Lignans from the root of Valeriana jatamansi and their biological evaluation.

Investigation on the chemical components of Valeriana jatamansi Jones (Caprifoliaceae), a new lignan with pyran-ring, dipsalignan G (1), along with eight known compounds (2-9) were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of 1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic data. Additionally, possible biosynthetic pathway of 1 was proposed. Finally, biological evaluation results showed that 8 had significant scavenging ability to ABTS and DPPH free radicals, with IC50 values of 1.35 ± 0.01 and 2.94 ± 0.01 µg/ml, respectively.

Chuanxiongdiolides R4 and R5, phthalide dimers with a complex polycyclic skeleton from the aerial parts of Ligusticum chuanxiong and their vasodilator activity.

Chuanxiongdiolides R4-R6 (1-3), three novel phthalide dimers featuring two classes of unreported monomeric units (ligustilide/senkyunolide A and ligustilide/neocnidilide) with an unprecedented linkage style (3a,7'/7a,7'a), were isolated from the aerial parts of Ligusticum chuanxiong, together with three pairs of enantiomeric phthalide dimers [(-)/(+)-4a/4b, 5a/5b, and 6a/6b]. The bioassays revealed that compounds 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 showed significant vasodilation effects, and the mechanism may be attributed to Cav1.2 activation blockade. Based on the established compounds library, the structure activity relationship of the phthalides was proposed. Our findings afford possible leads for developing new vasodilator against cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic stroke.

Iridoids from Valeriana jatamansi induce autophagy-associated cell death via the PDK1/Akt/mTOR pathway in HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma cells.

Chlorovaltrates U-W (1-3), three previously undescribed iridoids, together with four known analogues were isolated from the roots of Valeriana jatamansi. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic analyses (HRESIMS, NMR). The cytotoxicity of all isolates was evaluated. Compounds 5-7 exhibited selective cytotoxicity against HCT116 cells, with IC50 values of 9.3, 1.7 and 2.2 µM, respectively. The preliminary mechanistic study revealed that, the cytotoxicity effect of 6 was attributed to Akt/mTOR activation blockade via inhibition of PDK1 phosphorylation. Meanwhile, compound 6 could induce autophagosome formation in HCT116 cells via suppressing its downstream Akt/mTOR. These findings show that compound 6 could be of great importance to the development of anti-colon cancer agents.

Astragalus polysaccharides exerts anti-infective activity by inducing human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in respiratory epithelial cells.

Astragalus polysaccharides (APS), one of the major active components in Astragalus membranaceus, is an effective immunomodulator used in the treatment of immunological diseases in China. However, the anti-infective action and mechanism of APS is not fully known. In the present study, we found that APS induced the expression of human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37, a key host anti-infective molecule, in both mRNA and protein levels in respiratory epithelial cells HBE16 and A549. Furthermore, the lysate and supernatant from APS-treated HBE16 cells both exhibited an obvious antibacterial action, which was partially neutralizated by LL-37 monoclonal antibody. In addition, APS also significantly elevated the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK and caused the degradation of IκBα. Specific inhibitors of p38 MAPK, JNK, or NF-κB obviously abolished APS-induced LL-37 synthesis and antibacterial activity, respectively. Taken together, our results confirmed the enhancement of APS on LL-37 induction and antibacterial action in respiratory epithelial cells, which may be attributed to activation of p38 MAPK/JNK and NF-κB pathways. Furthermore, these results also supported the clinical application of APS in the treatment of infectious diseases.

Correlation between Quality and Geographical Origins of Poria cocos Revealed by Qualitative Fingerprint Profiling and Quantitative Determination of Triterpenoid Acids.

Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf (PC) is a well-known saprophytic fungus, and its sclerotium without the epidermis (PCS) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and as a functional food in many countries. PCS is normally collected from multiple geographical regions, but whether and how the quality of PCS correlates with where it grows have not been determined. This correlation could be significant both for quality control and optimum utilization of PCS as a natural resource. In this study, a qualitative fingerprint profiling method performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with diode array detection (DAD) combining quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS/MS) and a quantitative UHPLC coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (QqQ-MS/MS) approach were established to investigate whether and how the quality of PCS correlates with its collection location. A standard fingerprint of PCS was generated by median simulation of 25 tested samples collected from four main producing areas of China, and similarity analysis was applied to evaluate the similarities between the fingerprints of samples and the standard fingerprint. Twenty three common peaks occurring in the fingerprint were unequivocally or tentatively identified by UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Meanwhile, principal component analysis (PCA), supervised orthogonal partial least squares-discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were employed to classify 25 batches of PCS samples into four groups, which were highly consistent with the four geographical regions. Ten compounds were screened out as potential markers to distinguish the quality of PCS. Nine triterpene acids, including five compounds that played important roles in the clusters between different samples collected from the four collection locations, were simultaneously quantified by using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode of UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. The current strategy not only clearly expounded the correlation between quality and geographical origins of PCS, but also provided a fast, accurate and comprehensive qualitative and quantitative method for assessing the quality of PCS.

Ajudecumin A from Ajuga ovalifolia var. calantha exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 murine macrophages and animal models of acute inflammation.

CONTEXT: Ajuga ovalifolia Bur. et Franch. var. calantha (Diels) C. Y. Wu et C. Chen (Labiatae), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used to treat several inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVE: To assess the anti-inflammatory activity of ajudecumin A isolated from Ajuga ovalifolia var. calantha, and its possible mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 µg/mL)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of ajudecumin A (1-40 µM) in vitro. Nitric oxide levels were evaluated by Griess reagent. The mRNA levels of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 were determined using qRT-PCR. Phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, p38 MAPK and IκBα were detected by western Blot. To further assess the anti-inflammatory of ajudecumin A in vivo, mice were oral treated with ajudecumin A (10 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (0.25 mg/kg, positive control) for 5 days before administration of carrageenan or xylene. Paw and ear edema were then measured, respectively. RESULTS: Ajudecumin A (10-40 µM) decreased LPS-induced nitric oxide production with an IC50 value of 16.19 µM. Ajudecumin A (20 and 40 µM) also attenuated cell spreading and formation of pseudopodia-like structures, and decreased the mRNA levels of iNOS (55.23-67.04%, p < 0.001), COX-2 (57.58-70.25%, p < 0.001), TNF-α (53.75-58.94%, p < 0.01-0.001), IL-1ß (79.41-87.85%, p < 0.001) and IL-6 (54.26-80.52%, p < 0.01-0.001) in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, ajudecumin A suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK, p38 MAPK, and IκBα, as well as IκBα degradation (p < 0.05-0.001). Finally, ajudecumin A (10 mg/kg) attenuated carrageenan- and xylene-induced inflammation in mice by about 28 and 24%, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Ajudecumin A exhibited a potent anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo through inhibition on NF-κB and ERK/p38 MAPK pathways, suggesting that ajudecumin A may be potentially developed as a lead compound in anti-inflammatory drug discovery.

[Studies on chemical constituents of Valeriana plants and their biological activities].

The recent progresses on chemical components and pharmacological activities of the genus Valerianawere summarized.Besides-essential oil, the chemical composition of Valerianais mainly focused on monoterpenoids,sesquiterpenoids,lignans, flavonoids, alkaloids, etc. Iridoids are the main chemical components ofmonoterpenoids. There are two types ofiridoidson the basis of the cyclopentane open or not. The Valerianahas been drawmuch attention for their significant sedation,spasmolysis,antidepression,antitumor, against adenosine A1 receptors and cytotoxicityactivity,and had certain function for cardiovascular disease treatment. Given to the fact of the lack of systematic review and summary of studies on the Valeriana, we summarized and analyze the study literatures on the pharmacological activity of Valerianain recent years, and providedsome basisfor further study.

Structurally diverse phthalides from fibrous roots of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. and their biological activities.

Falonolide A (1) and B (2), two novel polyyne hybrid phthalides resulting from unprecedented carbon skeleton polymerized by Z-ligustilide and falcarindiol, along with six new related phthalides (3-8), were isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, computer-assisted structure elucidation (CASE) analysis, DP4+ probability analysis and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. A plausible biosynthetic pathway for 1-8 was proposed, and the production mechanism of 2 was revealed by density functional theory (DFT) method. Compounds 4 and 6 exhibited significant vasodilatory activity with EC50 of 8.00 ± 0.86 and 6.92 ± 1.02 µM, respectively. Compound 4 also displayed significant inhibitory effect of NO production with EC50 value of 8.82 ± 0.30 µM. Based on the established compounds library, structure-activity relationship analysis of phthalides was explored to provide insights into the drug development of vasodilators and anti-flammatory.

Fuzi lizhong pills alter microbial community compositions and metabolite profiles in ulcerative colitis rat with spleen-kidney yang deficiency syndrome.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel condition that is frequently related with Spleen-Kidney Yang Deficiency Syndrome (SKYD) in Chinese medicine. Fuzi Lizhong Pill (FLZP), a traditional medicine for SKYD, has been utilized in China for generations, although the exact mechanism by which it treats UC is unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY: The goal of this study is to further understand FLZP's therapeutic mechanism in SKYD-associated UC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To investigate the impact of FLZP on SKYD-associated UC, we used a comprehensive method that included serum metabolomics and gut microbiota profiling. The chemical composition of FLZP was determined using mass spectrometry. UC rats with SKYD were induced and treated with FLZP. Serum metabolomics and 16S rRNA microbial community analysis were used to evaluate FLZP's effects on endogenous metabolites and gut microbiota, respectively. Correlation analysis investigated the association between metabolites and intestinal flora. A metabolic pathway analysis was undertaken to discover putative FLZP action mechanisms. RESULTS: FLZP contains 109 components, including liquiritin (584.8176 µg/g), benzoylaconine (16.3087 µg/g), benzoylhypaconine (31.9583), and hypaconitine (8.1160 µg/g). FLZP predominantly regulated seven metabolites and eight metabolic pathways involved in amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, with an emphasis on energy metabolism and gastrointestinal digestion. FLZP also influenced intestinal flora variety, increasing probiotic abundance while decreasing pathogenic bacteria prevalence. An integrated investigation identified associations between changes in certain gut flora and energy metabolism, specifically the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. CONCLUSIONS: FLZP successfully cures UC in SKYD rats by regulating amino acid and energy metabolism. Its positive effects may include altering microbiota composition and metabolite profiles in UC rats with SKYD. These findings shed light on FLZP's mode of action and its implications for UC management.

Diverse alkaloids from the aerial parts of Aconitum carmichaelii and antiproliferative activity of costemline via inhibiting SIRT1/ROCK1/P-STAT3 pathways.

Six undescribed alkaloids together with 15 known alkaloids were isolated from the aerial parts of Aconitum carmichaelii. Their structures were elucidated extensively by NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopy. The absolute configurations of N-formyllaurotetanine, and the known compounds glaucine-ß-N-oxide and glaucine-α-N-oxide were established by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Notably, it was the discovery of rare indole alkaloids from the genus Aconitum, and biosynthetic pathway of compounds 1 and 6 was deduced. Evaluation of the antiproliferative activity of these alkaloids demonstrated that costemline exhibited significant anti-proliferation effects against HCT116, SKOV3, and A549 cells with IC50 values of 5.6, 14.2, and 6.8 µM, respectively. Costemline could also inhibit the cell invasion activity of HCT116 cells. Mechanistic studies in HCT116 cells suggested that the antiproliferative activity of costemline was attributable to SIRT1/ROCK1/P-STAT3 pathways regulation. This study revealed the potential for developing and utilizing the aerial parts of Aconitum carmichaelii.

Review of lignans from 2019 to 2021: Newly reported compounds, diverse activities, structure-activity relationships and clinical applications.

Lignans, with various biological activities, such as antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral activities, are widely distributed in nature and mainly exist in the xylem of plants. In this paper, we summarized the structures and bioactivities of lignans reported in recent years (2019-2021) from five parts, including (1) a summary and classification of newly reported compounds; (2) the pharmacological activities of lignans; (3) molecular resources and activity distribution; (4) the structure-activity relationships; and (5) the clinical application of lignans. This review covers all undescribed compounds that were reported within the covered period of time and all bioactivity data about previously isolated lignans. The distribution of lignans in different plants and families is visualized, which improves the efficiency of searching for specific molecules. The diverse activities of different types of lignans provide an important reference for the rapid screening of these compounds. Discussion about the structure-activity relationships of lignans provides a direction for the structural modification of skeleton molecules. Combined with the clinical application of such molecules, this work will provide a valuable reference for pharmaceutical chemists.

Panax ginseng and its ginsenosides: potential candidates for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced side effects.

Chemotherapy-induced side effects affect the quality of life and efficacy of treatment of cancer patients. Current approaches for treating the side effects of chemotherapy are poorly effective and may cause numerous harmful side effects. Therefore, developing new and effective drugs derived from natural non-toxic compounds for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced side effects is necessary. Experiments in vivo and in vitro indicate that Panax ginseng (PG) and its ginsenosides are undoubtedly non-toxic and effective options for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced side effects, such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and hematopoietic inhibition. The mechanism focus on anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis, as well as the modulation of signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), P62/keap1/Nrf2, c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/P53/caspase 3, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4)/JNK, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT. Since a systemic review of the effect and mechanism of PG and its ginsenosides on chemotherapy-induced side effects has not yet been published, we provide a comprehensive summarization with this aim and shed light on the future research of PG.

Review of Natural Resources With Vasodilation: Traditional Medicinal Plants, Natural Products, and Their Mechanism and Clinical Efficacy.

For decades, chronic diseases including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs) have plagued the world. Meanwhile, we have noticed a close association between CCVDs and vascular lesions, such as hypertension. More focus has been placed on TMPs and natural products with vasodilation and hypotension. TMPs with vasodilatory and hypotensive activities are mainly from Compositae, Lamiaceae, and Orchidaceae (such as V. amygdalina Del., T. procuinbens L., M. glomerata Spreng., K. galanga L., etc.) whereas natural products eliciting vasorelaxant potentials were primarily from flavonoids, phenolic acids and alkaloids (such as apigenin, puerarin, curcumin, sinomenine, etc.). Furthermore, the data analysis showed that the vasodilatory function of TMPs was mainly concerned with the activation of eNOS, while the natural products were primarily correlated with the blockage of calcium channel. Thus, TMPs will be used as alternative drugs and nutritional supplements, while natural products will be considered as potential therapies for CCVDs in the future. This study provides comprehensive and valuable references for the prevention and treatment of hypertension and CCVDs and sheds light on the further studies in this regard. However, since most studies are in vitro and preclinical, there is a need for more in-depth researches and clinical trials to understand the potential of these substances.

Modulation of the 5-HT3A receptor current by desacylbaldrinal.

The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) type 3 receptor is an important target in the control of digestive dysfunction such as anorexia and bulimia, and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are effective against eating disorder and the early-phase chemotherapy and radiotherapy evoked vomiting. Our previous research of Valeriana jatamansi revealed the presence of iridoids, which showed potent antitumor activities. Here, we explored the effects of 10π aromatic iridoid desacylbaldrinal isolated from V. jatamansi on the 5-HT3 receptor current. We performed whole cell recordings of 5-HT3A receptor currents in the presence of the compound. The result indicated that desacylbaldrinal inhibited the 5-HT-mediated 5-HT3A receptor current.

A new abietane diterpenoid from Ajuga ovalifolia var. calantha induces human lung epithelial A549 cell apoptosis by inhibiting SHP2.

The Src-homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2), encoded by PTPN11, has been reported oncogenic tyrosine phosphatase associated with various tumors and played critical roles in many cell signaling events. Targeting SHP2 by small molecules may be a promising way for cancer therapy. Herein, a new abietane diterpenoid, named 3-acetoxylteuvincenone G (3-AG), was isolated from the whole plants of Ajuga ovalifolia var. calantha. The structure of the new compound was elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic analyses. Using recombinant enzyme activity assay and cellular thermal shift assay, we found that 3-AG was a selective inhibitor of SHP2. Molecular docking suggested 3-AG displayed an orientation favorable to nucleophilic attack in the catalytic domain of SHP2. 3-AG suppressed A549 cell proliferation (IC50 = 10.79 ± 0.14 µM), invasion and induced cell apoptosis through SHP2/ERK1/2 and SHP2/AKT pathways. In summary, 3-AG, a potent, selective, and efficacious SHP2 inhibitor, may be a promising small molecule to treat human lung epithelial cancer.

A new abietane diterpenoid glycoside from ajuga ovalifolia var. calantha.

A new abietane diterpenoid glycoside, ajugaside B (1), along with three known compounds (2-4), were isolated from the whole plants of Ajuga ovalifolia var. calantha. The structure of the new compound (1) was elucidated by means of spectroscopic analyses (HRESIMS, IR, NMR and ECD). All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antitumor activities against MGC803, MCF-7, A549, HT29 and HepG2 cell lines. Compounds 3-4 showed moderate cytotoxicity against all tested cell lines with IC50 values of 1.8-7.3 µM.

Iridoids from the roots of Valeriana jatamansi Jones.

Five iridoids, named as chlorovaltrate P-T, together with six known analogues, (4ß,8ß)-8-methoxy-3-methoxy-10-methylene-2,9-dioxatricyclo[4.3.1.03,7]decan-4-ol, chlorovaltrate A, (1R,3R,5R,7S,8R,9S)-3,8-epoxy-1-O-ethyl-5-hydroxyvalechlorine, 8-methoxy-4-acetoxy-3-chlormethyl-10-methylen-2,9-dioxa-tricyclo[4.3.1.03,7]decan, (1S,3R,5R,7S,8R,9S)-3,8-epoxy-1-O-ethyl-5-hydroxyvalechlorine, (1R,3R,5R,7S,8R,9S)-3,8-epoxy-1-O-methyl-5-hydroxyvalechlorine were isolated from the roots of Valeriana jatamansi (syn. Valeriana wallichii). Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of 1D, 2D NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic. The absolute configuration of chlorovaltrate P-T were established by comparing their experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. 3,8-epoxy iridoids exhibited weak cytotoxicity against the lung adenocarcinoma (A 549) and gastric carcinoma cells (SGC 7901). Some also showed moderate neuroprotective effects against CoCl2-induced neuronal cell death in PC12 cells.