An infant in whom contrast-enhanced fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI was useful for the diagnosis of meningitis and devising a treatment strategy.

A 3-month-old male was brought to our hospital due to fever, poor sucking, and a bulging anterior fontanel. His general condition was poor. Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed increases in the cell count (8/µl) and the polymorphonuclear leukocyte count (2/µl) but normal sugar (66 mg/dl) and protein (28 mg/dl) levels. A CSF smear showed no bacterial cells. The administration of antibacterial drugs was initiated, and head MRI was performed on the next day. Plain images revealed no abnormalities. However, contrast-enhanced fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI showed clear contrast enhancement along the brain surface in the meninges of the left and right frontal and left parietal lobes and fluid retention accompanied by contrast enhancement in a part of the adjacent subdural space. These findings could be confirmed only by contrast-enhanced FLAIR MRI. A diagnosis of bacterial meningitis with an unknown cause was made, and the administration of 2 antibacterial drugs was continued. MRI on day 8 of the illness showed the disappearance of contrast enhancement, and plain FLAIR also facilitated a diagnosis of a subdural hygroma. The treatment was effective. At present, the patient is 1 year and 6 months old without sequelae. The diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in infants is difficult based on only symptoms. In its early stage with few abnormal findings in the CSF, diagnosis is sometimes difficult. Antibacterial drug administration should be immediately initiated. However, definite findings are necessary for the continuation of large amounts of antibacterial drugs. Contrast-enhanced FLAIR allows the sensitive visualization of meningeal inflammation and is useful as a complementary diagnostic method for meningitis. In addition, this technique can reveal marked inflammatory lesions such as a subdural hygroma in the early stage, providing information useful for making a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.

Relationship of γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate+glutamine concentrations in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex with performance of Cambridge Gambling Task.

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), consisting of the perigenual ACC (pgACC) and mid-ACC (i.e., affective and cognitive areas, respectively), plays a significant role in the performance of gambling tasks, which are used to measure decision-making behavior under conditions of risk. Although recent neuroimaging studies have suggested that the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration in the pgACC is associated with decision-making behavior, knowledge regarding the relationship of GABA concentrations in subdivisions of the ACC with gambling task performance is still limited. The aim of our magnetic resonance spectroscopy study is to investigate in 20 healthy males the relationship of concentrations of GABA and glutamate+glutamine (Glx) in the pgACC, mid-ACC, and occipital cortex (OC) with multiple indexes of decision-making behavior under conditions of risk, using the Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT). The GABA/creatine (Cr) ratio in the pgACC negatively correlated with delay aversion score, which corresponds to the impulsivity index. The Glx/Cr ratio in the pgACC negatively correlated with risk adjustment score, which is reported to reflect the ability to change the amount of the bet depending on the probability of winning or losing. The scores of CGT did not significantly correlate with the GABA/Cr or Glx/Cr ratio in the mid-ACC or OC. Results of this study suggest that in the pgACC, but not in the mid-ACC or OC, GABA and Glx concentrations play a distinct role in regulating impulsiveness and risk probability during decision-making behavior under conditions of risk, respectively.

Acute Flaccid Myelitis With Human Rhinovirus A19 Detection: Case Report and Literature Review.

Human rhinovirus (HRV) has been sporadically detected in patients with acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). We report a case of AFM in a 2-year-old boy with severe neurologic sequelae, whose nasopharyngeal and stool samples tested positive for HRV-A19. Clinical information related to AFM with HRV is limited. Further study of the association of AFM with HRV is warranted.

Functional neuroanatomy of body checking in people with anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: The neural correlates of body checking perceptions in eating disorders have not yet been identified. This functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging study examined the neuroanatomy involved in altered perception and identification with body checking in female with anorexia nervosa (AN). METHOD: Brain activation while viewing images depicting normal weight individuals involved in either body checking behavior or a neutral (noneating disorder) body action, was compared between 20 females with AN and 15 matched healthy controls (HC). RESULTS: Females with AN reported higher anxiety compared to HC during the body checking task. The level of anxiety positively correlated with body shape concern scores. People with AN had less activation in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and right fusiform gyrus compared to HC in response to body checking compared to neutral action images. Body shape concern scores correlated negatively with medial PFC activation in AN group. DISCUSSION: This preliminary study with modest power suggests that AN patients have reduced activation in cortical areas associated with self-reference, body action perception, and social cognition in females with AN.

Associations among parenting experiences during childhood and adolescence, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis hypoactivity, and hippocampal gray matter volume reduction in young adults.

Recent human studies have indicated that adverse parenting experiences during childhood and adolescence are associated with adulthood hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hypoactivity. Chronic HPA axis hypoactivity inhibits hippocampal gray matter (GM) development, as shown by animal studies. However, associations among adverse parenting experiences during childhood and adolescence, HPA axis activity, and brain development, particularly hippocampal development, are insufficiently investigated in humans. In this voxel-based structural magnetic resonance imaging study, using a cross-sectional design, we examined the associations among the scores of parental bonding instrument (PBI; a self-report scale to rate the attitudes of parents during the first 16 years), cortisol response determined by the dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone test, and regional or total hippocampal GM volume in forty healthy young adults with the following features: aged between 18 and 35 years, no cortisol hypersecretion in response to the dexamethasone test, no history of traumatic events, or no past or current conditions of significant medical illness or neuropsychiatric disorders. As a result, parental overprotection scores significantly negatively correlated with cortisol response. Additionally, a significant positive association was found between cortisol response and total or regional hippocampal GM volume. No significant association was observed between PBI scores and total or regional hippocampal GM volume. In conclusion, statistical associations were found between parental overprotection during childhood and adolescence and adulthood HPA axis hypoactivity, and between HPA axis hypoactivity and hippocampal GM volume reduction in healthy young adults, but no significant relationship was observed between any PBI scores and adulthood hippocampal GM volume.

Micropolygyria in an infant born to a patient with severe anorexia nervosa: a case report.

We report the case of an anorexia nervosa (AN) patient with extremely low body weight who became pregnant following ovulation induction and subsequently delivered an infant with micropolygyria. To the best of our knowledge, no previous report has described live birth for a patient with such low body weight. The patient underwent hMG-hCG therapy for ovulation induction. Despite becoming pregnant, weight loss continued with extreme anemia occurring during the pregnancy. However, blood transfusion therapy was used for successful treatment. Despite the therapeutic and protective measures instituted, the child was born with micropolygyria. Pregnancy in an AN patient with extremely low body weight needs therapeutic intervention during early pregnancy with aggressive precautionary measures, particularly against anemia. On the basis of our experience, we consider that ovulation induction therapy should not be administered without sufficient caution for an AN patient with low body weight.

Differential relationships between personality and brain function in monetary and goal-oriented subjective motivation: multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy of healthy subjects.

AIM: To examine relationships between personality traits and cerebral cortex reactivity under different motivating conditions. METHODS: Relationships between personality traits assessed using the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R) and cerebral cortex reactivity during a verbal fluency task monitored using multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were examined under three different motivational conditions: control, monetary reward, and goal-oriented, in healthy young male volunteers. RESULTS: Significant correlations between cerebral cortex reactivity and personality traits were found in the frontopolar region: a positive correlation with agreeableness and a negative correlation with the neuroticism and conscientiousness scores of the NEO-PI-R under the three motivational conditions. Higher scores for agreeableness were more strongly associated with a greater increase in total hemoglobin concentration ([total-Hb]) under the goal-oriented and control conditions than under the monetary reward condition. In addition, higher scores for neuroticism were more strongly associated with a greater increase in deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration ([deoxy-Hb]) under the monetary reward condition than the goal-oriented condition, and higher scores for conscientiousness were more strongly associated with a greater increase in [deoxy-Hb] under control conditions than under the goal-oriented condition. CONCLUSION: Using multichannel NIRS, certain personality traits of the big-five model are related to frontopolar reactivity. These relationships vary depending on the motivational condition when brain functions are monitored: agreeableness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness are all related to frontopolar reactivity depending on the motivational condition.

Structural magnetic resonance imaging in eating disorders: a systematic review of voxel-based morphometry studies.

This systematic review summarises and critically appraises the literature on structural magnetic resonance imaging in people with a current or past eating disorder. Studies using voxel-based morphometry image analysis were included. Ten studies reported on a total of 236 people with a current or past eating disorder and 257 healthy controls. Sample heterogeneity prohibited a meta-analytic approach. The findings do not unequivocally indicate grey or white matter volume abnormalities in people with an eating disorder. Nevertheless, these preliminary data suggest that, compared with healthy controls, people with anorexia nervosa have decreased grey matter in a range of brain regions and that those with bulimia nervosa have increased grey matter volumes in frontal and ventral striatal areas. Research in the recovery phase and longitudinal studies suggest that potential brain tissue abnormalities may recover with clinical improvement. Overall, as the available data are inconclusive, further efforts in this field are warranted.

[A case of DiGeorge syndrome with left internal carotid artery absence probably causing one-and-a-half syndrome].

We experienced a case of DiGeorge syndrome with left internal carotid artery absence probably causing one-and-a-half syndrome. MR angiogram demonstrated the apparent absence of the left internal carotid artery and consequently abnormal blood supply to the left middle cerebral artery, which was derived from the basilar artery via the left posterior communicating artery. The patient alsoshowed both an extremely narrow carotid canal on the left side and a very fine vessel extending to the terminal of the left internal carotid artery. Therefore, we regarded this abnormality as severe hypoplasia of left internal carotid artery and supposed that this hypoplasia had originated in maldevelopment of the third aortic arch based on the coexisting lower bifurcation of the right common carotid artery. Since the lesion of one-and-a-half syndrome is restricted to the pontine tegmentum, we speculated that it had resulted from ischemia of the basilar artery area during the embryonic period associated with the absence of the internal carotid artery. To our knowledge, DiGeorge syndrome has never been reported as a complication of internal carotid artery absence. The patient did not demonstrate either chromosome 22q11.2 deletion or TBX1 gene mutation, which is considered the gene responsible for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Therefore, the etiology of DiGeorge syndrome in this case remains unclear.

Acute heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy exacerbated by systemic parechovirus A1 infection in an infant.

Parechovirus A1 (PeV-A1) often causes mild respiratory or gastrointestinal disease. Herein we report a case of acute heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy exacerbated by acute PeV-A1 infection in a 10-month-old infant. He was brought to our hospital with acute respiratory distress and compensated shock. Echocardiogram showed a dilated left ventricle and severe mitral regurgitation, consistent with dilated cardiomyopathy. PeV-A1 infection was confirmed by (1) positive PCR test results for PeV-A in multiple anatomical sites, including blood, stool, and throat, (2) the genetic sequence of viral protein, and (3) an increase in paired serum PeV-A1-specific neutralizing antibody titers. A few, scattered case reports in infants and young children also indicate the association between myocarditis and/or dilated cardiomyopathy and PeV-A1 infection. In conclusion, PeV-A1 infection could be associated with exacerbation of myocardial diseases in infants and young children; thus PeV-A1 needs to be evaluated as a viral cause of such a condition.

Similar activation patterns in the prefrontal cortex for Chinese and Japanese verbal fluency tests with syllable cues as revealed by near-infrared spectroscopy.

The verbal fluency test (VFT) is utilized in neuropsychology to evaluate the cognitive function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the human brain. We present a novel Chinese VFT similar to the established Japanese VFT; both tests prompt a syllable to the subject. However, it was uncertain whether the Chinese VFT can activate the PFC and whether PFC activation patterns are similar between the two tests. Here we administered the Chinese VFT to 30 native Chinese speakers and the Japanese VFT to 30 native Japanese speakers. We used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to observe PFC activation. Then we compared the similarities between the Chinese VFT and the Japanese VFT. The subjects generated an average of 12.8 ± 4.7 words during the Chinese VFT. NIRS indicates that the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin during the test was significantly higher than those before and after the test. It exhibited similar PFC activation patterns with the Japanese VFT. The novel Chinese VFT can activate the PFC in the human brain effectively in Chinese speakers. Our work thus provides the first validated phonetically cued Chinese VFT, unique from other not strictly phonemic Chinese VFTs, and facilitates the diagnosis of various PFC-related cognitive impairments.

Exposure to food in anorexia nervosa and brain correlates of food-related anxiety: findings from a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Although the primary target of treatment for anorexia nervosa (AN) is weight gain, established psychological interventions focus on maintaining factors of AN, and do not specifically address eating behaviours. We have previously reported results of a case series investigating in-vivo food exposure in AN, demonstrating the feasibility and acceptability of this treatment together with evidence of significant clinical change (Cardi, Leppanen, Mataix-Cols, Campbell, & Treasure, 2019). The current study examined the neural circuitry of food-related anxiety. METHODS: We examined neural reactivity (fMRI) to food images pre- and post-food exposure therapy (n=16), and compared it to a group of healthy control participants (HC n=21) who were scanned on two occasions. RESULTS: Prior to treatment, the AN group (compared to HC) showed less reactivity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Following exposure treatment, patients (compared to HC), show increased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, decreased activity in the superior parietal lobe and no differences in the ACC. The level of activation of the insula (pre-treatment) predicted the degree of post-treatment reduction in self-reported food anxiety in AN. Changes in food-related anxiety were also associated with changes in neural activation in a cluster located in the middle temporal gyrus/lateral parietal cortex. LIMITATIONS: The primary limitations of this work are the small sample size and lack of patient comparison group. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to food in AN may be associated with changes in neural circuitries implicated in emotion regulation and attentional processes. However, these findings need replication in larger and controlled studies.

Stimulus intensity dependence of cerebral blood volume changes in left frontal lobe by low-frequency rTMS to right frontal lobe: A near-infrared spectroscopy study.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has recently been widely employed for the investigation of brain function and treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Although high and low stimulation frequencies are assumed to activate and deactivate brain function, respectively, the optimal parameters of rTMS for treatment of depression have been determined only on the basis of their clinical efficacy. In this study, we administered a 60-s low-frequency rTMS of three grades low intensities over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in 10 healthy volunteers, and monitored functional changes of the contralateral DLPFC by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during and immediately after rTMS. Obtained results demonstrated significant [oxy-Hb] decreases during rTMS, and significant differences in the time courses of [oxy-Hb] changes among three stimulus intensities, that is, [oxy-Hb] decreases were most prominent during the latter half of the stimulation and the first 30s of poststimulation only at 15mm condition (58% intensity). These results suggest that monitoring of brain functional changes due to rTMS using NIRS is useful for elucidating the brain mechanisms underlying the clinical effects of rTMS, and the effects of rTMS over contralateral DLPFC are obtained if the stimulus intensities are more than one-half of the motor thresholds.

Decreased cortical reactivity underlies subjective daytime light sleepiness in healthy subjects: a multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy study.

Daytime sleepiness is considered to be one of the main problems in modern society. Of the four aspects of sleepiness, namely, subjective sleepiness, performance decrease, sleep propensity, and arousal decrease, subjective sleepiness is the most difficult to assess. Brain mechanisms underlying subjective light sleepiness in daytime were investigated in healthy subjects using multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), which enables the noninvasive measurement of regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) changes under natural conditions. Forty right-handed healthy volunteers participated in this study. Relationships were investigated between subjective sleepiness and anxiety, assessed using the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), respectively, and cerebral cortex reactivities assessed as oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration ([oxy-Hb] and [deoxy-Hb], respectively) changes during a verbal fluency task using a 24-channel NIRS machine. SSS score correlated negatively with an [oxy-Hb] increase in the bilateral frontal channels mainly in the middle and last third of the verbal fluency task period. Subjective light daytime sleepiness in healthy subjects is considered to be related to decreased prefrontal reactivities in the later part of cognitive activation.

Time courses of brain activation and their implications for function: a multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy study during finger tapping.

The time courses of brain activation were monitored during a finger tapping task using multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy with a time resolution of 0.1s in 30 healthy volunteers. Task-induced brain activations were demonstrated as significant increases in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration ([oxy-Hb]) in a broad area around the motor cortex and significant decreases in deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration ([deoxy-Hb]) in a more restricted area, with a large degree of activation in the contralateral hemisphere. The time courses of the [oxy-Hb] changes varied depending on channel location: sustained activation across the task period in the motor cortex, transient activation during the initial segments of the task period in the somatosensory cortex, and accumulating activation along the task period in the frontal lobe. These characteristics are assumed to reflect the functional roles of the brain structures during the task period, that is, the execution, sensory monitoring, and maintenance of finger tapping.

Mobile spinal enterogenous cyst resulting in intermittent paraplegia in a child: case report.

The authors report the case of a mobile spinal enterogenous cyst in a 2-year-old boy, who was admitted to the hospital several times for intermittent paraplegia. Magnetic resonance imaging and CT revealed an isolated cyst in the lumbar spinal canal. The symptoms were caused by transient myelopathy of the conus medullaris and radiculopathy of the cauda equina due to the changing size and location of the cyst. The cyst was surgically extirpated, after which the symptoms resolved. The histopathological diagnosis was enterogenous cyst. The clinical history of intraspinal enterogenous cyst is usually progressive. Mobility and changes in size are rare pathophysiological findings. The authors speculate that the cyst wall did not adhere to the surrounding structures and had ruptured and quickly reformed. Enterogenous cyst should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spinal intradural cysts in children with radiculomyelopathy.

Near-infrared spectroscopic study of frontopolar activation during face-to-face conversation in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) patients show speech characteristics that vary greatly according to mood state. In a previous study, we found impaired temporal and right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) activation in schizophrenia during face-to-face conversation; no study had, however, previously investigated mood disorders during face-to-face conversation. Here, we investigated frontal and temporal lobe activation during conversation in patients with MDD and BD. Frontal and temporal lobe activation was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in 29 patients with MDD, 31 patients with BD, and 31 normal controls (NC). We compared continuous activation and rapid change of activation with talk/listen phase changes during the conversation and analyzed the correlation between these indices and clinical variables. Both the MDD and BD groups showed decreased continuous activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) and left frontopolar cortices (FPCs); they also showed decreased rapid change in bilateral FPC activation. In the MDD group, the rapid change of activation was positively correlated with Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores. In the BD group, continuous activation was negatively correlated with age of onset. These results indicate that frontal activation during conversation decreases in both MDD and BD. However, both continuous activation and rapid change may reflect the pathophysiological character of MDD and BD; in particular, the reduced amount of rapid change in the right FPC may be related to impaired adaptive ability in MDD.

Provocation of symmetry/ordering symptoms in Anorexia nervosa: a functional neuroimaging study.

Anorexia nervosa (AN), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) are often co-morbid; however, the aetiology of such co-morbidity has not been well investigated. This study examined brain activation in women with AN and in healthy control (HC) women during the provocation of symmetry/ordering-related anxiety. During provocation, patients with AN showed more anxiety compared to HCs, which was correlated with the severity of symmetry/ordering symptoms. Activation in the right parietal lobe and right prefrontal cortex (rPFC) in response to provocation was reduced in the AN group compared with the HC group. The reduced right parietal activation observed in the AN group is consistent with parietal lobe involvement in visuospatial cognition and with studies of OCD reporting an association between structural abnormalities in this region and the severity of 'ordering' symptoms. Reduced rPFC activation in response to symmetry/ordering provocation has similarities with some, but not all, data collected from patients with AN who were exposed to images of food and bodies. Furthermore, the combination of data from the AN and HC groups showed that rPFC activation during symptom provocation was inversely correlated with the severity of symmetry/ordering symptoms. These data suggest that individuals with AN have a diminished ability to cognitively deal with illness-associated symptoms of provocation. Furthermore, our data also suggest that symptom provocation can progressively overload attempts by the rPFC to exert cognitive control. These findings are discussed in the context of the current neurobiological models of AN.

Temporal lobe and inferior frontal gyrus dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia during face-to-face conversation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study.

Schizophrenia (SC) is marked by poor social-role performance and social-skill deficits that are well reflected in daily conversation. Although the mechanism underlying these impairments has been investigated by functional neuroimaging, technical limitations have prevented the investigation of brain activation during conversation in typical clinical situations. To fill this research gap, this study investigated and compared frontal and temporal lobe activation in patients with SC during face-to-face conversation. Frontal and temporal lobe activation in 29 patients and 31 normal controls (NC) (n = 60) were measured during 180-s conversation periods by using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The grand average values of oxyhemoglobin concentration ([oxy-Hb]) changes during task performance were analyzed to determine their correlation with clinical variables and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) subscores. Compared to NCs, patients with SC exhibited decreased performance in the conversation task and decreased activation in both the temporal lobes and the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) during task performance, as indicated by the grand average of [oxy-Hb] changes. The decreased activation in the left temporal lobe was negatively correlated with the PANSS disorganization and negative symptoms subscores and that in the right IFG was negatively correlated with illness duration, PANSS disorganization, and negative symptom subscores. These findings indicate that brain dysfunction in SC during conversation is related to functional deficits in both the temporal lobes and the right IFG and manifests primarily in the form of disorganized thinking and negative symptomatology.