A phase I trial of isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) using 5-FU and oxaliplatin in patients with unresectable isolated liver metastases from colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) with melphalan is an established approach for patients with unresectable metastatic liver lesions. This study determined the safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 5-FU with oxaliplatin via IHP. METHODS: Standard 3 × 3 Phase I design. Subjects with unresectable isolated CRC liver metastases scheduled for HAI pump were eligible. IHP used fixed-dose oxaliplatin with escalating 5-FU doses. Toxicity (CTCAE v 4.0) and response (RECIST), progression-free survival, and overall survival (OS) were assessed. Systemic and IHP plasma PK of 5-FU, anabolites, and platinum were determined. RESULTS: All 12 patients had received ≥ 1 line of pre-IHP chemotherapy. There were 4 grade 3 serious adverse events (33.3 %) and 1 grade 4 event (8.3 %). Also, 2 dose-limiting toxicities occurred at DL2 at 300 mg/m(2), resulting in expansion of DL1 at 200 mg/m(2) 5-FU, the eventual MTD. At 6-month follow-up, 9 patients (82 %) demonstrated partial response, while 2 (18 %) exhibited stable disease. Also, 64 % of patients demonstrated a >50 % decrease in CEA. The 1- and 2-year OS probabilities were 90.9 and 71.6 %, respectively, with median follow-up of 24 months. IHP exposures (AUC0-60 min) were 10.9 ± 4.5 µgPt h/mL, 49.3 ± 30.7 µg h/mL 5-FU (DL1), and 70.5 ± 35.5 µg h/mL 5-FU (DL2). Systemic exposure (AUC0-inf) relative to IHP exposure was negligible for both platinum (1.1 ± 1.5 %) and 5-FU (0.09 ± 0.10 %). CONCLUSIONS: The MTD for IHP was 200 mg/m(2) 5-FU with 40 mg/m(2) oxaliplatin. Systemic exposure to the agents was minimal during IHP. The response and survival observed warrants assessment in a larger phase II trial.

Alterations in brain high-energy phosphate and membrane phospholipid metabolism in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenics. A pilot study of the dorsal prefrontal cortex by in vivo phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

In this pilot study, membrane phospholipid and high-energy phosphate metabolism were studied in the dorsal prefrontal cortex of 11 drug-naive, first-episode schizophrenic patients and compared with those of 10 healthy control volunteers comparable in age, education, and parental education. The schizophrenic patients had significantly reduced levels of phosphomonoesters and inorganic orthophosphate and significantly increased levels of phosphodiesters and adenosine triphosphate compared with the controls. The levels of phosphocreatine and adenosine diphosphate did not differ in the two subject groups. The adenosine triphosphate and inorganic orthophosphate findings suggest functional hypoactivity of the dorsal prefrontal cortex. The phosphomonoester and phosphodiester findings are compatible with either premature aging or an exaggeration of normal programmed regressive events occurring in the neural systems sampled.

Changes in brain energy and phospholipid metabolism during development and aging in the Fischer 344 rat.

The effects of brain development and aging on high-energy phosphate and membrane phospholipid metabolism were studied from birth to senescence in the Fischer 344 rat using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Marked developmental and smaller aging-related changes were observed in brain high-energy phosphates, phospholipid precursors and phospholipid breakdown products. The biochemical changes correlate with known histological and electrophysiological changes occurring in the brain during development (neuritic sprouting and onset of brain electrical activity) and aging (loss of dendritic processes). These findings provide a framework for interpreting the effects of physiological insults during different developmental and aging periods.

The effect of lithium on the membrane molecular dynamics of normal human erythrocytes.

Erythrocytes from normal adults with no personal or family history of bipolar affective disorder were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy to determine what effect, if any, acute in vitro incubation with lithium had on erythrocyte membrane dynamics. The effects on erythrocyte membrane molecular dynamics of varying concentrations of Li2CO3 (0.25-2.0 meq/liter), varying incubation temperatures (25-40 degrees C), and varying incubation times (5-185 min) were investigated. Following incubation with Li2CO3, the erythrocytes were labeled with either 4-phenylspiro-[furan-2(3H),--1'phthalan]--3,3'-dione (fluorescamine), which binds to membrane surface primary amines, or 12(9)anthroyl stearate [12(9)AS], which inserts deep in the membrane hydrocarbon core. The membrane molecular dynamics were then determined by fluorescence anisotropy measurements. These studies demonstrate that clinically relevant concentrations of Li+ incubated with intact normal human erythrocytes significantly alters molecular dynamics on the erythrocyte membrane surface, with less striking changes in the hydrocarbon core. A possible interpretation of these findings is that hydrated Li+ alters the electrostatic interaction of membrane surface molecules, as well as the surrounding solvent (water) structure, with a resultant increase in the molecular motion of these molecules. Alterations in membrane receptor motion could potentially alter receptor functional activity. If similar motional alterations were to occur in the interior of a membrane channel, such as an ionophore, the functional activity of the channel could also be potentially altered. These findings provide additional insight into possible biological actions of Li+, as well as potential molecular alterations in bipolar affective disorder erythrocytes.

Renal ouabain inhibitable Na-K ATPase activity and myoinositol supplementation in experimental diabetes mellitus.

Alterations in ouabain inhibitable Na-K ATPase activity, polyol pathway activity, and myoinositol metabolism are part of a unifying hypothesis proposed to explain the pathogenesis of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Direct measurements of renal ouabain inhibitable Na-K ATPase activity in animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes show increased or decreased activity, depending on the nephron segment examined and the duration of diabetes. While myoinositol feeding corrects depressed Na-K ATPase activity in peripheral nerve of streptozotocin diabetic rats, the effect of myoinositol feeding on altered renal Na-K ATPase activity is unknown. To assess the effect of experimental diabetes on renal ouabain inhibitable Na-K ATPase activity and test the involvement of the polyol/inositol pathway, we assayed kidneys from normal, streptozotocin diabetic, and myoinositol-supplemented diabetic rats for renal ouabain-inhibitable Na-K ATPase, alkaline phosphatase, and tau-glutamyltranspeptidase (tau-GT) activity. Ouabain inhibitable Na-K ATPase activity, expressed per milligram of protein, is increased in the inner medulla of the diabetic kidney compared with normal and, expressed per microgram DNA, is increased in both the inner medulla and cortex. Myoinositol supplementation did not affect the increase in renal enzyme activity seen with streptozotocin diabetes. These observations suggest that the regulation of renal ouabain inhibitable Na-K ATPase activity, in streptozotocin diabetes, does not depend on supplemental myoinositol. These findings do not exclude the possibility that changes in polyol or myoinositol concentrations in a specific nephron segment may have pathogenetic significance for diabetic nephropathy.

Drug-virus interaction: effect of administration of recombinant adenoviruses on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel in a rat model.

Modern cancer therapy combines recombinant viruses with traditional chemotherapeutic agents that are metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). A single dose of recombinant adenovirus (Ad) expressing beta-galactosidase (AdlacZ) significantly alters CYP3A2, the correlate of CYP3A4, in rats for 14 days. Recombinant adenovirus expressing human p53 (Adp53) also suppresses CYP3A2. Plasma clearance of docetaxel (DTX) in animals given AdlacZ (3.38+/-0.22 l h(-1) kg(-1)) was significantly lower than that of those given DTX alone (7.35+/-1.22 l h(-1) kg(-1), P

Pharmacokinetic study of pegylated liposomal CKD-602 (S-CKD602) in patients with advanced malignancies.

S-CKD602 is a pegylated liposomal formulation of CKD-602. This study is the first to evaluate the factors affecting the high interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetic disposition of S-CKD602. S-CKD602 was administered intravenously (i.v.) every 3 weeks as part of a phase I study. Pharmacokinetics studies of the liposomal encapsulated and released CKD-602 in plasma were performed. The pharmacokinetic variability of S-CKD602 is associated with both linear and nonlinear clearances. Patients > or =60 years of age have a 2.7-fold higher exposure of S-CKD602 as compared with patients <60 years of age (P = 0.02). Patients with a lean body composition have a higher plasma exposure of S-CKD602 (P = 0.02). Patients who have received prior therapy with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) have a 2.2-fold higher exposure of S-CKD602 as compared with patients who have not received PLD (P = 0.045). Prolonged exposure of the encapsulated drug in plasma over 1-2 weeks provides significant pharmacologic advantages. The high interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetic disposition of S-CKD602 was associated with age, body composition, saturable clearance, and prior PLD therapy.