American Society of Nephrology Kidney Tutored Research and Education for Kidney Scholars (TREKS) Program: A 10-Year Interim Analysis.

In response to decreasing numbers of individuals entering into nephrology fellowships, the American Society of Nephrology launched Kidney Tutored Research and Education for Kidney Scholars (TREKS) to stimulate interest in nephrology among medical students, graduate students, and postdoctoral fellows. The program combines a 1-week intensive exposure to kidney physiology with a longitudinal mentorship program at the participants' home institutions. Ten years in, an analysis was conducted to assess its effectiveness. We surveyed participants to assess their opinions regarding nephrology before and after the course and followed them longitudinally to determine their career choices. TREKS applicants who were not selected to participate were used as a comparison group. Three hundred eighty-one people participated in the program, and 242 completed the survey. After TREKS, both medical students and graduate students showed increased interest in nephrology, with rank scores of 5.6±0.2 before to 7.5±0.1 after the course for medical students (mean±SD, n =189, P = 0.001) and 7.3±0.3 to 8.7±0.3 ( n =53, P = 0.001) for graduate students. In long-term follow-up, TREKS medical students chose a nephrology pipeline residency at a higher rate than medical students overall (57% versus 31%, P = 0.01) and TREKS applicants who did not participate (47% versus 31%, P = 0.04). Nephrology fellowship rates for these groups exceeded the general population but did not significantly differ between TREKS participants and applicants. Doctor of Philosophy students and postdoctoral TREKS participants had a higher rate of participation in nephrology research compared with TREKS applicants (66% versus 30%, P = 0.01). In summary, the American Society of Nephrology Kidney TREKS program has demonstrated that it can increase interest in nephrology in the short term and increase the number of individuals going into nephrology careers. This long-term effect is most evident in Doctor of Philosophy students and postdoctoral participants. Further study is needed to assess the impact of TREKS on enrollment in nephrology fellowship programs.

A global assessment of kidney care workforce.

BACKGROUND: An adequate workforce is needed to guarantee optimal kidney care. We used the International Society of Nephrology Global Kidney Health Atlas (ISN-GKHA) to provide an assessment of the global kidney care workforce. METHODS: We conducted a multinational cross-sectional survey to evaluate the global capacity of kidney care and assessed data on the number of adult and paediatric nephrologists, the number of trainees in nephrology and shortages of various cadres of the workforce for kidney care. Data are presented according to the ISN region and World Bank income categories. RESULTS: Overall, stakeholders from 167 countries responded to the survey. The median global prevalence of nephrologists was 11.75 per million population (pmp) (interquartile range [IQR] 1.78-24.76). Four regions had median nephrologist prevalences below the global median: Africa (1.12 pmp), South Asia (1.81 pmp), Oceania and Southeast Asia (3.18 pmp) and newly independent states and Russia (9.78 pmp). The overall prevalence of paediatric nephrologists was 0.69 pmp (IQR 0.03-1.78), while overall nephrology trainee prevalence was 1.15 pmp (IQR 0.18-3.81), with significant variations across both regions and World Bank income groups. More than half of the countries reported shortages of transplant surgeons (65%), nephrologists (64%), vascular access coordinators (59%), dialysis nurses (58%) and interventional radiologists (54%), with severe shortages reported in low- and lower-middle-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant limitations in the available kidney care workforce in large parts of the world. To ensure the delivery of optimal kidney care worldwide, it is essential to develop national and international strategies and training capacity to address workforce shortages.

Blood Pressure, Incident Cognitive Impairment, and Severity of CKD: Findings From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Hypertension is a known risk factor for dementia and cognitive impairment. There are limited data on the relation of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with incident cognitive impairment in adults with chronic kidney disease. We sought to identify and characterize the relationship among blood pressure, cognitive impairment, and severity of decreased kidney function in adults with chronic kidney disease. STUDY DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 3,768 participants in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. EXPOSURE: Baseline SBP and DBP were examined as exposure variables, using continuous (linear, per 10-mm Hg higher), categorical (SBP<120 [reference], 120 to 140,>140mm Hg; DBP<70 (reference), 70 to 80, > 80mm Hg) and nonlinear terms (splines). OUTCOME: Incident cognitive impairment defined as a decline in Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) score to greater than 1 standard deviation below the cohort mean. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for demographics as well as kidney disease and cardiovascular disease risk factors. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 58±11 (SD) years, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 44mL/min/1.73m2 ± 15 (SD), and the median follow-up time was 11 (IQR, 7-13) years. In 3,048 participants without cognitive impairment at baseline and with at least 1 follow-up 3MS test, a higher baseline SBP was significantly associated with incident cognitive impairment only in the eGFR>45mL/min/1.73m2 subgroup (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.13 [95% CI, 1.05-1.22] per 10mm Hg higher SBP]. Spline analyses, aimed at exploring nonlinearity, showed that the relationship between baseline SBP and incident cognitive impairment was J-shaped and significant only in the eGFR>45mL/min/1.73m2 subgroup (P=0.02). Baseline DBP was not associated with incident cognitive impairment in any analyses. LIMITATIONS: 3MS test as the primary measure of cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with chronic kidney disease, higher baseline SBP was associated with higher risk of incident cognitive impairment specifically in those individuals with eGFR>45mL/min/1.73m2. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY: High blood pressure is a strong risk factor for dementia and cognitive impairment in studies of adults without kidney disease. High blood pressure and cognitive impairment are common in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The impact of blood pressure on the development of future cognitive impairment in patients with CKD remains unclear. We identified the relationship between blood pressure and cognitive impairment in 3,076 adults with CKD. Baseline blood pressure was measured, after which serial cognitive testing was performed over 11 years. Fourteen percent of participants developed cognitive impairment. We found that a higher baseline systolic blood pressure was associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. We found that this association was stronger in adults with mild-to-moderate CKD compared with those with advanced CKD.

Epidemiology, thrombolytic management, and outcomes of acute stroke among patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The relative frequency of ischaemic versus haemorrhagic stroke among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been clearly described. Moreover, no recent meta-analysis has investigated the outcomes of patients with CKD treated with thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the proportion of stroke subtypes and the outcomes of thrombolysis in CKD. METHODS: A PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane literature research was conducted. The primary outcome was the proportion and incidence of ischaemic versus haemorrhagic strokes among patients with CKD. In addition, we assessed the impact of CKD on disability, mortality and bleeding among patients with acute ischaemic stroke treated with thrombolysis. The pooled proportion and the risk ratio were estimated using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Thirty-nine observational studies were included: 22 on the epidemiology of stroke types and 17 on the outcomes of thrombolysis in this population. In the main analysis (>99 281 patients), ischaemic stroke was more frequent than haemorrhagic among patients with CKD [78.3%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 73.3-82.5%]. However, among patients with kidney failure, the proportion of ischaemic stroke decreased and was closer to that of haemorrhagic stroke (59.8%, 95% CI 49.4-69.4%). CKD was associated with worse clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischaemic stroke compared with patients with preserved kidney function. CONCLUSIONS: The relative frequency of haemorrhagic stroke seems to increase as kidney function declines. Among patients with acute ischaemic stroke treated with thrombolysis, presence of CKD is associated with higher disability, mortality and bleeding, compared with patients with preserved kidney function.

Association of abnormal electrocardiograph metrics with prolonged recovery time in incident hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients receiving intermittent hemodialysis have variable times of recovery to feeling better after dialysis. QT prolongation, a precursor to clinical and subclinical cardiovascular events, may contribute to delayed recovery time. We hypothesized that abnormal electrocardiographic parameters indicating perturbations in ventricular action are associated with longer recovery times thus impacting a patient-centered quality of life. METHODS: Among 242 incident in-center hemodialysis participants from the Predictors of Arrhythmic and Cardiovascular Risk in End Stage Renal Disease (PACE) study, corrected QT interval (QTc), QRST angle and heart rate variance were measured on non-dialysis days using a standard 5-min electrocardiograph recording. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was defined using the Cornell voltage product. Recovery time was ascertained during a phone interview with a standardized validated questionnaire. Associations between QTc, QRST angle, heart rate variance, and LVH and natural log-transformed recovery time were examined using linear regression adjusted for participant characteristics and electrolytes. RESULTS: Mean age was 55 (standard deviation 13) years, 55% were male, 72% were African American. Longer QTc interval was associated with increased recovery time (per 10 ms increase in QTc, recovery time increased by 6.2%; 95% confidence interval: 0.0-10.5). QRST angle, heart rate, heart rate variability and LVH were not significantly associated with recovery time. CONCLUSION: Longer QTc intervals are associated with longer recovery time independent of serum electrolytes. This supports a relationship between a patient's underlying arrhythmic status and time to recovery after hemodialysis. Future studies will determine if maneuvers to reduce QTc improves recovery time and quality of life of patients on hemodialysis.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Nephrology Fellow Training and Well-Being in the United States: A National Survey.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic's effects on nephrology fellows' educational experiences, preparedness for practice, and emotional wellbeing are unknown. METHODS: We recruited current adult and pediatric fellows and 2020 graduates of nephrology training programs in the United States to participate in a survey measuring COVID-19's effects on their training experiences and wellbeing. RESULTS: Of 1005 nephrology fellows-in-training and recent graduates, 425 participated (response rate 42%). Telehealth was widely adopted (90% for some or all outpatient nephrology consults), as was remote learning (76% of conferences were exclusively online). Most respondents (64%) did not have in-person consults on COVID-19 inpatients; these patients were managed by telehealth visits (27%), by in-person visits with the attending faculty without fellows (29%), or by another approach (9%). A majority of fellows (84%) and graduates (82%) said their training programs successfully sustained their education during the pandemic, and most fellows (86%) and graduates (90%) perceived themselves as prepared for unsupervised practice. Although 42% indicated the pandemic had negatively affected their overall quality of life and 33% reported a poorer work-life balance, only 15% of 412 respondents who completed the Resident Well-Being Index met its distress threshold. Risk for distress was increased among respondents who perceived the pandemic had impaired their knowledge base (odds ratio [OR], 3.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.00 to 4.77) or negatively affected their quality of life (OR, 3.47; 95% CI, 2.29 to 5.46) or work-life balance (OR, 3.16; 95% CI, 2.18 to 4.71). CONCLUSIONS: Despite major shifts in education modalities and patient care protocols precipitated by the COVID-19 pandemic, participants perceived their education and preparation for practice to be minimally affected.

Associations of Serum Calciprotein Particle Size and Transformation Time With Arterial Calcification, Arterial Stiffness, and Mortality in Incident Hemodialysis Patients.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Characteristics of the transformation of primary to secondary calciprotein particles (CPPs) in serum, including the size of secondary CPP (CPP2) aggregates and the time of transformation (T50), may be markers for arterial calcification in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). We examined the associations of CPP2 aggregate size and T50 with arterial calcification in incident HD patients. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Incident HD patients (n=402with available CPP2 measures and n=388with available T50 measures) from the Predictors of Arrhythmic and Cardiovascular Risk in End-Stage Renal Disease (PACE) Study PREDICTORS: Serum CPP2 size and T50 at baseline. OUTCOMES: Primary outcomes were baseline coronary artery and thoracic aorta calcifications. Exploratory outcomes included baseline arterial stiffness, measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and ankle brachial index, and longitudinally, repeat measures of PWV and all-cause mortality. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Tobit regression, multiple linear regression, Poisson regression, linear mixed-effects regression, and Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: Mean age was 55±13 years, 41% were women, 71% were Black, and 57% had diabetes mellitus. Baseline CPP2 size and T50 were correlated with baseline fetuin A level (r=-0.59 for CPP2 and 0.44 for T50; P<0.001 for both), but neither was associated with baseline measures of arterial calcification or arterial stiffness. Baseline CPP2 size and T50 were not associated with repeat measures of PWV. During a median follow-up of 3.5 (IQR, 1.7-6.2) years, larger CPP2 was associated with higher risk for mortality (HR, 1.17 [95% CI, 1.05-1.31] per 100nm larger CPP2 size) after adjusting for demographics and comorbid conditions, but there was no association between baseline T50 and risk for mortality. LIMITATIONS: Possible imprecision in assays, small sample size, limited generalizability to incident HD populations with different racial composition, and residual confounding. CONCLUSIONS: In incident HD patients, neither CPP2 size nor T50 was associated with prevalent arterial calcification and stiffness. Larger CPP2 was associated with risk for mortality, but this finding needs to be confirmed in future studies.

Assessing Nephrology Fellows' Skills in Communicating About Kidney Replacement Therapy and Kidney Biopsy: A Multicenter Clinical Simulation Study on Breaking Bad News.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Interpersonal communication skills and professionalism competencies are difficult to assess among nephrology trainees. We developed a formative "Breaking Bad News" simulation and implemented a study in which nephrology fellows were assessed with regard to their skills in providing counseling to simulated patients confronting the need for kidney replacement therapy (KRT) or kidney biopsy. STUDY DESIGN: Observational study of communication competency in the setting of preparing for KRT for kidney failure, for KRT for acute kidney injury (AKI), or for kidney biopsy. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 58 first- and second-year nephrology fellows assessed during 71 clinical evaluation sessions at 8 training programs who participated in an objective structured clinical examination of simulated patients in 2017 and 2018. PREDICTORS: Fellowship training year and clinical scenario. OUTCOME: Primary outcome was the composite score for the "overall rating" item on the Essential Elements of Communication-Global Rating Scale 2005 (EEC-GRS), as assessed by simulated patients. Secondary outcomes were the score for EEC-GRS "overall rating" item for each scenario, score < 3 for any EEC-GRS item, Mini-Clinical Examination Exercise (Mini-CEX) score < 3 on at least 1 item (as assessed by faculty), and faculty and fellow satisfaction with simulation exercise (via a survey they completed). ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Nonparametric tests of hypothesis comparing performance by fellowship year (primary goal) and scenario. RESULTS: Composite scores for EEC-GRS overall rating item were not significantly different between fellowship years (P = 0.2). Only 4 of 71 fellow evaluations had an unsatisfactory score for the EEC-GRS overall rating item on any scenario. On Mini-CEX, 17% scored < 3 on at least 1 item in the kidney failure scenario; 37% and 53% scored < 3 on at least 1 item in the AKI and kidney biopsy scenarios, respectively. In the survey, 96% of fellows and 100% of faculty reported the learning objectives were met and rated the experience good or better in 3 survey rating questions. LIMITATIONS: Relatively brief time for interactions; limited familiarity with and training of simulated patients in use of EEC-GRS. CONCLUSIONS: The fellows scored highly on the EEC-GRS regardless of their training year, suggesting interpersonal communication competency is achieved early in training. The fellows did better with the kidney failure scenario than with the AKI and kidney biopsy scenarios. Structured simulated clinical examinations may be useful to inform curricular choices and may be a valuable assessment tool for communication and professionalism.

Frailty Prevalence in Younger End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients Undergoing Dialysis and Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Frailty, originally characterized in community-dwelling older adults, is increasingly being studied and implemented for adult patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) of all ages (>18 years). Frailty prevalence and manifestation are unclear in younger adults (18-64 years) with ESKD; differences likely exist based on whether the patients are treated with hemodialysis (HD) or kidney transplantation (KT). METHODS: We leveraged 3 cohorts: 378 adults initiating HD (2008-2012), 4,304 adult KT candidates (2009-2019), and 1,396 KT recipients (2008-2019). The frailty phenotype was measured within 6 months of dialysis initiation, at KT evaluation, and KT admission. Prevalence of frailty and its components was estimated by age (≥65 vs. <65 years). A Wald test for interactions was used to test whether risk factors for frailty differed by age. RESULTS: In all 3 cohorts, frailty prevalence was higher among older than younger adults (HD: 71.4 vs. 47.3%; candidates: 25.4 vs. 18.8%; recipients: 20.8 vs. 14.3%). In all cohorts, older patients were more likely to have slowness and weakness but less likely to report exhaustion. Among candidates, older age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.47-2.17), non-Hispanic black race (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.08-1.57), and dialysis type (HD vs. no dialysis: OR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.61-2.64; peritoneal dialysis vs. no dialysis: OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.28-2.48) were associated with frailty prevalence, but sex and Hispanic ethnicity were not. These associations did not differ by age (pinteractions > 0.1). Similar results were observed for recipients and HD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although frailty prevalence increases with age, younger patients have a high burden. Clinicians caring for this vulnerable population should recognize that younger patients may experience frailty and screen all age groups.

Increasing Medical Student Interest in Nephrology.

BACKGROUND: Interest in nephrology careers is declining, possibly due to perceptions of the field and/or training aspects. Understanding practices of medical schools successfully instilling nephrology interest could inform efforts to attract leading candidates to the specialty. METHODS: The American Society of Nephrology Workforce Committee's Best Practices Project was one of several initiatives to increase nephrology career interest. Board-certified nephrologists graduating medical school between 2002 and 2009 were identified in the American Medical Association Masterfile and their medical schools ranked by production. Renal educators from the top 10 producing institutions participated in directed focus groups inquiring about key factors in creating nephrology career interest, including aspects of their renal courses, clinical rotations, research activities, and faculty interactions. Thematic content analysis of the transcripts (with inductive reasoning implementing grounded theory) was performed to identify factors contributing to their programs' success. RESULTS: The 10 schools identified were geographically representative, with similar proportions of graduates choosing internal medicine (mean 26%) as the national graduating class (26% in the 2017 residency Match). Eighteen educators from 9 of these 10 institutions participated. Four major themes were identified contributing to these schools' success: (1) nephrology faculty interaction with medical students; (2) clinical exposure to nephrology and clinical relevance of renal pathophysiology materials; (3) use of novel educational modalities; and (4) exposure, in particular early exposure, to the breadth of nephrology practice. CONCLUSION: Early and consistent exposure to a range of clinical nephrology experiences and nephrology faculty contact with medical students are important to help generate interest in the specialty.

Frailty, body composition and the risk of mortality in incident hemodialysis patients: the Predictors of Arrhythmic and Cardiovascular Risk in End Stage Renal Disease study.

Background: Frail obese community-dwelling older adults are at increased mortality risk. Among hemodialysis (HD) patients, frailty is common and associated with increased mortality risk; however, in dialysis, obesity is associated with decreased mortality risk. Whether the frail-obese phenotype is associated with increased mortality risk among HD patients remains unclear. Methods: This study included 370 incident HD patients enrolled in the Predictors of Arrhythmic and Cardiovascular Risk in End Stage Renal Disease (PACE) study. We measured frailty using the Fried phenotype, general obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2] and abdominal obesity [waist:hip ratio (WHR) ≥median WHR] and estimated their associations with mortality. Results: The mean age was 55 years, with 42% female, 73% African American, 57% diabetic and 52% frail. Frail HD patients had higher mean BMI (frail = 30.3 kg/m2, non-frail = 28.3 kg/m2; P = 0.02) and similar WHR (P = 0.8). Twenty-two percent were frail with general obesity and 27% were frail with abdominal obesity. Frailty was associated with 1.66-fold increased mortality risk [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-2.67]. BMI was associated with a decreased mortality risk [25.0-29.9 kg/m2 hazard ratio (HR) 0.53 (95% CI 0.31-0.93); ≥30 kg/m2 HR 0.34 (95% CI 0.19-0.62)]. Frailty was associated with elevated mortality risk among HD patients with general [HR 3.77 (95% CI 1.10-12.92)] and abdominal obesity [HR 2.38 (95% CI 1.17-4.82)]. Frailty was not associated with mortality among HD patients without general or abdominal obesity. Conclusions: In adults initiating HD, frailty was associated with elevated mortality risk, even among the obese. Frail-obese HD patients may be a high-risk, often-overlooked population, as obesity is assumed to be protective. Measurement of frailty and obesity may facilitate risk stratification.

Resistant hypertension and cardiovascular disease mortality in the US: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

BACKGROUND: Apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (aTRH) is a common condition associated with risk of cardiovascular events. However, the risk of cardiovascular mortality associated with aTRH in the US population is unknown. We aimed to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality associated with aTRH in the US population. METHODS: We analyzed data from 6357 adult hypertensive participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994 and 1999-2010) linked to the National Death Index. Based on presence of uncontrolled hypertension [blood pressure (BP) ≥140/90 mmHg] and the number of antihypertensives prescribed, we classified participants into the following groups: non-aTRH (BP < 140/90 mmHg and ≤ 3 antihypertensives); controlled aTRH (BP < 140/90 mmHg and ≥ 4 antihypertensives); and uncontrolled aTRH (BP ≥140/90 mmHg and ≥ 3 antihypertensives). RESULTS: Of the 6357 participants, 1522 had aTRH, representing a US prevalence of 7.6 million. Of the participants with aTRH, 432 had controlled aTRH and 1090 had uncontrolled aTRH. During follow-up (median 6 years), there were 550 CVD deaths. The cumulative incidence of CVD mortality was significantly higher in the aTRH group compared with non-aTRH group (log-rank p < 0.001). In fully adjusted models, aTRH was associated with a 47% higher risk of CVD mortality compared with the non-aTRH group [1.47 (1.1-1.96)]. Similar increase in risk of CVD mortality was noted across aTRH subgroups compared with the non-aTRH group: controlled aTRH [1.66 (1.03-2.68)] and uncontrolled aTRH [1.43 (1.05-1.94)]. Among non-aTRH subgroups, those on 3 antihypertensive medications had a 35% increased risk of CVD mortality than those on < 3 medications [1.35 (0.98-1.86)]. CONCLUSIONS: aTRH is a common condition, affecting approximately 7.6 million Americans. Regardless of BP control, people with aTRH remain at a higher risk of cardiovascular outcomes. The risk of cardiovascular disease mortality remains high among those with controlled BP on 3 medications (non-aTRH) or ≥ 4 medications (controlled aTRH), groups not generally considered at high risk. Future risk reduction interventions should consider focusing on these high-risk groups.

Associations of serum and dialysate electrolytes with QT interval and prolongation in incident hemodialysis: the Predictors of Arrhythmic and Cardiovascular Risk in End-Stage Renal Disease (PACE) study.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged QT interval in hemodialysis patients may be associated with sudden cardiac death, however, few studies examined the longitudinal associations of modifiable factors such as serum and dialysate concentrations of calcium, potassium, and magnesium with corrected QT (QTc) prolongation in incident hemodialysis patients. METHODS: In 330 in-center hemodialysis participants from the PACE study who were followed up for one year, we examined the associations of predialysis serum electrolytes (total calcium [Ca], corrected Ca [cCa], ionized Ca [iCa], potassium [K], magnesium [Mg]), dialysate (dCa and dK), and serum-to-dialysate gradient measures with QTc interval and prolongation (≥460 ms in women and ≥ 450 ms in men). RESULTS: At the first study visit, 47% had QTc prolongation. Lower iCa and K were associated with longer QTc interval independent of potential confounders (QTc difference = 8.55[95% CI: 2.13, 14.97] ms for iCa; QTc difference = 9.89[1.58, 18.20] ms for K). Lower iCa was also associated with a higher risk of QTc prolongation. At 1 year of follow-up, 31% had persistent QTc prolongation. In longitudinal analyses, the associations of iCa and K with QTc interval remained significant, and lower K was associated with a higher risk of QTc prolongation while the association of iCa with QTc prolongation was borderline statistically significant. Serum Mg, dCa or dK, and respective gradients were not associated with QTc interval or prolongation. CONCLUSION: Prolonged QTc is very common in incident hemodialysis participants and persists over follow-up. Ionized Ca and K are consistently inversely associated with QTc prolongation, which suggests closer monitoring for a low calcium or potassium level to mitigate risk.

Transforming a U.S. scholarly concentrations program internationally: lessons learned.

BACKGROUND: Scholarly Concentrations programs in U.S. medical schools aim to instill passion for critical thinking and promote careers in academic medicine. The rise of these programs has seen variable goals, structure, and outcomes. Transformation of these programs internationally is in its infancy. METHODS: We describe implementation of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Scholarly Concentrations program, offering Basic Science, Clinical Science, Medical Ethics/Healing Arts, History of Medicine, and Public Health/Community Service, at Bezmiâlem Vakif University in Istanbul, Turkey. Over six modules in the preclinical years, students develop a faculty-mentored experience which encourages the acquisition of attitudes and skills for self-directed, lifelong learning and scholarship. This culminates in abstract and project presentation. We report program characteristics (context and logistics) and outcomes (student engagement and experiences). RESULTS: The Scholarly Concentrations program at Bezmiâlem began in 2014, with nearly two completed cohorts of students. In comparison to Johns Hopkins, students at Bezmiâlem begin at an earlier age (thus do not have as much prior research experience) and are subsequently evaluated for residency in terms of test scores rather than scholarship and publications, but have a similar level of intellectual curiosity and desire to take ownership of their project. Eighty-two percent of Bezmiâlem students stated the project they pursued was either their own idea or was an idea they formed after meeting with their mentor. Students at Bezmialem were more likely to choose Clinical Science projects (p = 0.009). Only 5% of Bezmiâlem students in end-of-course survey felt dissatisfied with the level of ownership they experienced with their project, a frequency similar to that seen by Johns Hopkins students (2%). CONCLUSIONS: Scholarly Concentrations programs play an important role in U.S. medical schools, and these programs can be successfully implemented internationally. The Scholarly Concentrations program at Johns Hopkins has been transformed to a program at Bezmiâlem in Istanbul, the first program outside North America or the European Union. When designing these programs, one must consider the context, logistics, student engagement, and outcomes. While long-term outcomes are needed, this can serve as a model for implementation elsewhere.

Cognitive Impairment in Non-Dialysis-Dependent CKD and the Transition to Dialysis: Findings From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study.

BACKGROUND: Advanced chronic kidney disease is associated with elevated risk for cognitive impairment. However, it is not known whether and how cognitive impairment is associated with planning and preparation for end-stage renal disease. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 630 adults participating in the CRIC (Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort) Study who had cognitive assessments in late-stage CKD, defined as estimated glome-rular filtration rate ≤ 20mL/min/1.73m2, and subsequently initiated maintenance dialysis therapy. PREDICTOR: Predialysis cognitive impairment, defined as a score on the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination lower than previously derived age-based threshold scores. Covariates included age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, comorbid conditions, and health literacy. OUTCOMES: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) as first dialysis modality, preemptive permanent access placement, venous catheter avoidance at dialysis therapy initiation, and preemptive wait-listing for a kidney transplant. MEASUREMENTS: Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression. RESULTS: Predialysis cognitive impairment was present in 117 (19%) participants. PD was the first dialysis modality among 16% of participants (n=100), 75% had preemptive access placed (n=473), 45% avoided using a venous catheter at dialysis therapy initiation (n=279), and 20% were preemptively wait-listed (n=126). Predialysis cognitive impairment was independently associated with 78% lower odds of PD as the first dialysis modality (adjusted OR [aOR], 0.22; 95% CI, 0.06-0.74; P=0.02) and 42% lower odds of venous catheter avoidance at dialysis therapy initiation (aOR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.34-0.98; P=0.04). Predialysis cognitive impairment was not independently associated with preemptive permanent access placement or wait-listing. LIMITATIONS: Potential unmeasured confounders; single measure of cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS: Predialysis cognitive impairment is associated with a lower likelihood of PD as a first dialysis modality and of venous catheter avoidance at dialysis therapy initiation. Future studies may consider addressing cognitive function when testing strategies to improve patient transitions to dialysis therapy.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Increases Sudden Cardiac Death in Incident Hemodialysis Patients.

BACKGROUND: Mortality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) occurs predominantly from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by periodic airflow limitation associated with sleep arousal and oxygen desaturation and is prevalent in patients with ESRD. Whether OSA increases the risk for SCD, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality among hemodialysis patients remains unknown. METHODS: In a prospective cohort of 558 incident hemodialysis patients, we examined the association of OSA with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and SCD using Cox proportional hazards models controlling for traditional CVD risk factors. RESULTS: Sixty-six incident hemodialysis patients (12%) had OSA. Mean age (56 years) and percentage of males (56%) were identical in OSA and no-OSA groups. Fewer African Americans had OSA than non-African Americans (9 vs. 18%, respectively). Participants with OSA had higher body-mass index, Charlson comorbidity score, and left ventricular mass index and greater prevalence of diabetes and coronary artery disease. During 1,080 person-years of follow-up, 104 deaths occurred, 29% of which were cardiovascular. OSA was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.90 [95% CI 1.04-3.46]) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 3.62 [95% CI 1.36-9.66]) after adjusting for demographics and body-mass index. OSA was associated with a higher risk of SCD after adjusting for demographics (HR 3.28 [95% CI 1.12-9.57]) and multiple cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Incident hemodialysis patients with OSA are at increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and SCD. Future studies should assess the impact of screening for OSA and OSA-targeted interventions on mortality in ESRD.

Association of Abdominal Adiposity with Cardiovascular Mortality in Incident Hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: The risk of cardiovascular mortality is high among adults with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), a metric of abdominal adiposity, is a predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in the general population; however, no studies have examined the association with CVD mortality, particularly sudden cardiac death (SCD), in incident hemodialysis. METHODS: Among 379 participants incident (< 6 months) to hemodialysis enrolled in the Predictors of Arrhythmic and Cardiovascular Risk in ESRD study, we evaluated associations between WHR and risk of CVD mortality, SCD, and non-CVD mortality in Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: At study enrollment, mean age was 55 years with 41% females, 73% African Americans, and 57% diabetics. Mean body mass index was 29.3 kg/m2, and mean WHR was 0.95. During a median follow-up time of 2.5 years, there were 35 CVD deaths, 15 SCDs, and 48 non-CVD deaths. Every 0.1 increase in WHR was associated with higher risk (hazard ratio [95% CI]) of CVD mortality (1.75 [1.06-2.86]) and SCD (2.45 [1.20-5.02]), but not non-CVD mortality (0.93 [0.59-1.45]), independently of demographics, body mass index, comorbidities, inflammation, and traditional CVD risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: WHR is significantly associated with CVD mortality including SCD, independently of other CVD risk factors in incident hemodialysis. This simple, easily obtained bedside metric may be useful in dialysis patients for CVD risk stratification.

Point-of-care ultrasound education to improve care of dialysis patients.

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is rapidly emerging as a bedside diagnostic tool that can enhance physical diagnosis and facilitate clinical decision making. Although ultrasound is widely used by nephrologists for vascular access and kidney imaging, diagnostic POCUS skills in other anatomic areas are not part of routine nephrology training. In this narrative review, we will provide an overview of selected POCUS techniques, highlight potential uses of POCUS in routine nephrology practice, and describe a new curriculum implemented at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine to teach diagnostic POCUS skills to nephrology fellows.

Education in Nephrology Fellowship: A Survey-Based Needs Assessment.

Educational needs assessments for nephrology fellowship training are limited. This study assessed fellows' perceptions of current educational needs and interest in novel modalities that may improve their educational experience and quantified educational resources used by programs and fellows. We distributed a seven-question electronic survey to all United States-based fellows receiving complimentary American Society of Nephrology (ASN) membership at the end of the 2015-2016 academic year in conjunction with the ASN Nephrology Fellows Survey. One third (320 of 863; 37%) of fellows in Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited positions responded. Most respondents rated overall quality of teaching in fellowship as either "good" (37%) or "excellent" (44%), and most (55%) second-year fellows felt "fully prepared" for independent practice. Common educational resources used by fellows included UpToDate, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology/Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, and Nephrology Self-Assessment Program; others-including ASN's online curricula-were used less often. Fellows indicated interest in additional instruction in several core topics, including home dialysis modalities, ultrasonography, and pathology. Respondents strongly supported interventions to improve pathology instruction and increase time for physiology and clinical review. In conclusion, current nephrology fellows perceive several gaps in training. Innovation in education and training is needed to better prepare future nephrologists for the growing challenges of kidney care.

Loss of executive function after dialysis initiation in adults with chronic kidney disease.

The association of dialysis initiation with changes in cognitive function among patients with advanced chronic kidney disease is poorly described. To better define this, we enrolled participants with advanced chronic kidney disease from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort in a prospective study of cognitive function. Eligible participants had a glomerular filtration rate of 20 ml/min/1.73m2 or less, or dialysis initiation within the past two years. We evaluated cognitive function by a validated telephone battery at regular intervals over two years and analyzed test scores as z scores. Of 212 participants, 123 did not transition to dialysis during follow-up, 37 transitioned to dialysis after baseline, and 52 transitioned to dialysis prior to baseline. In adjusted analyses, the transition to dialysis was associated with a significant loss of executive function, but no significant changes in global cognition or memory. The estimated net difference in cognitive z scores at two years for participants who transitioned to dialysis during follow-up compared to participants who did not transition to dialysis was -0.01 (95% confidence interval -0.13, 0.11) for global cognition, -0.24 (-0.51, 0.03) for memory, and -0.33 (-0.60, -0.07) for executive function. Thus, among adults with advanced chronic kidney disease, dialysis initiation was associated with loss of executive function with no change in other aspects of cognition. Larger studies are needed to evaluate cognition during dialysis initiation.