RESUMEN
All living organisms emit, detect, and respond to chemical stimuli, thus creating an almost limitless number of interactions by means of chemical signals. Technological and intellectual advances in the last two decades have enabled chemical signals analyses at several molecular levels, including gene expression, molecular diversity, and receptor affinity. These advances have also deepened our understanding of nature to encompass interactions at multiple organism levels across different taxa. This tutorial review describes the most recent analytical developments in 'omics' technologies (i.e., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) and provide recent examples of its application in studies of chemical signals. We highlight how studies have integrated an enormous amount of information generated from different omics disciplines into one publicly available platform. In addition, we stress the importance of considering different signal modalities and an evolutionary perspective to establish a comprehensive understanding of chemical communication.
Asunto(s)
Genómica , Metabolómica , Proteómica , Ecología , TranscriptomaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Identify which obstetrical diagnoses are associated with suboptimal antenatal betamethasone administration. METHODS: We present a retrospective, cohort study of patients who received betamethasone due to a risk for preterm delivery, between 7/2013 and 9/2016 at our institution. Details of betamethasone administration were recorded including the diagnosis leading to betamethasone. Optimal administration was defined as two doses of betamethasone given 24 hours apart, with delivery occurring at greater than 24 hours but less than seven days after completion of the second dose of betamethasone. Suboptimal administration included any betamethasone dosing that did not meet the optimal criteria. RESULTS: 428 patients were identified for the study with 20.1% of patients receiving optimal betamethasone. Patients presenting with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (36.1%) and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) (22.1%) were more likely to receive optimal betamethasone, while patients presenting with preterm labor (PTL) (41.8%) and placental abruption (24.6%) were more likely to receive suboptimal betamethasone (p-value < 0.0001). Among PTL patients, those presenting with contractions and cervical dilation/short cervix (19.15%) were more likely to receive optimal betamethasone (p-value 0.0349). Optimal betamethasone decreased the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) among 32.1 to 34 week neonates. CONCLUSION: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and PPROM are associated with optimal betamethasone, whereas PTL and placental abruption are associated with suboptimal betamethasone.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Betametasona/uso terapéutico , Rotura Prematura de Membranas Fetales/prevención & control , Trabajo de Parto Prematuro/prevención & control , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina/estadística & datos numéricos , Nacimiento Prematuro/prevención & control , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria del Recién Nacido/prevención & control , Adolescente , Adulto , Revisión de la Utilización de Medicamentos , Femenino , Rotura Prematura de Membranas Fetales/fisiopatología , Hospitales Comunitarios , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Embarazo , Resultado del Embarazo , Atención Prenatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria del Recién Nacido/fisiopatología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Multidrug-resistant pathogens have important effects on clinical outcomes. Antibiotic cycling is one approach to control anti-microbial resistance, but few studies have examined cycling in hematology-oncology units. Antibiotic cycling was implemented in January 1999 at our hematology-oncology unit, alternating piperacillin-tazobactam (pip-tazo) and cefepime in 3 months periods, until June 2004. Clinical isolates were compared in post- and pre-intervention periods and with the susceptibility among the solid organ transplant intensive care unit (TICU) isolates. The rate of Gram-negative isolates remained stable. Among Gram-negatives, susceptibility to cefepime and pip-tazo remained stable. There was an increase in Enterococcus spp. (P=0.007), and susceptibility to ampicillin and vancomycin decreased (odds ratio (OR): 0.04, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.17-0.89 and OR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.09-0.58). Compared with the TICU, there was increased susceptibility to pip-tazo and cefepime among enterics (OR: 7.32, 95% CI: 4.44-12.07 and OR: 8.82, 95% CI: 2.1-37.13) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (OR: 4.27, 95% CI: 1.47-12.4 and OR: 4.61, 95% CI: 1.75-12.1) and decreased susceptibility to ampicillin and vancomycin among enterococci (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.30-0.63 and OR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.26-0.56). Cycling was associated with preserved antibiotic susceptibility among Gram-negatives, but with an increase in Enterococcus spp. and vancomycin and ampicillin resistance among enterococci.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Infecciones Bacterianas/prevención & control , Trasplante de Médula Ósea/métodos , Infecciones Bacterianas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Bacterianas/etiología , Trasplante de Médula Ósea/efectos adversos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Gramnegativas/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/aislamiento & purificación , Neoplasias Hematológicas/terapia , Hematología , Humanos , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Texas , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) against human immunodeficiency virus can be occupational, non-occupational or vertical transmission. The aim of our study was to analyse the indication and treatment carried out in a hospital. METHODS: Retrospective observational study that included all patients who received PEP between 2006 and 2014. The project was approved by the Committee for Ethics in Clinical Research. RESULTS: We evaluated 54 PEP, which were started at 11.8 hours' average. The antiretroviral drugs were adequately chosen, but the duration pattern did not adjusted to the recommendations published at that time. Tolerance was good, being gastrointestinal symptoms the most frequent adverse effects; only once was necessary to replace the pattern. There were usual losses during follow up, reaching in some subgroups 50%. CONCLUSIONS: Indication and choice of drugs were adequate in the three kinds of contact risks, but monitoring should improve.
Asunto(s)
Fármacos Anti-VIH/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Profilaxis Posexposición/métodos , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-VIH/efectos adversos , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , Humanos , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa de Paciente a Profesional , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Enfermedades Virales de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & control , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Budesonide (BDS) is a potent corticosteroid that has important implications in the pharmacotherapy of inflammatory bowel disease, especially in the treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. BDS is available on the market in the form of enteric-coated preparations. However these products, similar to other available site-specific dosage forms, are not sufficiently selective to treat colonic inflammatory bowel disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new microparticulate system containing BDS, to treat experimentally induced colitis in rats. This microparticulate system consisted of BDS-containing hydrophobic cores, microencapsulated within an enteric polymer, which solubilizes at above pH 7, thus combining pH-sensitive and controlled-release properties. Colonic injury and inflammation were assessed by measuring colon/bodyweight ratio, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and by scoring macroscopic and histological damage in colitic rats. Rats were treated orally with BDS, included in the developed system, once a day for 4 days after the induction of inflammation. A BDS suspension and BDS-containing enteric microparticles were included as control formulations in the experimental design. The administration of the new BDS delivery system significantly reduced the colon/bodyweight ratio compared with the administration of control formulations. Similarly, MPO activity and macroscopic and histological damage of the inflamed colonic segments decreased significantly when the BDS formulation was administered, compared with the results obtained after oral administration of the drug suspension. There were no significant differences, however, when the new treatment was compared with the control formulation consisting of simple enteric microparticles.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/administración & dosificación , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Budesonida/administración & dosificación , Budesonida/farmacología , Colitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Administración Oral , Animales , Peso Corporal , Colitis/veterinaria , Colon/efectos de los fármacos , Colon/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Composición de Medicamentos , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Inflamación , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
The metabolic effects of verapamil alone and in combination with captopril were investigated in rats. Animals received the maximum recommended doses for humans (per kg body weight per day) over a 2-week period. Verapamil had no significant effects on serum biochemistry, but caused a significant increase in serum potassium level and significant reductions in the rates of intestinal absorption of glucose and calcium. Verapamil/captopril had a number of significant effects on serum lipid profile (increased total cholesterol, increased HDL-cholesterol, and reduced LDL-cholesterol), and also provoked an increase in serum alanine amino-transferase activity and in serum glucose levels. The combination treatment caused a significant increase in serum chloride levels, but had no effect on intestinal absorption.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/farmacología , Antihipertensivos/farmacología , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio/farmacología , Captopril/farmacología , Verapamilo/farmacología , Alanina Transaminasa/metabolismo , Animales , Análisis Químico de la Sangre , Glucemia/metabolismo , Calcio/metabolismo , Captopril/administración & dosificación , Glucosa/metabolismo , Absorción Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Lípidos/sangre , Masculino , Potasio/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Verapamilo/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
We investigated whether dietary supplementation with L-arginine, the endogenous precursor of nitric oxide, might affect serum lipid levels and activities of intestinal mucosa enzymes in animals, in which diabetes was induced by administration of streptozotocin. Control and diabetic rats were fed diets with or without 2% L-arginine supplementation for 4 weeks. Diabetic rats had significantly higher concentrations of serum triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol than control rats. These alterations were partially reduced by L-arginine supplementation. Experimental diabetes did not influence the lactase and leucine aminopeptidase activity in the intestine, but the activity of alkaline phosphatase was increased. Furthermore, activities of maltase and sucrase in the intestinal mucosa were elevated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and were restored to control levels after dietary L-arginine supplementation. On the basis of the present experimental evidence, dietary L-arginine supplementation appears to affect the metabolism of lipoproteins and might alleviate some gastrointestinal dysfunctions, commonly seen in diabetes mellitus.
Asunto(s)
Arginina/administración & dosificación , Colesterol/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangre , Suplementos Dietéticos , Intestinos/enzimología , Triglicéridos/sangre , Animales , Glucemia/análisis , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/enzimología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
Dietary effects of two diets high in protein from two marine species (Haliotis tuberculata and Anemonia viridis) as compared to a high-quality patron protein such as casein (or casein supplemented with olive oil) on intestinal and hepatic enzymes were studied. After 23 days, the two marine species as diet compared to casein increased the disaccharidase and alkaline phosphatase activities. Feeding Haliotis tuberculata meal produced a decrease on intestinal leucine aminopeptidase activity. The hepatic gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity decreased slightly in animals fed Haliotis tuberculata meal. Supplementation of casein with olive oil tended to decrease the intestinal and hepatic enzyme activity.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas en la Dieta/farmacología , Intestino Delgado/enzimología , Hígado/enzimología , Moluscos , Anémonas de Mar , Alimentos Marinos , Fosfatasa Alcalina/metabolismo , Animales , Caseínas/administración & dosificación , Caseínas/farmacología , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Disacaridasas/metabolismo , Leucil Aminopeptidasa/metabolismo , Masculino , Aceite de Oliva , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , gamma-Glutamiltransferasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
The combination of nifedipine and atenolol is widely used for the treatment of hypertension. In the present study, experiments performed in rats indicated that neither drug affects the gastric or intestinal absorption of the other. In assays of the biotransformation of nifedipine in liver homogenates, breakdown was much more rapid in homogenates from male rats than from female rats. In the presence of atenolol, the breakdown rate was significantly increased in homogenates from male rats, and significantly reduced in homogenates from female rats.
Asunto(s)
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Atenolol/farmacología , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio/farmacología , Absorción Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Nifedipino/farmacología , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacocinética , Animales , Atenolol/farmacocinética , Biotransformación , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio/farmacocinética , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Femenino , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Intestino Delgado/efectos de los fármacos , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Masculino , Nifedipino/farmacocinética , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Estómago/efectos de los fármacosAsunto(s)
Anestesia Intravenosa/métodos , Anestésicos Intravenosos/administración & dosificación , Miopatías Nemalínicas/fisiopatología , Piperidinas/administración & dosificación , Propofol/administración & dosificación , Adulto , Atropina/administración & dosificación , Contraindicaciones , Humanos , Complicaciones Intraoperatorias/prevención & control , Intubación Intratraqueal , Masculino , Hipertermia Maligna/prevención & control , Apófisis Mastoides/cirugía , Midazolam/administración & dosificación , Fármacos Neuromusculares no Despolarizantes , RemifentaniloRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: It is important to determine the nutritional status of an individual that may be submitted to a surgical intervention since it has been shown a relationship between nutritional status impairments and the incidence of complications. We present the data from a study comparing two nutritional assessment methods. OBJECTIVE: To study the rate of hyponutrition in patients candidates to lung resection in southern Galicia, and to determine if there were significant differences in the use of 2 different nutritional assessment methods. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 200 patients participated in this study: 144 males (aged 29-83 years) and 56 females (aged 20-80 years). All of them were assessed for their nutritional status according to Chang's method and we also performed a patient-generated global subjective assessment (PG-GSA) according to the SENBA working group protocol. RESULTS: There is agreement between the 2 methods in assessing 122 patients as having "good nutritional status". There are two cases with agreement between both methods in the diagnosis of "moderate hyponutrition or risk for hyponutrition". No case of "severe hyponutrition" is diagnosed by the Chang's method. CONCLUSIONS: We found statistically significant differences between the observations obtained with the two methods. The Chang's method performed more accurately than the PG-GSA, so that we believe it should be the first choice method for the preoperative nutritional assessment of patients candidate to a lung resection.
Asunto(s)
Pulmón/cirugía , Evaluación Nutricional , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Algoritmos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Desnutrición/diagnóstico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estado Nutricional , Cuidados Preoperatorios , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Pulmonares , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Neoplasias Cutáneas , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadAsunto(s)
Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Melanoma/diagnóstico , Adulto , Neoplasias Encefálicas , Hepatomegalia/patología , Humanos , Neoplasias Intestinales , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Pulmón/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Metástasis Linfática , Masculino , Melanoma/patología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMEN
Introducción: Es importante determinar el estado nutricional de un individuo candidato a una intervención quirúrgica puesto que se ha demostrado la relación entre alteraciones en su status nutricional y la incidencia de complicaciones. Presentamos los datos correspondientes a un estudio comparativo de 2 métodos de valoración nutricional. Objetivo: Observar la tasa de desnutrición en aquellos pacientes candidatos a resección pulmonar del sur de Galicia, y determinar en los mismos si hay diferencias significativas en el uso de 2 métodos diferentes de valoración nutricional. Pacientes y métodos: En el estudio participaron 200 pacientes; 144 varones (con edades comprendidas entre los 29 y los 83 años) y 56 mujeres (con edades comprendidas entre los 20 y los 80 años). Todos ellos fueron valorados nutricionalmente de acuerdo al método de Chang y también se les realizó una valoración global subjetiva generada por el paciente (VGS-GP) según el protocolo del grupo de trabajo de la SENBA. Resultados: Los 2 métodos coinciden en valorar a 122 pacientes como "Buen estado nutricional". Hay 2 casos en los que ambos métodos coinciden en el diagnóstico de "Desnutrición moderada o riesgo de desnutrición". El método de Chang no diagnostica ninguna "Desnutrición grave". Conclusiones: Encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las observaciones obtenidas mediante ambos métodos. El método de Chang realizó una valoración nutricional del paciente más ajustada y objetiva que la VGS-GP, por lo que creemos que debe ser el método de elección en la valoración nutricional preoperatoria de los pacientes candidatos a resección pulmonar (AU)
Introduction: It is important to determine the nutritional status of an individual that may be submitted to a surgical intervention since it has been shown a relationship between nutritional status impairments and the incidence of complications. We present the data from a study comparing two nutritional assessment methods. Objective: To study the rate of hyponutrition in patients candidates to lung resection in southern Galicia, and to determine if there were significant differences in the use of 2 different nutritional assessment methods. Patients and methods: 200 patients participated in this study: 144 males (aged 29-83 years) and 56 females (aged 20-80 years). All of them were assessed for their nutritional status according to Chang's method and we also performed a patient-generated global subjective assessment (PG-GSA) according to the SENBA working group protocol. Results: There is agreement between the 2 methods in assessing 122 patients as having "good nutritional status". There are two cases with agreement between both methods in the diagnosis of "moderate hyponutrition or risk for hyponutrition". No case of "severe hyponutrition" is diagnosed by the Chang's method. Conclusions: We found statistically significant differences between the observations obtained with the two methods. The Chang's method performed more accurately than the PG-GSA, so that we believe it should be the first choice method for the preoperative nutritional assessment of patients candidate to a lung resection (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Evaluación Nutricional , Neumonectomía , Desnutrición/diagnóstico , Estado Nutricional , /métodosRESUMEN
No disponible
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Meningitis/complicaciones , Meningitis/epidemiología , Meningitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Aciclovir/uso terapéutico , Herpes Simple/complicaciones , Herpes Simple/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico DiferencialRESUMEN
An extract of mussels contaminated with Dinophysis was administered to rats 4 or 14 h before experimentation. The leucinaminopeptidase (LAP) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) activities were determined in samples of small intestine, kidney and liver. LAP activity decreased in the intestine 4 h after administration but returned to normal 14 h post-administration, and GGTP was unaffected. In the kidney brush border, 14 h after treatment, the levels of LAP in male samples and GGTP in both sexes, were increased. No alterations in hepatic enzymatic activity were detected.
Asunto(s)
Bivalvos/parasitología , Dinoflagelados , Leucil Aminopeptidasa/metabolismo , Toxinas Marinas/toxicidad , gamma-Glutamiltransferasa/metabolismo , Animales , Femenino , Intestino Delgado/enzimología , Riñón/enzimología , Hígado/enzimología , Masculino , Ratones , Microvellosidades/química , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
An extract of mussels contaminated with Gonyaulax monilata was administered intragastrically to rats (1.5 or 2.0 ml extract/150 g body wt) 3 or 7 h before experiments. Intestinal disaccharidases were determined. Sucrase activity was changed in both mucosa and brush border after treatment. Maltase and lactase activities were affected only by the higher dosage.