Analysis of bacterioplankton genes in an impaired Great Lakes harbour reveals seasonal metabolic shifts and a previously undetected cyanobacterium.

Hamilton Harbour is an impaired embayment of Lake Ontario that experiences seasonal algal blooms despite decades of remedial efforts. To study the harbour's cyanobacterial and heterotrophic bacterial communities, we extracted and sequenced community DNA from surface water samples collected biweekly from different sites during summer and fall. Assembled contigs were annotated at the phylum level, and Cyanobacteria were further characterized at order and species levels. Actinobacteria were most abundant in early summer, while Cyanobacteria were dominant in mid-summer. Microcystis aeruginosa and Limnoraphis robusta were most abundant throughout the sampling period, expanding the documented diversity of Cyanobacteria in Hamilton Harbour. Functional annotations were performed using the MG-RAST pipeline and SEED database, revealing that genes for photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, and aromatic compound metabolism varied in relative abundances over the season, while phosphorus metabolism was consistent, suggesting that these genes remained essential despite fluctuating environmental conditions and community succession. We observed seasonal shifts from anoxygenic to oxygenic phototrophy, and from ammonia assimilation to nitrogen fixation, coupled with decreasing heterotrophic bacteria and increasing Cyanobacteria relative abundances. Our data contribute important insights into bacterial taxa and functional potentials in Hamilton Harbour, revealing seasonal and spatial dynamics that can be used to inform ongoing remediation efforts.

Automated Data Generation for Raman Spectroscopy Calibrations in Multi-Parallel Mini Bioreactors.

Raman spectroscopy is an analytical technology for the simultaneous measurement of important process parameters, such as concentrations of nutrients, metabolites, and product titer in mammalian cell culture. The majority of published Raman studies have concentrated on using the technique for the monitoring and control of bioreactors at pilot and manufacturing scales. This research presents a novel approach to generating Raman models using a high-throughput 250 mL mini bioreactor system with the following two integrated analysis modules: a prototype flow cell enabling on-line Raman measurements and a bioanalyzer to generate reference measurements without a significant time-shift, compared to the corresponding Raman measurement. Therefore, spectral variations could directly be correlated with the actual analyte concentrations to build reliable models. Using a design of experiments (DoE) approach and additional spiked samples, the optimized workflow resulted in robust Raman models for glucose, lactate, glutamine, glutamate and titer in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures producing monoclonal antibodies (mAb). The setup presented in this paper enables the generation of reliable Raman models that can be deployed to predict analyte concentrations, thereby facilitating real-time monitoring and control of biologics manufacturing.

Analysis of Different Size Fractions Provides a More Complete Perspective of Viral Diversity in a Freshwater Embayment.

Inspired by recent discoveries of the prevalence of large viruses in the environment, we reassessed the longstanding approach of filtering water through small-pore-size filters to separate viruses from cells before metagenomic analysis. We collected samples from three sites in Hamilton Harbour, an embayment of Lake Ontario, and studied 6 data sets derived from <0.45-µm- and >0.45-µm-size fractions to compare the diversity of viruses in these fractions. At the level of virus order/family, we observed highly diverse and distinct virus communities in the >0.45-µm-size fractions, whereas the <0.45-µm-size fractions were composed primarily of Caudovirales The relative abundances of Caudovirales for which hosts could be inferred varied widely between size fractions, with higher relative abundances of cyanophages in the >0.45-µm-size fractions, potentially indicating replication within cells during ongoing infections. Many viruses of eukaryotes, such as Mimiviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Iridoviridae, and Poxviridae, were detected exclusively in the often-disregarded >0.45-µm-size fractions. In addition to observing unique virus communities associated with each size fraction from every site we examined, we detected viruses common to both fractions, suggesting that these are candidates for further exploration because they could be the product of ongoing or recent lytic events. Most importantly, our observations indicate that analysis of either fraction alone provides only a partial perspective of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses in the environment, highlighting the need for more comprehensive approaches for analyzing virus communities inferred from metagenomic sequencing.IMPORTANCE Most studies of aquatic virus communities analyze DNA sequences derived from the smaller-size "free-virus" fraction. Our study demonstrates that analysis of virus communities using only the smaller-size fraction can lead to erroneously low diversity estimates for many of the larger viruses such as Mimiviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Iridoviridae, and Poxviridae, whereas analyzing only the larger->0.45-µm-size fraction can lead to underestimates of Caudovirales diversity and relative abundance. Similarly, our data show that examining only the smaller-size fraction can lead to underestimations of virophage and cyanophage relative abundances that could, in turn, cause researchers to assume their limited ecological importance. Given the considerable differences we observed in this study, we recommend cautious interpretations of environmental virus community assemblages and dynamics when based on metagenomic data derived from different size fractions.

Diversity of Viruses Infecting Eukaryotic Algae.

Algae are photosynthetic organisms that drive aquatic ecosystems, e.g. fuelling food webs or forming harmful blooms. The discovery of viruses that infect eukaryotic algae has raised many questions about their influence on aquatic primary production and their role in algal ecology and evolution. Although the full extent of algal virus diversity is still being discovered, this review summarizes current knowledge of this topic. Where possible, formal taxonomic classifications are referenced from the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV); since the pace of virus discovery has far surpassed the rate of formal classification, however, numerous unclassified viruses are discussed along with their classified relatives. In total, we recognized 61 distinct algal virus taxa with highly variable morphologies that include dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, and ssRNA genomes ranging from approximately 4.4 to 560 kb, with virion sizes from approximately 20 to 210nm in diameter. These viruses infect a broad range of algae and, although there are a few exceptions, they are generally lytic and highly species or strain specific. Dedicated research efforts have led to the appreciation of algal viruses as diverse, dynamic, and ecologically important members of the biosphere, and future investigations will continue to reveal the full extent of their diversity and impact.

Environmental DNA from multiple pathogens is elevated near active Atlantic salmon farms.

The spread of infection from reservoir host populations is a key mechanism for disease emergence and extinction risk and is a management concern for salmon aquaculture and fisheries. Using a quantitative environmental DNA methodology, we assessed pathogen environmental DNA in relation to salmon farms in coastal British Columbia, Canada, by testing for 39 species of salmon pathogens (viral, bacterial, and eukaryotic) in 134 marine environmental samples at 58 salmon farm sites (both active and inactive) over 3 years. Environmental DNA from 22 pathogen species was detected 496 times and species varied in their occurrence among years and sites, likely reflecting variation in environmental factors, other native host species, and strength of association with domesticated Atlantic salmon. Overall, we found that the probability of detecting pathogen environmental DNA (eDNA) was 2.72 (95% CI: 1.48, 5.02) times higher at active versus inactive salmon farm sites and 1.76 (95% CI: 1.28, 2.42) times higher per standard deviation increase in domesticated Atlantic salmon eDNA concentration at a site. If the distribution of pathogen eDNA accurately reflects the distribution of viable pathogens, our findings suggest that salmon farms serve as a potential reservoir for a number of infectious agents; thereby elevating the risk of exposure for wild salmon and other fish species that share the marine environment.

A specialist, second-tier response to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: setting up TOPCAT2.

BACKGROUND: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is the most common, immediately life-threatening, medical emergency faced by ambulance crews. Survival from OHCA is largely dependent on quality of prehospital resuscitation. Non-technical skills, including resuscitation team leadership, communication and clinical decision-making are important in providing high quality prehospital resuscitation. We describe a pilot study (TOPCAT2, TC2) to establish a second tier, expert paramedic response to OHCA in Edinburgh, Scotland. METHODS: Eight paramedics were selected to undergo advanced training in resuscitation and non-technical skills. Simulation and video feedback was used during training. The designated TC2 paramedic manned a regular ambulance service response car and attended emergency calls in the usual manner. Emergency medical dispatch centre dispatchers were instructed to call the TC2 paramedic directly on receipt of a possible OHCA call. Call and dispatch timings, quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and return-of-spontaneous circulation were all measured prospectively. RESULTS: Establishing a specialist, second-tier paramedic response was feasible. There was no overall impact on ambulance response times. From the first 40 activations, the TC2 paramedic was activated in a median of 3.2 min (IQR 1.6-5.8) and on-scene in a median of 10.8 min (8.0-17.9). Bimonthly team debrief, case review and training sessions were successfully established. OHCA attended by TC2 showed an additional trend towards improved outcome with a rate of return of spontaneous circulation of 22.5%, compared with a national average of 16%. CONCLUSIONS: Establishing a specialist, second-tier response to OHCA is feasible, without impacting on overall ambulance response times. Improving non-technical skills, including prehospital resuscitation team leadership, has the potential to save lives and further research on the impact of the TOPCAT2 pilot programme is warranted.

Assessing feasibility of proposed extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation programmes for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Scotland via geospatial modelling.

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) can improve survival for refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We sought to assess the feasibility of a proposed ECPR programme in Scotland, considering both in-hospital and pre-hospital implementation scenarios. METHODS: We included treated OHCAs in Scotland aged 16-70 between August 2018 and March 2022. We defined those clinically eligible for ECPR as patients where the initial rhythm was ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, or pulseless electrical activity, and where pre-hospital return of spontaneous circulation was not achieved. We computed the call-to-ECPR access time interval as the amount of time from emergency medical service (EMS) call reception to either arrival at an ECPR-ready hospital or arrival of a pre-hospital ECPR crew. We determined the number of patients that had access to ECPR within 45 min, and estimated the number of additional survivors as a result. RESULTS: A total of 6,639 OHCAs were included in the geospatial modelling, 1,406 of which were eligible for ECPR. Depending on the implementation scenario, 52.9-112.6 (13.8-29.4%) OHCAs per year had a call-to-ECPR access time within 45 min, with pre-hospital implementation scenarios having greater and earlier access to ECPR for OHCA patients. We further estimated that an ECPR programme in Scotland would yield 11.8-28.2 additional survivors per year, with the pre-hospital implementation scenarios yielding higher numbers. CONCLUSION: An ECPR programme for OHCA in Scotland could provide access to ECPR to a modest number of eligible OHCA patients, with pre-hospital ECPR implementation scenarios yielding higher access to ECPR and higher numbers of additional survivors.

A Clinically-Reasoned Approach to Manual Therapy in Sports Physical Therapy.

Symptom modification techniques have been recently dichotomously labeled as either passive or active therapies. Active therapy such as exercise has been rightfully advocated for while "passive" therapies, mainly manual therapy have been regarded as low value within the physical therapy treatment spectrum. In sporting environments where physical activity and exercise are inherent to the athletic experience, the utilization of exercise-only strategies to manage pain and injury can be challenging when considering the demands and qualities of a sporting career which include chronically high internal and external workloads. Participation may be impacted by pain and its influence on related factors such as training and competition performance, career length, financial earning potential, educational opportunity, social pressures, influence of family, friends, and other key stakeholders of their athletic activity. Though highly polarizing viewpoints regarding different therapies create black and white "sides," a pragmatic gray area regarding manual therapy exists in which proper clinical reasoning can serve to improve athlete pain and injury management. This gray area includes both historic positive reported short-term outcomes and negative historical biomechanical underpinnings that have created unfounded dogma and inappropriate overutilization. Applying symptom modification strategies to safely allow the continuation of sport and exercise requires critical thinking utilizing not only the evidence-base, but also the multi-factorial nature of sports participation and pain management. Given the risks associated with pharmacological pain management, the cost of passive modalities like biophysical agents (electrical stimulation, photobiomodulation, ultrasound, etc), and the indications from the evidence-base when combined with active therapies, manual therapy can be a safe and effective treatment strategy to keep athletes active. Level of Evidence: 5.

The ecology of viruses that infect eukaryotic algae.

Because viruses of eukaryotic algae are incredibly diverse, sweeping generalizations about their ecology are rare. These obligate parasites infect a range of algae and their diversity can be illustrated by considering that isolates range from small particles with ssRNA genomes to much larger particles with 560 kb dsDNA genomes. Molecular research has also provided clues about the extent of their diversity especially considering that genetic signatures of algal viruses in the environment rarely match cultivated viruses. One general concept in algal virus ecology that has emerged is that algal viruses are very host specific and most infect only certain strains of their hosts; with the exception of viruses of brown algae, evidence for interspecies infectivity is lacking. Although some host-virus systems behave with boom-bust oscillations, complex patterns of intraspecies infectivity can lead to host-virus coexistence obfuscating the role of viruses in host population dynamics. Within the framework of population dynamics, host density dependence is an important phenomenon that influences virus abundances in nature. Variable burst sizes of different viruses also influence their abundances and permit speculations about different life strategies, but as exceptions are common in algal virus ecology, life strategy generalizations may not be broadly applicable. Gaps in knowledge of virus seasonality and persistence are beginning to close and investigations of environmental reservoirs and virus resilience may answer questions about virus inter-annual recurrences. Studies of algal mortality have shown that viruses are often important agents of mortality reinforcing notions about their ecological relevance, while observations of the surprising ways viruses interact with their hosts highlight the immaturity of our understanding. Considering that just two decades ago algal viruses were hardly acknowledged, recent progress affords the optimistic perspective that future studies will provide keys to unlocking our understanding of algal virus ecology specifically, and aquatic ecosystems generally.

Contrasting community versus population-based estimates of grazing and virus-induced mortality of phytoplankton.

In this study, grazing and virus-induced mortality of phytoplankton was investigated in a freshwater pond at the University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada, during September 2009. The modified dilution assay, which partitions phytoplankton mortality into virus and grazing-induced fractions, was used along with newly designed, taxon-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays that target psbA gene fragments to estimate growth and mortality rates for both the entire phytoplankton community and four distinct phytoplankton populations. Community mortality was estimated via fluorometric determination of chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations, whereas the relative mortality of individual phytoplankton populations was estimated via qPCR. The sources and amounts of mortality for individual phytoplankton populations differed from those of the whole community, as well as from each other. Grazing was found to be the only significant source of mortality for the community (0.32 day(-1)), and the Prymnesiales (1.65 day(-1)) and Chroococcales (2.79 day(-1)) populations studied. On the other hand, the Chlamydomonadales population examined experienced both significant grazing (1.01 day(-1)) and viral lysis (0.96 day(-1)), while the Chlorellales population only experienced significant mortality as a result of viral lysis (1.38 day(-1)). Our results demonstrate that the combination of qPCR and the modified dilution method can be used to estimate both viral lysis and grazing pressure on several individual phytoplankton populations within a community simultaneously. Further, previously noted limitations of the modified dilution method associated with the dilution of specific phytoplankton populations at low abundances can be overcome with the qPCR-based approach. Most importantly, this study demonstrates that when used alone, whole community-based methods of assessing mortality can overlook valuable information about carbon flow in aquatic microbial food webs.

Physiological characterization and light response of the CO2-concentrating mechanism in the filamentous cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. CPCC 696.

We studied the interactions of the CO(2)-concentrating mechanism and variable light in the filamentous cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. CPCC 696 acclimated to low light (15 µmol m(-2) s(-1) PPFD) and low inorganic carbon (50 µM Ci). Mass spectrometric and polarographic analysis revealed that mediated CO(2) uptake along with both active Na(+)-independent and Na(+)-dependent HCO(3)(-) transport, likely through Na(+)/HCO(3)(-) symport, were employed to concentrate Ci internally. Combined transport of CO(2) and HCO(3)(-) required about 30 kJ mol(-1) of energy from photosynthetic electron transport to support an intracellular Ci accumulation 550-fold greater than the external Ci. Initially, Leptolyngbya rapidly induced oxygen evolution and Ci transport to reach 40-50% of maximum values by 50 µmol m(-2) s(-1) PPFD. Thereafter, photosynthesis and Ci transport increased gradually to saturation around 1,800 µmol m(-2) s(-1) PPFD. Leptolyngbya showed a low intrinsic susceptibility to photoinhibition of oxygen evolution up to PPFD of 3,000 µmol m(-2) s(-1). Intracellular Ci accumulation showed a lag under low light but then peaked at about 500 µmol photons m(-2) s(-1) and remained high thereafter. Ci influx was accompanied by a simultaneous, light-dependent, outward flux of CO(2) and by internal CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) cycling. The high-affinity and high-capacity CCM of Leptolyngbya responded dynamically to fluctuating PPFD and used excitation energy in excess of the needs of CO(2) fixation by increasing Ci transport, accumulation and Ci cycling. This capacity may allow Leptolyngbya to tolerate periodic exposure to excess high light by consuming electron equivalents and keeping PSII open.

Hip and Groin Injury Prevention in Elite Athletes and Team Sport - Current Challenges and Opportunities.

Hip and groin injury (HAGI) has been reported as a source of significant time loss in elite sport. Field and court-based sports such as basketball, football, hockey, soccer, among others, require explosive multiplanar movement in single stance and high-speed change of direction. Often situations arise where sub-optimal pre-season training has occurred or congested in-season competition minimizes physiologic recovery periods between bouts of physical activity, both of which could magnify concomitant existing risk factors and increase injury risk. Identification and management of HAGI can be challenging as numerous structures within the region can be drivers of pain and injury, especially when considering the likelihood of concurrent pathology and injury reoccurrence. Focused prevention strategies have been suggested, but their practical clinical implementation has not been heavily investigated across the sporting spectrum. The purpose of this commentary is to review the historical and current state of HAGI, while focusing on applying evidence and clinical experience towards the development of future risk reduction strategies. Level of evidence: 5.

THE GAP BETWEEN RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE FOR INJURY PREVENTION IN ELITE SPORT: A CLINICAL COMMENTARY.

As clinicians strive to apply evidence-based principles, team-based practitioners have identified a large gap as it relates to published research, ideal applications of evidence-based practice, and actual clinical practice related to injury prevention in elite sport within the United States. For rehabilitation professionals, especially those intimately involved in the research of injury prevention, the solution often seems quite clear and defined. However, preventing injury by implementing the latest recommendation from the most recent prospective study on the using the FIFA 11 + warm-up, a Copenhagen Adduction exercise, or a plyometric drill with elite athletes may not be as effective as was seen among the cohort used in the study. In addition to extrapolating research, clinicians face additional challenges such as variance among professions, schedule density, and off-season contacts with athletes. There is an inherent difficulty in the application of research to practice in elite sport as it relies on the teamwork of not only the practitioner and athlete, but the entire sporting organizational structure and those involved in athlete participation. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to explore the difficulty with application of research in clinical practice and to discuss potential strategies for improving carry over from research to clinical practice.

Specific quantification of Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris in mixed-species algal biofilms.

Two TaqMan® qPCR assays were developed to specifically quantify the absolute abundance of Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris in mixed-species algal biofilms by targeting the psbA gene. Standard curves were developed with amplification efficiencies of 92.4% and 96.6% for S. obliquus and C. vulgaris, respectively, and an R2 value of 0.99 for both. Calibration curves for estimating absolute cell abundances resulted in slopes of 0.98 and 1.11 for C. vulgaris and S. obliquus, respectively, and an R2 value of 0.95 for both. The assays were applied to cultivated mixed-species biofilms and approximately 107 cells of each algal species were quantified when 107 cells were added into biofilms. The developed qPCR assays were concluded to be specific and accurate for the quantification of S. obliquus and C. vulgaris in mixed-species biofilms. This will contribute to the control and optimization of algal cultivation systems for the production of algal biofuels and bioproducts.

The human ACC2 CT-domain C-terminus is required for full functionality and has a novel twist.

Inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) may prevent lipid-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, making the enzyme an attractive pharmaceutical target. Although the enzyme is highly conserved amongst animals, only the yeast enzyme structure is available for rational drug design. The use of biophysical assays has permitted the identification of a specific C-terminal truncation of the 826-residue human ACC2 carboxyl transferase (CT) domain that is both functionally competent to bind inhibitors and crystallizes in their presence. This C-terminal truncation led to the determination of the human ACC2 CT domain-CP-640186 complex crystal structure, which revealed distinctions from the yeast-enzyme complex. The human ACC2 CT-domain C-terminus is comprised of three intertwined alpha-helices that extend outwards from the enzyme on the opposite side to the ligand-binding site. Differences in the observed inhibitor conformation between the yeast and human structures are caused by differing residues in the binding pocket.

Quantitative PCR reveals transient and persistent algal viruses in Lake Ontario, Canada.

To determine if different algal viruses (Phycodnaviridae) share common patterns of seasonal abundance, quantitative PCR methods were developed and applied to monitor the abundances of three different viruses in Lake Ontario, Canada over 13 months. Throughout the year, the abundances of two different phycodnavirus polB gene fragments (LO1b-49 and LO1a-68) varied by more than two orders of magnitude, peaked during the autumn months, and were lowest during the summer. The seasonal abundance patterns of these two virus genes were similar and both were detected in almost every sample, but LO1b-49 was consistently an order of magnitude more abundant than LO1a-68. LO1b-49 reached a maximum abundance of 5413 +/- 312 genes ml(-1), whereas LO1a-68's abundance peaked at only 881 +/- 113 genes ml(-1). Another phycodnavirus polB fragment that was monitored (LO1b-16) was detected in only a few samples, but reached a higher maximum concentration (6771 +/- 879 genes ml(-1)) than either LO1b-49 or LO1a-68. The results of this year-long investigation of virus gene abundances suggests that Lake Ontario's phycodnavirus community is composed of persistent viruses detectable throughout the year and transient viruses present in only a few sporadic samples. The results also suggest that some persistent algal viruses are able to survive at relatively low abundances through several seasons.

Metagenomic Analysis of Virus Diversity and Relative Abundance in a Eutrophic Freshwater Harbour.

Aquatic viruses have been extensively studied over the past decade, yet fundamental aspects of freshwater virus communities remain poorly described. Our goal was to characterize virus communities captured in the >0.22 µm size-fraction seasonally and spatially in a freshwater harbour. Community DNA was extracted from water samples and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq platform. Assembled contigs were annotated as belonging to the virus groups (i.e., order or family) Caudovirales, Mimiviridae, Phycodnaviridae, and virophages (Lavidaviridae), or to other groups of undefined viruses. Virophages were often the most abundant group, and discrete virophage taxa were remarkably stable across sites and dates despite fluctuations in Mimiviridae community composition. Diverse Mimiviridae contigs were detected in the samples and the two sites contained distinct Mimiviridae communities, suggesting that Mimiviridae are important algal viruses in this system. Caudovirales and Phycodnaviridae were present at low abundances in most samples. Of the 18 environmental parameters tested, only chlorophyll a explained the variation in the data at the order or family level of classification. Overall, our findings provide insight into freshwater virus community assemblages by expanding the documented diversity of freshwater virus communities, highlighting the potential ecological importance of virophages, and revealing distinct communities over small spatial scales.

Genome and Environmental Activity of a Chrysochromulina parva Virus and Its Virophages.

Some giant viruses are ecological agents that are predicted to be involved in the top-down control of single-celled eukaryotic algae populations in aquatic ecosystems. Despite an increased interest in giant viruses since the discovery and characterization of Mimivirus and other viral giants, little is known about their physiology and ecology. In this study, we characterized the genome and functional potential of a giant virus that infects the freshwater haptophyte Chrysochromulina parva, originally isolated from Lake Ontario. This virus, CpV-BQ2, is a member of the nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV) group and possesses a 437 kb genome encoding 503 ORFs with a GC content of 25%. Phylogenetic analyses of core NCLDV genes place CpV-BQ2 amongst the emerging group of algae-infecting Mimiviruses informally referred to as the "extended Mimiviridae," making it the first virus of this group to be isolated from a freshwater ecosystem. During genome analyses, we also captured and described the genomes of three distinct virophages that co-occurred with CpV-BQ2 and likely exploit CpV for their own replication. These virophages belong to the polinton-like viruses (PLV) group and encompass 19-23 predicted genes, including all of the core PLV genes as well as several genes implicated in genome modifications. We used the CpV-BQ2 and virophage reference sequences to recruit reads from available environmental metatranscriptomic data to estimate their activity in fresh waters. We observed moderate recruitment of both virus and virophage transcripts in samples obtained during Microcystis aeruginosa blooms in Lake Erie and Lake Tai, China in 2013, with a spike in activity in one sample. Virophage transcript abundance for two of the three isolates strongly correlated with that of the CpV-BQ2. Together, the results highlight the importance of giant viruses in the environment and establish a foundation for future research on the physiology and ecology CpV-BQ2 as a model system for algal Mimivirus dynamics in freshwaters.

Corrigendum: Genome and Environmental Activity of a Chrysochromulina parva Virus and Its Virophages.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00703.].