Management of Gynecologic Cancer During COVID-19 Pandemic: South Asian Perspective.

Management of gynecological cancers has suffered during the pandemic, partly due to lockdown and partly due to directing resources to manage COVID-19 patients. Modification of gynecological cancer management during this pandemic is recommended. Cervical cancer patients who present with stage IA1 disease can have a delay of up to 8 weeks for surgical treatment, considering the slow tumor growth rate. Women with stages IA2, IB1, IB2, IIA1 must undergo radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy within 6 to 8 weeks. In areas where surgical treatment is not available, patients should be referred for radiation therapy/areas with adequate surgical expertise. The surgical option is attractive for early cancers during the COVID era, as it involves a single visit compared to the multiple visits required for chemoradiation. The value of lymph node staging needs to be reconsidered. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy should be given preference over primary cytoreductive surgery for advanced ovarian cancers. Surgeries, which demand extended surgical time such as Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy and pelvic exenterations, should be avoided during this pandemic. For patients scheduled for interval surgery after two or three neoadjuvant cycles, six cycles of chemotherapy should be considered before surgery is performed. For early-stage, low-grade endometrial cancer, consideration should be given to medical management until surgery is possible. The above recommendations have been made keeping in mind the geography, patient load, and availability of resources available to health care providers from southeast Asia. They might not be applicable globally and every practitioner should take call regarding patient's management as per availability of resources and loco-regional circumstances. The implementation of recommended international guidelines for the management of gynecologic cancers should take precedence. Each modification to the standard approach should be approved by a multidisciplinary team depending on the condition of the patients and the locoregional circumstances.

Clinical Course of Chronic Pancreatitis During Pregnancy and its Effect on Maternal and Fetal Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: There are limited data on the effect of chronic pancreatitis (CP) on pregnancy outcomes and vice versa. Our aim was to evaluate the clinical trajectory of CP during pregnancy and its effect on pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: All female patients of child-bearing age (≥15 years) diagnosed with CP were studied from January 2004 to July 2019. The change in frequency of painful episodes was assessed before, during, and after pregnancy. Maternal and fetal outcomes were compared between pregnant women (early onset) and women presenting with CP after completion of all pregnancies (late onset). RESULTS: Of 187 women with CP, pregnancy outcomes and clinical course were assessed in 99 patients. The frequency of painful exacerbations was significantly lower during pregnancy compared with prepregnancy and postpregnancy periods (P < 0.001). The median pain score decreased significantly to 0 (0-2) during pregnancy from 3 (0-6) before conception and increased to 4 (0-8) after pregnancy (P = 0.002). Women with early onset CP (n = 57) had their first child later and had fewer pregnancies compared with those with late onset CP (n = 42). There was no difference in maternal outcomes such as gestational diabetes, hypertension, and preterm delivery, and fetal outcomes such as abortion, low birth weight, and still birth between the groups. There was no reported congenital anomaly. DISCUSSION: Younger patients with CP had later and fewer pregnancies, but there was no increased risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. The clinical course of CP was usually benign during pregnancy with decreased frequency and severity of pain.

Equivalent Survival of p53 Mutated Endometrial Endometrioid Carcinoma Grade 3 and Endometrial Serous Carcinoma.

TP53 status is the most important prognostic biomarker in endometrial carcinoma. We asked the question whether p53 mutated endometrial endometrioid carcinomas grade 3 (EEC3) or endometrial serous carcinomas (ESC), the latter ubiquitously harboring TP53 mutation, have different outcomes. TP53 mutation status was assessed by surrogate p53 immunohistochemistry on 326 EEC3 and ESC from 2 major cancer centers in Canada. Mutant-type p53 expression, including overexpression, complete absence, or cytoplasmic expression, was distinguished from the wild-type pattern. Statistical associations with clinico-pathological parameter, other key biomarkers, and survival analyses were performed. P53 mutant-type immunohistochemistry was observed in all 126 ESC and in 47/200 (23.5%) EEC3. ESC and p53 mutated EEC3 had an unfavorable outcome compared with p53 wild-type EEC3 (hazard ratio=2.37, 95% confidence interval=1.48-3.80, P=0.003, hazard ratio=2.19, 95% confidence interval=1.16-4.12, P=0.016, respectively) in multivariable analyses adjusted for age, stage, center, and presence of lymph-vascular invasion. There was no significant difference in survival between ESC and p53 mutated EEC3 in multivariable analysis. Furthermore, p53 mutated EEC3 and ESC almost completely overlapped in univariate survival analysis when mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient cases were excluded, which suggests that EEC3 harboring combined MMR deficiency and TP53 mutations behave more according to the MMR status. Significant differences between p53 mutated MMR-proficient EEC3 and ESC in PTEN and p16 expression status remained. p53 mutated, MMR-proficient EEC3 and ESC have overlapping survival significantly different from p53 wild-type EEC3, which justifies a similar treatment with current non-targeted standard therapy. Although this is so, separate classification should continue due to biological differences that will become important for future targeted therapy.

Venous Thromboembolism in Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Advanced Ovarian Cancer and Impact on Survival.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with ovarian cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), identify risk factors for VTE, and assess the effect of VTE on treatment trajectory and overall survival. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer treated with NACT between 2013 to 2016 in Alberta, Canada. The primary outcome was incidence of VTE during NACT. Secondary outcomes were risk factors for VTE and overall survival. Data related to patient demographics, cancer treatment, and incidence of VTE were collected. Statistical analyses included Kaplan-Meier estimates and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 284 patients were included in this study. Average age at diagnosis was 63.8 years. The incidence of VTE during NACT was 13.3%. Patients with VTE were less likely to undergo interval debulking surgery (58.3%) than patients without VTE (78.6%). Kaplan-Meier estimates demonstrated a decrease in overall survival in patients who had VTE during NACT (15.0 mo; 95% CI 14.5-16.5) compared with patients who did not (26.8 mo; 95% CI 22.8-30.9) (P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis identified albumin <35 g/L, BMI >30 kg/m2, and non-serous histology as risk factors for VTE. CONCLUSION: The risk of VTE in this cohort was 13.3%, which was associated with decreased overall survival. These findings suggest that thromboprophylaxis may have a role in this patient population.

Patient-Reported Symptom Burden Near the End of Life in Patients With Gynaecologic Cancers.

OBJECTIVE: There are limited data on patient-reported outcomes near the end of life in patients with gynaecologic cancers. This study aimed to assess the symptom burden in the last 6 months of life in a real-world cohort. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with metastatic gynaecologic malignancies from 2016 to 2019 who completed the revised Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESASr) questionnaire within 6 months of death in a large Canadian province were identified. Patient-reported symptom scores were categorized as none to mild (0-3) and moderate to severe (4-10). Individual symptoms were subsequently grouped into physical, psychological, and total subscores. The severity of symptoms was further analyzed for any associations with age, time to death, and primary tumour site (ovarian vs. uterocervical and vulvovaginal). RESULTS: We identified 107 patients with gynaecologic malignancies including 59 ovarian, 29 uterocervical, and 19 vulvovaginal cancers. The median ages at diagnosis and questionnaire completion were 64 and 65 years, respectively. The median time from completing the ESASr questionnaire to death was 65 days. Overall, physical and psychological symptoms were moderate to severe in 57.9% and 40.2% of patients, respectively. Among the individual symptoms, tiredness was the most commonly reported moderate to severe symptom (74.9%), while shortness of breath was least commonly reported (31.6%). While physical (P < 0.001) and total symptom (P = 0.009) subscores were more likely to be moderate to severe in intensity as death approached, the psychological subscore (P = 0.744) had no relationship with time to death. Longer time to death was predictive of lower physical (P = 0.002) and total symptom (P = 0.002) subscores, while a primary uterocervical cancer site was associated with a lower psychological symptom subscore (P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: In the real-world setting, unique symptom trajectories can emerge for patients with gynaecologic cancer near the end of life. Knowledge of these specific symptom patterns can help inform the development and delivery of targeted palliative interventions to improve quality of life for these patients.

Factors Affecting Overall Survival in Premenopausal Women With Uterine Leiomyosarcoma: A Retrospective Analysis With Long-Term Follow-Up.

OBJECTIVE: Premenopausal women with uterine leiomyosarcoma experience different issues than menopausal women with this malignancy. This study evaluated the clinical profile and factors affecting survival outcomes in premenopausal women with uterine leiomyosarcoma. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma, diagnosed between January 2008 and December 2016. Data were collected from the Alberta Cancer Registry, which reflects all patients in the province. Thirty-eight patients were included in the study, of whom 21 were alive on the last date of review (31 December, 2019). RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 86 months. Mean patient age was 44.6 ± 5.7 years. The 5-year survival rate was 34.2%; 45% of patients presented with stage I or II disease and 55%, with stage III or IV. There was no clinical suspicion of malignancy prior to surgery in about 60% of cases. Ovarian preservation was performed in about 34% of cases. Forty-five percent of patients had received chemotherapy and 26%, radiotherapy. Almost 90% had unspecified leiomyosarcoma. Univariate analysis of factors likely to affect overall survival showed that older age at diagnosis (HR 1.19; 95% CI 1.05-1.34, P = 0.005), lymphovascular invasion (HR 9.81; 95% CI 2.88-33.51, P = 0.00), and no radiation therapy (HR 2.60; 95% CI 0.99-6.87, P = 0.05) were associated with worse overall survival. A multivariate analysis of these risk factors showed only lymphovascular invasion of the tumour to be a significant risk factor affecting overall survival. (HR 18.07; 95% CI 4.23-77.15, P =0.00). CONCLUSION: Multivariate analysis showed lymphovascular invasion of tumour to be a significant risk factor affecting overall survival in premenopausal women with uterine leiomyosarcoma. Ovarian preservation, lymph node positivity, age, treatment strategy, hormone receptor status, and grade of tumour were not found out to be significant prognostic variables.

Massive spontaneous intraperitoneal hemorrhage in a young female with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura masquerading as ruptured ovarian cyst: successful nonsurgical management of this rare catastrophic event.

Chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura has mild bleeding manifestations and severe bleeding requiring hospitalization is rare. We are reporting a case of a 19-year-old girl with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura who presented with spontaneous massive hemoperitoneum without any identifiable source of hemorrhage. We chose nonsurgical treatment over laparotomy, and the patient was managed successfully with parenteral steroids and platelet transfusion. In young women presenting with massive hemoperitoneum, undiagnosed immune thrombocytopenia should be considered as an etiology. In absence of any identifiable source of hemoperitoneum, these patients may not require laparotomy and treatment with intravenous corticosteroid and platelet transfusions may be preferrable and lifesaving.

Medical, Administrative, Financial, and Social Challenges in the Management of a Case of Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus Caused by a Rare Alloantibody in a Low-Resource Setting.

Antibodies to high-frequency antigens are rarely implicated in cases of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), yet they pose a challenge to both clinical staff and transfusion medicine, especially with the identification of the implicating antibody and the arrangement of compatible blood for intrauterine transfusion. Here we report one such interesting case of HDFN caused by an alloantibody to a high-frequency antigen belonging to the Rhesus (Rh) blood group system. The patient presented at the 19th week with Rh-isoimmunized pregnancy. She received six intrauterine transfusions (IUTs) at different intervals during the antenatal period. Arranging the blood of this rare blood group required great efforts from hospital administration, clinicians, and social workers. At 31 weeks, the fetus developed a non-reassuring non-stress test (NST). Hence, the baby was delivered by cesarean section. The baby fared well in the neonatal period. With great efforts and support from social health workers, the Japanese Red Cross society, the administration, and non-government organizations, the impossible became possible.

"TB - Mindedness"-the only way to beat "the great mimicker": A case series with atypical presentation of female genital tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: Incidence of Tuberculosis (TB) cases in India reported in 2019 is 193 per 1 lakh population [National Tuberculosis Elimination Plan (NTEP)]. In India, annual extra pulmonary TB burden is 20-25%, of which 4% of cases are of urogenital origin (Revised National TB Control Programme, 2019; World Health Organization, 2019). The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has made a target of eliminating tuberculosis by 2025 under the NTEP by the process of identification, notification and treatment of cases. Tuberculosis being a leading cause of infertility in developing countries, employing best clinical practices and being "TB-minded" will also save the patient of enormous anxiety and uncertainity and also decrease the time gap between clinical presentation and diagnosis to optimize fertility outcome. METHODOLOGY: A prospective cohort study of cases presenting with unusual findings and ultimately being diagnosed as genital tuberculosis was conducted in the gynaecology OPD, AIIMS, New Delhi, from November 2020 to November 2021 (1 year). Patients were investigated judiciously, diagnosis made and followed up for their response to anti tuberculosis therapy (ATT). RESULTS: This data comprises of conglomerate of ten cases with unconventional exhibition of genital tuberculosis. 70% of the cases presented with pain lower abdomen not specifically related to menstrual cycle and often confused with IBD. Tubo ovarian mass (70%) mimicking as simple ovarian cyst, ovarian carcinoma or endometriosis was the most common clinical finding we came across.

Synoptic Operative Reporting in Cervical Cancer Surgeries: Experience From a Single Oncology Center.

Objective In today's era of highly methodological oncological practices in place, we have a huge database to regulate, and it is foreseeable that a humongous load of information is ahead of us that we need to organize and comprehend. With the advancement in surgical equipment and evolving procedures, we need to store the information in a transferrable, understandable, and systematic way to prevent any ebb in the future. The systematic recording of operative data is even more important for patient management, training, and research. Standardized reporting also helps surgical residents have a better understanding of all aspects of the procedure. This study aims to analyze the synoptic operative reporting in cervical cancer patients from December 2009 to February 2020 in a single tertiary care center dedicated to providing oncology services to patients. This study will analyze the understandability, volume, and ease of transference of data during the given time period. Methodology The Alberta Cancer Registry was contacted to obtain data from the synoptic operative reports. Synoptic Operative Reports of all the patients operated on cervical cancer from December 2009 to February 2020. Results The data were obtained for 574 patients. As many as 463 patients were operated on for stage 1 and 2 cervical cancers and 10 patients for advanced and recurrent cervical cancer. A total of 101 patients were operated on for high-grade cervical dysplasia (HSIL). Adenocarcinoma was the most common histology. Laparotomy was performed in 308 patients, whereas others had laparoscopic procedures. Details of the surgery from the beginning of the incision to closure were recorded. The cervical cancer template consisted of 356 questions. There were separate templates for advanced and early-stage cancer. However, even with the meticulously detailed report, an average of only eight minutes was taken by each user to complete the template. Conclusion The computerized synoptic operative report has an upper hand over the dictated documentation report along with the ease of execution without missing essential substance. Its utility as an educational tool is very promising. Therefore, we encourage other facilities, especially cancer centers, to use synoptic operative reports more extensively not only for cervical cancer surgeries but also for other ones.

Pharmacotherapeutic treatment options for recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Almost 80% of epithelial ovarian cancer present in advanced stage at diagnosis and despite excellent response to surgery and chemotherapy, more than 70% cancers recur. Subsequent therapies become decreasingly effective in controlling the disease, with each successful therapy being effective for a shorter duration. As a result, there is a need for novel therapeutic strategies to effectively treat recurrence. AREAS COVERED: In this extensive literature review of high-quality articles, we have focused on surveillance strategy to detect recurrence early, classification of recurrence based on timeline, role of surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted agents such as anti-angiogenetic drugs, PARP inhibitors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors in platinum-sensitive and platinum-resistant disease, respectively. EXPERT OPINION: Recurrent ovarian cancers (ROC) are represented by a heterogenous group of patient population in terms of platinum-free interval (PFI), histology, molecular characteristics and immune recognition. In today's era of precision medicine, chemotherapy should be combined with appropriate targeted agent in a multipronged approach to prolong survival and provide better quality of life outcomes by minimizing side effects.

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among first-trimester pregnant women during the second wave of the pandemic in India.

OBJECTIVE: Data on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy are lacking and the potential role and effect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in pregnancy is yet to be completely investigated. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional observational study wherein pregnant women were tested for SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G levels, irrespective of their infective status or presence or symptomatology. RESULT: Of the 220 pregnant women tested, 160 (72.7%) were SARS-CoV-2 IgG positive, 37 (16.8%) were SARS-CoV-2 IgM positive and 27 (16.9%) were both IgG and IgM positive. The average antibody titer found was 10.49 BAU/ml (±14.0) and 0.6 (±0.55) for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM non neutralizing antibodies respectively. ROC analysis for SARS-CoV-2 IgG positivity showed a cut-off value of 1.19 with a sensitivity of 99.3% (0.99 AUC, 95% CI) and specificity of 98.3% (0.99 AUC, 95% CI), respectively. Similarly, ROC analysis for SARS-CoV-2 IgM positivity showed a cut-off value of 1 with a sensitivity of 97.3% (0.99 AUC, 95% CI) and specificity of 98.9% (0.99 AUC, 95% CI), respectively. CONCLUSION: First trimester sero-molecular screening suggests a high prevalence of COVID antibodies in the study population of pregnant women in the first trimester, without the patients being symptomatic.

Comparison of Human Papillomavirus Genotype Detection in Paired Urine and Self-Collected Cervical Swabs: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVES: With the objective of establishing a simple, cost-effective, and effective screening tool for the screening of Human Papilloma Virus infection, the study was undertaken. MATERIAL METHODS: This pilot study was conducted on 20 urine samples of women whose cervical swabs were tested positive while screening for Human papilloma virus in asymptomatic women. RESULTS: HPV genotypes were detected in 94% (16/17) patients in urine samples by real-time PCR while a 100% detection rate (15/15) was observed in the cervical swab samples. The results of the urine and cervical swab samples, tested by the TRUPCR ®HPV high-risk genotyping kit, are shown in Table 2. HPV genotype 68 was found in 82.3% urinary samples and 100% of self-collected vaginal swab samples. Out of 16 positive urine samples, 2 were positive for HPV genotype 16 and 5 were positive for HPV genotype 18, and in cervical swab testing out of 15 positive samples, 3 were positive for HPV genotype 16, and 5 were positive for HPV genotype 18. Diagnostic accuracy of urine was found to be 98.8% (95% CI 79.43% - 100.00%). CONCLUSION: This pilot study aims to assess the accuracy of urine samples in the screening of HPV infection among asymptomatic women and establish the distribution of prevalent HPV genotypes. This may further contribute to standardizing the urine and cervical swab testing methods for cervical cancer screening strategies.

Vaginal Vault Infiltration with Bupivacaine for Postoperative Pain Control after Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: A Randomized control trial.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of local infiltration of anesthetic to the vaginal vault on postoperative pain after total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Materials and Methods: This was a single-center, randomized trial. Women assigned to laparoscopic hysterectomy were randomly divided into two groups. In the intervention group (n = 30), the vaginal cuff was infiltrated with 10 ml of bupivacaine, whereas the control group (n = 30) did not receive local anesthetic infiltration to vaginal vault. The primary outcome measure was to analyze the efficacy of bupivacaine infiltration in the study group by comparing the postoperative pain in both the groups at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h using pain visual analog scale (VAS). The secondary outcome was to measure the need for rescue opioid analgesia. Results: Group I (intervention group) had lesser mean VAS score at 1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th, and 24 h compared to Group II (control group). There was an additional requirement of opioid analgesia for postoperative pain in Group II than in Group I, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Injection of local anesthetic into the vaginal cuff increased the number of women experiencing only minor pain after laparoscopic hysterectomy and decreased postoperative opioid usage and its side effects. Local anesthesia of the vaginal cuff is safe and feasible.

Epidural Analgesia for Pain Management in Acute Pancreatitis during Pregnancy and Its Effect on Maternal and Fetal Outcome.

Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP) during pregnancy is a rare presentation with an estimated incidence of 1 case per 1000 to 10,000 pregnancies. Severe epigastric and abdominal pain is the earliest and the most common symptom of AP, and adequate pain relief is an integral part of patient management. The aim of our study was to investigate the different pain relief modalities that are used in pregnant women with AP and the efficacy of each method used, in terms of better pain relief and maternal-fetal outcomes. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study over a period of 6 years conducted at a tertiary care hospital. Pregnant women with clinical and biochemical diagnoses of acute pancreatitis were included in the study. Patient's history and clinical and biochemical data were collected from the medical records of the hospital. Results: A total of 12 patients were included in the study, 5 out of 12 patients had gall stones associated with AP, 2 patients had hypertriglyceridemia, and 1 each had preeclampsia and eclampsia. Epidural analgesia at the level of L1-L2 spinal level showed a reduction of VAS scores from 8 or 9 to 1 or 2, indicating excellent pain as compared to t intravenous (i/v) infusion of fentanyl or i/v boluses of injection tramadol, in whom VAS was never reduced below 3. With satisfactory results, labour analgesia and anesthesia for caesarean section was provided via the same catheter in 2 and 3 patients, respectively. Maternal and fetal outcomes were comparable in all the patients. Conclusion: AP in pregnancy, when diagnosed early and managed accordingly, leads to better maternal and fetal outcomes. Epidural analgesia was better than intravenous analgesia in terms of pain management and better recovery of acute pancreatitis patients. In these patients, labour analgesia and anesthesia for caesarean section can be provided through the same catheter, making it a potential novel modality in the treatment of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy.

Gynaecological Laparoscopic Surgeries in the Omicron Era: Improvising the Management Skills After Lessons Learnt From the Delta Wave.

Background During the peak of the Omicron wave, elective laparoscopic surgeries were restricted; however, semi-emergency and emergency cases were managed despite the limited resources and manpower. We conducted this study to assess the types of gynaecological laparoscopic surgeries performed, the difficulties faced during the Omicron wave, and how we could implement the lessons learnt from the previous Delta wave for better management of gynaecological cases in the Omicron wave. Methodology We conducted a prospective cohort study over a period of three months involving 105 patients who underwent laparoscopic surgeries. Based on the decision regarding surgical incision time, the surgeries were sub-classified into immediate, urgent, and expedited. The surgical outcome and satisfaction rates among the patients were assessed through various parameters. Results Most of the women (81.9%) were pre-menopausal. Diabetes and chronic hypertension were the predominant medical co-morbidities. Three patients had a history of cardiac valve replacement which required switching warfarin to unfractionated heparin in the pre-operative period. Nearly three-fourthsof the study patients were doubly vaccinated against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (77; 73.4%). A total of 14 (13.3%) patients had a history of COVID-19 infection in the past two weeks prior to the current admission. Immediate, urgent, and expedited surgeries comprised 11.4%, 22.8%, and 65.8% of total surgeries, respectively. On assessing the ease of pre-operative preparation according to the five-point Likert scale, immediate, urgent, and expedited surgeries were rated with a mean score of two, four, and five, respectively. The mean duration of surgery in the immediate and urgent groups was 37.6 and 44.2 minutes, respectively. The expedited group comprising mostly laparoscopic myomectomies and hysterectomies required an average duration of 92.6 minutes. The mean rating of patient satisfaction measured by the Likert scale was four, five, and five, respectively, in the three subgroups. Pre-operative patient preparation during the Omicron wave was faster, thereby decreasing the decision to incision interval compared to the Delta wave. Conclusions The lessons learnt from the previous Delta wave were used to modify the existing hospital policies in the Omicron wave. More number of vaccinated ground staff, less stringent intubation and extubation protocols during surgery, and lesser duration of post-operative stay helped modify our existing hospital policies for better patient care and satisfaction.

Past, Present, and Future of Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) in Ovarian Cancer.

Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), along with optimal cytoreductive surgery, has been debated to be a viable option for the treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis. HIPEC is associated with a direct and improved penetration of chemotherapy drugs into the affected tissue and is associated with fewer systemic side effects. There is no standard protocol for the use of HIPEC in advanced ovarian cancer. Hence, there is controversy over the timing, dose, duration, and efficacy of HIPEC. In this review, the history, technique, current evidence, recommendations, and future directions of HIPEC are discussed.