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BACKGROUND: COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been inducing an ongoing global health and economic emergency. Although viral pneumonia is the most striking presentation for COVID-19 patients, it has been noticed that some patients may also be accompanied with an abnormal liver function. METHODS: CT was performed in both lungs, and routine bloodwork and the blood metabolic panel were measured. RESULTS: Here, we report on a young male patient without any history of live diseases who suffered simultaneously both SARS-CoV-2 caused pneumonia and hepatitis as evidenced by increased serum bilirubin together with increased serum transaminases. CONCLUSIONS: Studies on mechanisms whereby SARS-CoV-2 causing liver damages might provide more information about the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and help management of this global health emergency.
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COVID-19 , Hepatopatías , Neumonía Viral , Humanos , Masculino , Neumonía Viral/diagnóstico , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Ciliated muconodular papillary tumor (CMPT) is an incredibly rare pulmonary tumor. Currently, little is known about CMPT, and it has not yet been classified by the World Health Organization. The clinical manifestation of CMPT is nonspecific and the diagnosis is only based on pathology. CMPT has been documented in limited reports as a benign tumor, thus the treatment is typically with surgical excision if a solid tumor is identifiable. The prognosis of CMPT is very positive, as no recurrence has been reported in the limited literature available. However, CMPT accompanied with adenocarcinoma in situ has not been reported previously in the literature. CASE PRESENTATION: In this report, we presented a case of a 53-year-old male smoker with CMPT associated with adenocarcinoma in situ. This diagnosis was confirmed by pathological examination, including immunohistostaining. No solid resectable lesion was identified on CT scan; therefore, no surgery was performed. The patient's adenocarcinoma in situ was disseminated in both lungs, thus chemotherapeutic treatment with cisplatin and pemetrexed was given. The patient will be continually followed up closely on a wait-and-watch basis. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our report reveals a unique case of CMPT in conjunction with adenocarcinoma in situ, potentially revealing an association between CMPT and malignancy which has not been previously reported. More similar case studies will be beneficial to determine the authentic relationship between CMPT and adenocarcinoma in situ.
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Adenocarcinoma in Situ/patología , Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Adenocarcinoma in Situ/diagnóstico por imagen , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Carcinoma Papilar/tratamiento farmacológico , Cisplatino/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pemetrexed/uso terapéutico , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Nocardia infection is a very rare bacterial infection caused by Gram-positive, aerobic nocardia species. However, in recent years, it has become a serious infection in immunocompromised patients. Earlier diagnosis plays a pivotal in the effective treatment of nocardia infection. METHODS: In this study, we reported a 65-year-old male patient with nephrotic syndrome who had disseminated abscesses in the lungs, right lower limb, and right cheek. RESULTS: Bacterial culture from these lesions confirmed the presence of nocardia. Timely administration of sensitive antibiotics resulted in a quick recovery for this patient. CONCLUSIONS: Nocardia infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infectious lesions, especially when a patient has multiple abscesses and an underlying disorder in which the immune function of the patient may be compromised.
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Síndrome Nefrótico/complicaciones , Nocardiosis , Anciano , Humanos , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Absceso Pulmonar , Masculino , Nocardia , Enfermedades Cutáneas BacterianasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Primary hepatic tuberculosis is a very rare clinical form of tuberculosis, with atypical clinical presentations and nonspecific imaging features. This results in great difficulty to reach a correct and timely clinical diagnosis. Traditionally, liver biopsy is the gold standard for its diagnosis. Here we assessed the effectiveness of using a T-SPOT.TB test in the early diagnosis of primary hepatic tuberculosis. METHODS: We report a case of primary hepatic tuberculosis whose location of hepatic lesion renders it hard to perform a biopsy. Instead, a T-SPOT.TB test was utilized to help in the early diagnosis of this rare form of tuberculosis. A conventional fourdrug regimen for anti-tubercular therapy together with vitamin B6 was initiated and maintained for 6 months. RESULTS: The T-SPOT.TB test was highly positive for ESAT-6 (87 > 20) and CFP-10 (89 > 20). Dull pain in the upper right abdomen was gone 2 months post treatment. The abnormal lesions shown in an MRI reduced significantly 4 months post treatment. Spot count for ESAT-6 and CFP-10 decreased 6 months post treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest the critical role of T-SPOT.TB test in the earlier diagnosis of prima¬ry hepatic tuberculosis for those patients who have difficulties having a hepatic biopsy.
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Tuberculosis Hepática/diagnóstico , Antígenos Bacterianos/análisis , Proteínas Bacterianas/análisis , Femenino , Humanos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIM: Recently developed vaccines for the SARS-CoV-2 virus utilize endogenous production of the virus' spike protein (SP), allowing the host to develop an immune response. As a result of the novelty of this virus and its vaccines, little is known overall about the potential effects of the SP on the pathogenesis of neoplasia, either from vaccination or from infection. This study was designed to investigate whether SARS-CoV-2 SP has any direct effect on SiHa cervical cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of SARS-CoV-2 SP on cervical cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis were investigated by using clonogenic cell survival assay, quick cell proliferation assay, and caspase-3 activity kits in a widely-used cervical cancer cell line, SiHa. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were also performed to determine the potential molecular mechanisms. RESULTS: The growth and proliferation of SiHa cancer cells were inhibited by SARS-CoV-2 SP. SARS-CoV-2 SP also induced apoptosis in SiHa cancer cells. The anti-proliferative effect of SARS-CoV-2 SP on SiHa cancer cells was associated with the up-regulation of the anti-proliferative molecule p53. The pro-apoptotic effect of SARS-CoV-2 SP on SiHa cells was associated with the up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic molecule TRAIL. CONCLUSION: SARS-CoV-2 SP inhibits the growth of cervical cancer via up-regulation of p53 and TRAIL. Further studies are needed to elaborate on the potential effects of the SARS-CoV-2 SP on other cancer cell lines and normal physiological cell lines for comparison.
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Apoptosis , Proliferación Celular , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , Humanos , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/virología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/patología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/metabolismo , Femenino , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/metabolismo , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , SARS-CoV-2/fisiología , COVID-19/virología , COVID-19/metabolismo , COVID-19/patología , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo , Caspasa 3/metabolismoRESUMEN
As immunotherapy gains momentum as a promising approach for treating several types of cancer, IL-21 has emerged as the latest discovery within the γ chain cytokine family, known for its decisive effects on innate and adaptive immunity and immunopathology. Through the modulation of immune cells, IL-21 has demonstrated significant anti-tumor effects in preclinical studies. The potential of IL-21 in cancer treatment has been explored in phase I and II clinical trials, where it has been utilized both as monotherapy and in combination with other drug agents. Further investigation, alongside larger studies, is necessary before final evaluation and application of IL-21 as immunotherapy. This review aims to summarize these pre-clinical and clinical studies and to discuss the possible future directions of IL-21 immunotherapy development. Such a study may be helpful to accelerate the process of clinical application for IL21 immunotherapy.
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Inmunoterapia , Interleucinas , Neoplasias , Humanos , Interleucinas/uso terapéutico , Interleucinas/inmunología , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Neoplasias/inmunología , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , AnimalesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIM: Ovarian cancer (OVC) is a common, aggressive, and heterogeneous malignancy, with a widely variable prognosis. With the advances of modern immunology, mast cells (MCs) have been shown to play a significant role in the prognosis of some malignant tumors. However, the role of mast cells in the prognosis of OVC is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, MC-associated prognostic genes (MRGs) were used to classify OVC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-OVC cohort. Genes were evaluated using univariate cox regression analysis. Twenty-nine prognostic gene signatures were identified using LASSO-COX analysis. COX regression models and principal component analysis (PCA) algorithms were used to construct MRG scores and individual MRGs patterns. External validation was performed in the TCGA-breast cancer (BRCA) and IMvigor210 cohorts. Immunity analysis based on MRGs was performed using CIBERSORT, and GSVA methods, and immunotherapy response was evaluated using the TIDE website. RESULTS: Using TCGA-OVC data, we established a model for constructing MRG scores based on the twenty-nine identified prognostic gene signatures using the PCA algorithm. MRG scores were found to be strongly correlated with immune cell infiltration and were excellent predictors of prognosis in patients with OVC. Low MRG scores were associated with better prognosis and better response to immunotherapy and chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: MC-related prognosis signature characterizes the immune landscape and predicts the prognosis of OVC. Understanding the correlation between MC-related gene signatures and immunotherapy and chemotherapy may improve the development of personalized clinical treatment strategies.
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Mastocitos , Neoplasias Ováricas , Humanos , Femenino , Mastocitos/inmunología , Mastocitos/patología , Pronóstico , Neoplasias Ováricas/inmunología , Neoplasias Ováricas/genética , Neoplasias Ováricas/patología , Neoplasias Ováricas/mortalidad , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/inmunología , Microambiente Tumoral/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , TranscriptomaRESUMEN
Cervical cancer is one of the most common types of female cancers worldwide. IL-29 is an interesting cytokine in the IFNλ family. Its role in the pathogenesis of neoplasia is complicated and has been studied in other cancers, such as lung cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer. IL-29 has been previously reported to promote the growth of pancreatic cancer. However, the direct role of IL-29 in cervical cancer has not been studied yet. This study was performed to investigate the direct effect on cervical cancer cell growth. Clonogenic survival assay, cell proliferation, and caspase-3 activity kits were used to evaluate the effects of IL-29 on cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis of a well-studied cervical cancer cell line, SiHa. We further investigated the potential molecular mechanisms by using RT-PCR and IHC. We found that the percentage of colonies of SiHa cells was decreased in the presence of IL-29. This was consistent with a decreased OD value of cancer cells. Furthermore, the relative caspase-3 activity in cancer cells increased in the presence of IL-29. The anti-proliferative effect of IL-29 on cancer cells correlated with increased expression of the anti-proliferative molecules p18 and p27. The pro-apoptotic effect of IL-29 on cancer cells correlated with increased expression of the pro-apoptotic molecule TRAILR1. IL-29 inhibits cervical cancer cell growth by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell apoptosis. Thus, IL-29 might be a promising cytokine for immunotherapy of cervical cancer.
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Citocinas , Interferón lambda , Interleucinas , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , Femenino , Humanos , Apoptosis , Caspasa 3 , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Inmunoterapia , Regulación hacia Arriba , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/terapiaRESUMEN
Ovarian cancer is a prominent cancer worldwide with a relatively low survival rate for women diagnosed. Many individuals are diagnosed in the late stage of the disease and are prescribed a wide variety of treatment options. Current treatment options are primarily a combination of surgery and chemotherapy as well as a new but promising treatment involving immunotherapy. Nevertheless, contemporary therapeutic modalities exhibit a discernible lag in advancement when compared with the strides achieved in recent years in the context of other malignancies. Moreover, many surgery and chemotherapy options have a high risk for recurrence due to the late-stage diagnosis. Therefore, there is a necessity to further treatment options. There have been many new advancements in the field of immunotherapy. Immunotherapy has been approved for 16 various types of cancers and has shown significant treatment potential in many other cancers as well. Researchers have also found many promising outlooks for immunotherapy as a treatment for ovarian cancer. This review summarizes many of the new advancements in immunotherapy treatment options and could potentially offer valuable insights to gynecologists aimed at enhancing the efficacy of their treatment approaches for patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer.
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Neoplasias Ováricas , Humanos , Femenino , Neoplasias Ováricas/patología , InmunoterapiaRESUMEN
This study examined patterns, potential predictors, and outcomes of immunosuppressive medication adherence in a convenience sample of 121 kidney transplant recipients aged 21 yr or older from three kidney transplant centers using a theory-based, descriptive, correlational, longitudinal design. Electronic monitoring was conducted for 12 months using electronic monitoring. Participants were persistent in taking their immunosuppressive medications, but execution, which includes both taking and timing, was poor. Older age was the only demographic variable associated with medication adherence (r = 0.25; p = 0.005). Of the potential predictors examined, only medication self-efficacy was associated with medication non-adherence, explaining about 9% of the variance (r = 0.31, p = 0.0006). The few poor outcomes that occurred were not significantly associated with medication non-adherence, although the small number of poor outcomes may have limited our ability to detect a link. Future research should test fully powered, theory-based, experimental interventions that include a medication self-efficacy component.
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Rechazo de Injerto/prevención & control , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Fallo Renal Crónico/cirugía , Trasplante de Riñón/psicología , Cumplimiento de la Medicación/psicología , Cooperación del Paciente/psicología , Adulto , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Pronóstico , Factores de Tiempo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
As a prevalent medical problem that burdens millions of patients across the world, chronic wounds pose a challenge to the healthcare system. These wounds, often existing as a comorbidity, are vulnerable to infections. Consequently, infections hinder the healing process and complicate clinical management and treatment. While antibiotic drugs remain a popular treatment for infected chronic wounds, the recent rise of antibiotic-resistant strains has hastened the need for alternative treatments. Future impacts of chronic wounds are likely to increase with aging populations and growing obesity rates. With the need for more effective novel treatments, promising research into various wound therapies has seen an increased demand. This review summarizes photodynamic therapy, probiotics, acetic acid, and essential oil studies as developing antibiotic-free treatments for chronic wounds infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clinicians may find this review informative by gaining a better understanding of the state of current research into various antibiotic-free treatments. Furthermore. this review provides clinical significance, as clinicians may seek to implement photodynamic therapy, probiotics, acetic acid, or essential oils into their own practice.
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Prostate cancer (PC) has historically been the most diagnosed cancer in men. Though treatment for prostate cancer is often effective, it is also often very taxing on the body and commonly has negative quality of life implications. One such example is androgen suppression therapy (AST), which has severe side effects that can be mitigated through physical activity. Natural agents and protocols are increasingly studied for their merit against cancer and for their potential to treat cancer in ways that preserve the quality of life. Many agents and lifestyle choices have been shown to have success against prostate cancer. There is promising evidence that simple treatments such as green tea, pomegranate, and a regular exercise routine can be effective against prostate cancer. These treatments have the potential to enhance current treatment protocols. In this review, we will discuss the viability of many natural agents as treatments for prostate cancer and its complications.
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Productos Biológicos , Neoplasias de la Próstata , Masculino , Humanos , Calidad de Vida , Productos Biológicos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Próstata/tratamiento farmacológico , Té , Estilo de VidaRESUMEN
Colorectal cancer is prevalent worldwide, with various factors influencing the survival rate of late-stage metastatic cases. Current standard treatments include surgical removal, adjuvant chemotherapy, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Novel immunotherapy research shows promising results for various cancer types, including colorectal cancer. Current immunotherapy options are limited to specific molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer, while the remaining are limited to standard protocol. This review article summarizes approved, developing, and potential sources for novel colorectal cancer immunotherapy treatment through active-specific, checkpoint inhibitor, cytokine, cytotoxic, and adoptive T-cell immunotherapy. Such a study would be beneficial to patients with colorectal cancer.
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Neoplasias Colorrectales , Inmunoterapia , Humanos , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/métodos , Citocinas , Quimioterapia Adyuvante , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIM: Lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality due to cancer death. Treatment of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is still challenging. Cranberries contain many rich bioactive components that may help fight cancer. The action of cranberry against some cancer types has been reported, however, its role in lung cancer has only been investigated in large-cell lung cancer. In this study, we expanded current research on the role of cranberry in LUAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A549 LUAD cancer cells were treated with commercial cranberry extract (CE). Proliferation of A549 cells was measured with a clonogenic survival assay and quick proliferation assay. Caspase-3 activity was used to evaluate apoptosis of A549 cells. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was conducted to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms involved in the action of CE. RESULTS: Treatment of LUAD with CE reduced the percentage of A549 colonies. This was consistent with the decrease in the optic density of cancer cells after treatment with CE. Caspase-3 activity increased after treatment with CE. The anti-proliferative effect of CE on A549 cells correlated with reduced expression of pro-proliferation molecules cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and CDK4. The pro-apoptotic effect of CE on A549 cells correlated with the reduced expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule caspase 8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator (FLIP). CONCLUSION: CE had an inhibitory effect on the growth of LUAD cells by modulation of both pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic molecules. Our research hopes to guide future treatment options for LUAD.
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Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Extractos Vegetales , Vaccinium macrocarpon , Vaccinium macrocarpon/química , Frutas/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/tratamiento farmacológico , Células A549 , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Proteína Reguladora de Apoptosis Similar a CASP8 y FADD/metabolismo , Quinasa 2 Dependiente de la Ciclina/metabolismo , Quinasa 4 Dependiente de la Ciclina/metabolismo , ApoptosisRESUMEN
Melanoma is the most lethal malignancy in skin cancers. About 97,610 new cases of melanoma are projected to occur in the United States (US) in 2023. Artichoke is a very popular plant widely consumed in the US due to its nutrition. In recent years, it has been shown that artichoke shows powerful anti-cancer effects on cancers such as breast cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, and leukemia. However, there is little known about its effect on melanoma. This study was designed to investigate if artichoke extract (AE) has any direct effect on the growth of melanoma. Clonogenic survival assay, cell proliferation, and caspase-3 activity kits were used to evaluate the effects AE has on cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis of the widely studied melanoma cell line HTB-72. We further investigated the possible molecular mechanisms using RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining. The percentage of colonies of HTB-72 melanoma cells decreased significantly after treated with AE. This was paralleled with the decrease in the optic density (OD) value of cancer cells after treatment with AE. This was further supported by the decreased expression of PCNA mRNA after treated with AE. Furthermore, the cellular caspase-3 activity increased after treated with AE. The anti-proliferative effect of AE on melanoma cells correlated with increased p21, p27, and decreased CDK4. The pro-apoptotic effect of AE on melanoma cells correlated with decreased survivin. Artichoke inhibits growth of melanoma by inhibition of proliferation and promotion of apoptosis. Such a study might be helpful to develop a new promising treatment for melanoma.
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Cynara scolymus , Melanoma , Humanos , Cynara scolymus/metabolismo , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Crecimiento/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Melanoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Melanoma/patología , Apoptosis , Proliferación CelularRESUMEN
Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is an interleukin cytokine usually linked to inflammation. In recent years, it has been found that IL-32 exhibits both pro- and anti-tumor effects. Although most of those effects from IL-32 appear to favor tumor growth, some isoforms have shown to favor tumor suppression. This suggests that the role of IL-32 in neoplasia is very complex. Thus, the role of IL-32 in these various cancers and protein pathways makes it a very crucial component to consider when looking at potential therapeutic options in tumor treatment. In this review, we will explore what is currently known about IL-32, including its relationship with tumorigenesis and the potential for IL-32 to enhance local and systemic anti-tumor immune responses. Such a study might be helpful to accelerate the development of IL-32-based immunotherapies.
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Neoplasias , Humanos , Carcinogénesis , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inmunoterapia , Inflamación , Interleucinas/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Introduction: Little is known about COVID-19 impact on patient medication management. Research Question: The aim was to describe medication management, healthcare team interactions, and adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic in kidney transplant patients and those on the kidney transplant wait list. Design: Using a descriptive, correlational design 340 adults from a midwestern US transplant program were recruited. The Managing Medications in the Midst of a Pandemic Survey measured healthcare team encounters and medication management. The Basel assessment of adherence to medications scale measured medication adherence. Results: The response rate was 35% (119/340). During the pandemic, 88% had practiced/were currently practicing socially distancing, 85% had worn/were currently wearing a face mask in public, 18% had been/were currently diagnosed with COVID-19 and 82% received the vaccine. Medication management: 76% planned and organized their own medications. Healthcare team interactions: 89% met in the office, 20% via phone, 12% telehealth, and 13% delayed seeing a healthcare provider because of COVID-19 concerns. Pharmacy interactions: 11% changed their method of obtaining medications from pharmacy due to social distancing. Medication adherence implementation was problematic with 19% missing a dose; results from the binary logistic regression suggested that those with higher levels of education were more likely to report missing a dose. Conclusions: Patients acted to prevent COVID-19 but some still contracted the virus. The pandemic changed healthcare team medication management interactions. Adherence implementation problems were nearly 20%. Findings are relevant to the transplant healthcare team to understand the impact of a pandemic on patient/team interactions and medication adherence.
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COVID-19 , Trasplante de Riñón , Humanos , Adulto , Pandemias , Trasplante de Riñón/métodos , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Receptores de Trasplantes , Cumplimiento de la MedicaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIM: Pancreatic cancer is the second most common gastrointestinal cancer in the world, yet the five-year survival outcome rate of less than 5% urges for improvement in medical interventions of pancreatic cancer. Currently, high dose radiation therapy (RT) is used as an adjuvant treatment; however, the high level of RT required to treat advanced neoplasms leads to high incidence rates of side effects. In recent years, the utilization of cytokines as radiosensitizing agents has been studied, in order to reduce the amount of radiation required. However, few studies have examined IL-28 regarding its potential as a radiosensitizer. This study is the first to utilize IL-28 as a radiosensitizing agent in pancreatic cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MiaPaCa-2, a widely used pancreatic cancer cell line was used in this study. Clonogenic survival and cell proliferation assays were used to evaluate growth and proliferation of MiaPaCa-2 cells. Caspase-3 activity assay was used to evaluate apoptosis of MiaPaCa-2 cells and RT-PCR was used to study the possible molecular mechanisms. RESULTS: Our results showed that IL-28/RT enhanced RT-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis of MiaPaCa-2 cells. Furthermore, compared to RT alone, we found that IL-28/RT up-regulated the mRNA expression of TRAILR1 and P21, while down-regulating mRNA expression of P18 and survivin in MiaPaCa-2 cells. CONCLUSION: IL-28 has the potential to be used as a radiosensitizer for pancreatic cancer and warrants further investigation.
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Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Fármacos Sensibilizantes a Radiaciones , Humanos , Apoptosis , Línea Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/radioterapia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Fármacos Sensibilizantes a Radiaciones/farmacología , Fármacos Sensibilizantes a Radiaciones/uso terapéutico , ARN Mensajero , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMEN
Incidences of endometrial adenocarcinoma are increasing in the USA with poor prognosis for patients with advanced disease. The current treatment standard is surgery including total hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy with surgical staging and adjunct treatment, such as chemotherapy or radiation. However, these methods do not present as an effective treatment option for poorly differentiated advanced cancers. Advancements in immunotherapy now offer a new approach for various types of cancer and specifically show promise in the treatment of endometrial adenocarcinoma. This review summarizes immunotherapeutic treatment options relevant to endometrial adenocarcinoma, such as immune checkpoint blockades, bispecific T-cell engager antibodies, vaccinations, and adoptive cell transfer. This study could be helpful for clinicians to identify treatment options more suitable for women with late-stage endometrial adenocarcinoma.
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Adenocarcinoma , Inmunoterapia , Humanos , Femenino , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva , Histerectomía , VacunaciónRESUMEN
COVID-19, the clinical condition caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been associated with massive cytokine storm and damage to multiple organ systems. Although evidence for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the testis remains scarce, testicular damage and dysregulation of gonadotropins associated with inflammation has been reported. Additionally, as a result of the rapidly evolving pandemic, frequently updated medical interventions and public policies leading to delays of care can play a role in fertility. This narrative review aims to summarize the current literature on how COVID-19 may influence male fertility.