with the most severe form of AKI (P < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, increasing duration of the combined WIT was associated with an increased risk of developing severe AKI (odds ratio, 1.032 per every extra minute; 95% confidence interval, 1.014-1.051; P < 0.001). No relation was observed between length of cold ischemia time and severe AKI. CONCLUSIONS: Combined WIT is a newly defined period of warm ischemia in DCD liver transplantation. Length of combined WIT is associated with severity of postoperative AKI and should ideally not exceed 60 minutes.

Acute kidney injury and post-reperfusion syndrome in liver transplantation.

In the past decades liver transplantation (LT) has become the treatment of choice for patients with end stage liver disease (ESLD). The chronic shortage of cadaveric organs for transplantation led to the utilization of a greater number of marginal donors such as older donors or donors after circulatory death (DCD). The improved survival of transplanted patients has increased the frequency of long-term complications, in particular chronic kidney disease (CKD). Acute kidney injury (AKI) post-LT has been recently recognized as an important risk factor for the occurrence of de novo CKD in the long-term outcome. The onset of AKI post-LT is multifactorial, with pre-LT risk factors involved, including higher Model for End-stage Liver Disease score, more sever ESLD and pre-existing renal dysfunction, either with intra-operative conditions, in particular ischaemia reperfusion injury responsible for post-reperfusion syndrome (PRS) that can influence recipient's morbidity and mortality. Post-reperfusion syndrome-induced AKI is an important complication post-LT that characterizes kidney involvement caused by PRS with mechanisms not clearly understood and implication on graft and patient survival. Since pre-LT risk factors may influence intra-operative events responsible for PRS-induced AKI, we aim to consider all the relevant aspects involved in PRS-induced AKI in the setting of LT and to identify all studies that better clarified the specific mechanisms linking PRS and AKI. A PubMed search was conducted using the terms liver transplantation AND acute kidney injury; liver transplantation AND post-reperfusion syndrome; acute kidney injury AND post-reperfusion syndrome; acute kidney injury AND DCD AND liver transplantation. Five hundred seventy four articles were retrieved on PubMed search. Results were limited to title/abstract of English-language articles published between 2000 and 2015. Twenty-three studies were identified that specifically evaluated incidence, risk factors and outcome for patients developing PRS-induced AKI in liver transplantation. In order to identify intra-operative risk factors/mechanisms specifically involved in PRS-induced AKI, avoiding confounding factors, we have limited our study to "acute kidney injury AND DCD AND liver transplantation". Accordingly, three out of five studies were selected for our purpose.

Donor Hepatic Artery Thrombosis Recognized During Organ Procurement for Liver Transplant.

Arterial injuries in graft organs may be recognized during procurement and may contribute to organ waste. These injuries may be more likely in the presence of abnormal anatomy. We observed 2 liver grafts that had hepatic artery thrombosis in the donor vessels. The graft from a 64-year-old woman who had circulatory death was discarded because of potential decreased perfusion of the lobe and risk of thrombosis extending to the main hepatic artery after transplant. The graft from a 68-year-old woman donor who had brain death was used successfully as a reduced-size liver graft that included the caudate lobe. In summary, donor grafts that have hepatic artery thrombosis may or may not be used in transplant, depending on the cause of donor death, graft quality, and anatomic location of donor hepatic artery thrombosis.