Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Incidence of High-Impact Chronic Pain Among Primary Care Patients with Acute Low Back Pain: A Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed whether race or ethnicity was associated with the incidence of high-impact chronic low back pain (cLBP) among adults consulting a primary care provider for acute low back pain (aLBP). METHODS: In this secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study, patients with aLBP were identified through screening at seventy-seven primary care practices from four geographic regions. Incidence of high-impact cLBP was defined as the subset of patients with cLBP and at least moderate disability on Oswestry Disability Index [ODI >30]) at 6 months. General linear mixed models provided adjusted estimates of association between race/ethnicity and high-impact cLBP. RESULTS: We identified 9,088 patients with aLBP (81.3% White; 14.3% Black; 4.4% Hispanic). Black/Hispanic patients compared to White patients, were younger and more likely to be female, obese, have Medicaid insurance, worse disability on ODI, and were at higher risk of persistent disability on STarT Back Tool (all P < .0001). At 6 months, more Black and Hispanic patients reported high-impact cLBP (30% and 25%, respectively) compared to White patients (15%, P < .0001, n = 5,035). After adjusting for measured differences in socioeconomic and back-related risk factors, compared to White patients, the increased odds of high-impact cLBP remained statistically significant for Black but not Hispanic patients (adjusted odds ration [aOR] = 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.87 and aOR = 1.25, 95%CI: 0.83-1.90, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We observed an increased incidence of high-impact cLBP among Black and Hispanic patients compared to White patients. This disparity was partly explained by racial/ethnic differences in socioeconomic and back-related risk factors. Interventions that target these factors to reduce pain-related disparities should be evaluated. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02647658.

Outcomes of Telehealth Physical Therapy Provided Using Real-Time, Videoconferencing for Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Longitudinal Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the feasibility of an evidence-based physical therapy (PT) program for persons with chronic low back pain (LBP) originally designed for in-person delivery, adapted for telehealth using videoconferencing. DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal cohort. SETTING: Three health care systems in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Adults, aged 18-64 years (N=126), with chronic LBP recruited from August through December 2020. INTERVENTION: Up to 8 weekly sessions of telehealth PT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Follow-up assessments were 10 and 26 weeks after baseline. Participant outcomes collected were the Oswestry Disability Index, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-29 health domains, and pain self-efficacy. Implementation outcomes included acceptability, adoption, feasibility, and fidelity assessed using participant surveys and compliance with session attendance. RESULTS: We enrolled 126 participants (mean age, 51.5 years; 62.7% female). Baseline perceptions about telehealth were generally positive. Eighty-eight participants (69.8%) initiated telehealth PT, with a median of 5 sessions attended. Participants in telehealth PT were generally satisfied (76.3%), although only 39.5% perceived the quality equal to in-person PT. Telehealth PT participants reported significant improvement in LBP-related disability, pain intensity, pain interference, physical function, and sleep disturbance at 10- and 26-week follow-ups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings generally support the feasibility of telehealth PT using videoconferencing. Implementation and participant outcomes were similar to in-person PT as delivered in the participating health care systems. We identified barriers that may detract from the patient experience and likelihood of benefitting from telehealth PT. More research is needed to optimize and evaluate the most effective strategies for providing telehealth PT for patients with chronic LBP.

Identifying Perceptions, Experiences, and Recommendations of Telehealth Physical Therapy for Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Mixed Methods Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To describe concerns, advantages, and disadvantages encountered in an evidence-based physical therapy (PT) program for persons with chronic low back pain (CLBP) delivered by telehealth. DESIGN: Mixed methods survey and semistructured interview of persons with CLBP. SETTING: Prospective observational cohort study of persons with CLBP from 3 health care systems receiving 8 sessions of evidence-based telehealth PT. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were selected after completing week 10 (from baseline) assessment from an ongoing cohort study. We enrolled 31 of 126 participants (mean age, 42.4 years; 71.0% female) from the cohort study (N=31). INTERVENTIONS: Participants had completed 8 sessions of evidence-based telehealth PT and participated in semistructured interviews. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Baseline and week 10 and 26 assessments assessed psychosocial risk (StarTBack Screening Tool), working alliance (Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form), pain (Oswestry Disability Index), and health-related quality of life (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-29 profile, version 2). Semistructured interviews were conducted by telephone and consisted of open-ended questions assessing perception, satisfaction, and likelihood of recommending telehealth PT. Participants identified advantages and disadvantages to telehealth PT. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded using an iterative qualitative process. Statistical comparisons by experience were made using analysis of variance (continuous) and Fisher exact test (categorical). RESULTS: Compared with the negative experience group (n=5), participants in positive (n=16) and neutral (n=10) experience groups endorsed higher bond working alliance with their therapist. Participants with a positive experience were more likely to view telehealth PT as cost-saving (n=10, 62.5%) compared with those with a neutral (n=1, 10.0%) or negative (n=1, 20.0%) experience and less likely to view telehealth PT as lower quality (n=0, 0.0%; n=1, 10.0%; n=2, 40.0%, respectively). Prior to starting telehealth, based on semistructured interviews, 18 participants (58.1%) had concerns and these persisted after starting in half of this group. Concerns regarded telehealth being different from or inferior to in-person PT, lack of physical correction, and worries of not using technology appropriately. Convenience, time savings, and personalization were seen as advantages. Difficulty making a personal connection with the therapist, lack of physical correction, and problems with technology were seen as disadvantages. Many participants endorsed a hybrid approach that included in-person and telehealth PT. Providing necessary equipment and technology assistance was seen as ways to improve telehealth PT experience. CONCLUSIONS: Telehealth is an acceptable modality to deliver PT for patients with CLBP with most having a positive experience and reporting advantages. Improvements could include offering a hybrid approach (in-person and telehealth combined) and providing necessary equipment and technical support. More research is needed to optimize the most effective strategies for providing telehealth PT for patients with CLBP.

The Relationship Between Neighborhood Deprivation and Perceived Changes for Pain-Related Experiences Among US Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: Disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic could disproportionately affect the health of vulnerable populations, including patients experiencing persistent health conditions (i.e., chronic pain), along with populations living within deprived, lower socioeconomic areas. The current cross-sectional study characterized relationships between neighborhood deprivation and perceived changes in pain-related experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic (early-September to mid-October 2020) for adult patients (N = 97) with nonspecific chronic low back pain. METHODS: We collected self-report perceived experiences from participants enrolled in an ongoing pragmatic randomized trial across medical centers within the Salt Lake City, Utah and Baltimore, Maryland metropolitans. The Area Deprivation Index (composite of 17 US Census deprivation metrics) reflected neighborhood deprivation based on participants' zip codes. RESULTS: Although those living in the neighborhoods with greater deprivation endorsed significantly poorer physical (pain severity, pain interference, physical functioning), mental (depression, anxiety), and social health during the pandemic, there were no significant differences for perceived changes in pain-related experiences (pain severity, pain interference, sleep quality) between levels of neighborhood deprivation since the onset of the pandemic. However, those in neighborhoods with greater deprivation endorsed disproportionately worse perceived changes in pain coping, social support, and mood since the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings offer evidence that changes in pain coping during the pandemic may be disproportionately worse for those living in deprived areas. Considering poorer pain coping may contribute to long-term consequences, the current findings suggest the need for further attention and intervention to reduce the negative effect of the pandemic for such vulnerable populations.

Self-Management to Improve Function After Amputation: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the VETPALS Intervention.

OBJECTIVE: To (1) evaluate the effects of a group-based self-management treatment intervention (VETPALS) on physical and psychosocial functioning (primary outcomes) and quality of life (secondary outcome) in individuals with amputation and (2) examine the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention in a large national health care system. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial with masked outcome assessment. SETTING: Five Veterans Affairs medical centers geographically dispersed across the United States. PARTICIPANTS: 147 individuals with amputation during the past 2 years due to chronic limb threatening ischemia (N=147). INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized into VETPALS (N =71) or education control (N=76). VETPALS consisted of a 4-hour workshop and 4 additional 2-hour sessions addressing self-management skills, health and activity, managing emotions, communication and social support, and maintaining goals and gains. Education control consisted of the provision of amputation-related educational materials and provider follow-up if requested. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes were physical functioning (Short Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment) and psychosocial functioning (Patient Health Questionnaire-9). Secondary outcomes were quality of life (global) and quality of life (satisfaction with health) from the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (brief). Assessment was conducted at baseline, 6 weeks (treatment completion), and 6 months (follow-up). RESULTS: Participants randomized to VETPALS reported significantly improved psychosocial functioning and quality of life (satisfaction with health) relative to controls at 6 months (B=1.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.37,3.31 and B=-0.61; 95% confidence interval, -1.11,-0.12, respectively). There were no differences in physical functioning over time between VETPALS and education control at either time point. Follow-up multiple imputation sensitivity analyses produced an identical pattern of results. Among VETPALS participants, treatment initiation was low (56%), but treatment retention (93% attended 4 of 5 classes) and overall satisfaction (100% reported very helpful or better and would recommend to a friend) were high. CONCLUSIONS: Group-based self-management improves psychosocial functioning for individuals with amputation due to chronic limb threatening ischemia. In-person participation is challenging for this population, but individuals who successfully initiate treatment typically persist and are highly satisfied.

How Many Steps Per Day During the Early Postoperative Period are Associated With Patient-Reported Outcomes of Disability, Pain, and Opioid Use After Lumbar Spine Surgery?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether early postoperative walking is associated with "best outcome" and no opioid use at 1 year after lumbar spine surgery and establish a threshold for steps/day to inform clinical practice. DESIGN: Secondary analysis from randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Two academic medical centers in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: We enrolled 248 participants undergoing surgery for a degenerative lumbar spine condition (N=248). A total of 212 participants (mean age, 62.8±11.4y, 53.3% female) had valid walking data at baseline. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Disability (Oswestry Disability Index), back and leg pain (Brief Pain Inventory), and opioid use (yes vs no) were assessed at baseline and 1 year after surgery. "Best outcome" was defined as Oswestry Disability Index ≤20, back pain ≤2, and leg pain ≤2. Steps/day (walking) was assessed with an accelerometer worn for at least 3 days and 10 h/d at 6 weeks after spine surgery, which was considered as study baseline. Separate multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the association between steps/day at 6 weeks and "best outcome" and no opioid use at 1-year. Receiver operating characteristic curves identified a steps/day threshold for achieving outcomes. RESULTS: Each additional 1000 steps/d at 6 weeks after spine surgery was associated with 41% higher odds of achieving "best outcome" (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-1.74) and 38% higher odds of no opioid use (95% CI, 1.09-1.76) at 1 year. Walking ≥3500 steps/d was associated with 3.75 times the odds (95% CI, 1.56-9.02) of achieving "best outcome" and 2.37 times the odds (95% CI, 1.07-5.24) of not using opioids. CONCLUSIONS: Walking early after surgery may optimize patient-reported outcomes after lumbar spine surgery. A 3500 steps/d threshold may serve as an initial recommendation during early postoperative counseling.

Evaluation of an online motivational interviewing training program for rehabilitation professionals: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of an online motivational interviewing training program for rehabilitation professionals. DESIGN: Pre-post design with two groups. SETTING: Private rehabilitation hospital and an academic medical center. SUBJECTS: Group 1 included 19 motivational interviewing-experienced rehabilitation professionals. Group 2 included 25 motivational interviewing-naïve rehabilitation professionals. INTERVENTIONS: Group 1 was exposed to an online motivational training program and Group 2 was exposed to an online motivational training program and a live booster session. MAIN MEASURES: Motivational interviewing communication skills were measured with an adapted Helpful Responses Questionnaire. Knowledge and attitudes were measured with an adapted Motivational Interviewing Knowledge and Attitudes Test. Confidence, importance, and feasibility for implementing motivational interviewing were measured using the Motivational Interviewing Rulers. RESULTS: Group 1 showed improvement in communication skills (2.6/5-3.3/5; P < 0.05) and confidence (6.0/01-7.4/10; P < 0.01) after online training. Improvements seen in skills and confidence were maintained at three months. Group 2 showed improvement in skills (2.1/5-3.3/5; P < 0.001), knowledge (7.7/10-8.5/10; P < 0.01), confidence (6.4/10-7.5/10; P < 0.01), and importance (8.3/10-8.9/10; P < 0.05) after online training. At three-months post-booster, improvements in communication skills and knowledge were maintained. CONCLUSIONS: Online training can be a cost and time effective approach to improve rehabilitation professionals' skills in motivational interviewing. Follow-up training activities are needed to maintain the level of knowledge and skill improvement.

Role of psychosocial factors on the effect of physical activity on physical function in patients after lumbar spine surgery.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the longitudinal postoperative relationship between physical activity, psychosocial factors, and physical function in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery. METHODS: We enrolled 248 participants undergoing surgery for a degenerative lumbar spine condition. Physical activity was measured using a triaxial accelerometer (Actigraph GT3X) at 6-weeks (6wk), 6-months (6M), 12-months (12M) and 24-months (24M) following spine surgery. Physical function (computerized adaptive test domain version of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) and psychosocial factors (pain self-efficacy, depression and fear of movement) were assessed at preoperative visit and 6wk, 6M, 12M and 24M after surgery. Structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques were utilized to analyze data, and results are represented as standardized regression weights (SRW). Overall SRW were computed across five imputed datasets to account for missing data. The mediation effect of each psychosocial factor on the effect of physical activity on physical function were computed [(SRW for effect of activity on psychosocial factor X SRW for effect of psychosocial factor on function) ÷ SRW for effect of activity on function]. Each SEM model was tested for model fit by assessing established fit indexes. RESULTS: The overall effect of steps per day on physical function (SRW ranged from 0.08 to 0.19, p<0.05) was stronger compared to the overall effect of physical function on steps per day (SRW ranged from non-existent to 0.14, p<0.01 to 0.3). The effect of steps per day on physical function and function on steps per day remained consistent after accounting for psychosocial factors in each of the mediation models. Depression and fear of movement at 6M mediated 3.4% and 5.4% of the effect of steps per day at 6wk on physical function at 12M, respectively. Pain self-efficacy was not a statistically significant mediator. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that the relationship between physical activity and physical function is stronger than the relationship of function to activity. However, future research is needed to examine whether promoting physical activity during the early postoperative period may result in improvement of long-term physical function. Since depression and fear of movement had a very small mediating effect, additional work is needed to investigate other potential mediating factors such as pain catastrophizing, resilience and exercise self-efficacy.

The OPTIMIZE study: protocol of a pragmatic sequential multiple assessment randomized trial of nonpharmacologic treatment for chronic, nonspecific low back pain.

BACKGROUND: Low back pain is a prevalent condition that causes a substantial health burden. Despite intensive and expensive clinical efforts, its prevalence is growing. Nonpharmacologic treatments are effective at improving pain-related outcomes; however, treatment effect sizes are often modest. Physical therapy (PT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) have the most consistent evidence of effectiveness. Growing evidence also supports mindfulness-based approaches. Discussions with providers and patients highlight the importance of discussing and trying options to find the treatment that works for them and determining what to do when initial treatment is not successful. Herein, we present the protocol for a study that will evaluate evidence-based, protocol-driven treatments using PT, CBT, or mindfulness to examine comparative effectiveness and optimal sequencing for patients with chronic low back pain. METHODS: The Optimized Multidisciplinary Treatment Programs for Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain (OPTIMIZE) Study will be a multisite, comparative effectiveness trial using a sequential multiple assessment randomized trial design enrolling 945 individuals with chronic low back pain. The co-primary outcomes will be disability (measured using the Oswestry Disability Index) and pain intensity (measured using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale). After baseline assessment, participants will be randomly assigned to PT or CBT. At week 10, participants who have not experienced at least 50% improvement in disability will be randomized to cross-over phase-1 treatments (e.g., PT to CBT) or to Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE). Treatment will consist of 8 weekly sessions. Long-term outcome assessments will be performed at weeks 26 and 52. DISCUSSION: Results of this study may inform referring providers and patients about the most effective nonoperative treatment and/or sequence of nonoperative treatments to treat chronic low back pain. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was prospectively registered on March 1, 2019, with Clinicaltrials.gov under the registration number NCT03859713 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03859713).

Early postoperative physical activity and function: a descriptive case series study of 53 patients after lumbar spine surgery.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this prospective case series study was to compare changes in early postoperative physical activity and physical function between 6 weeks and 3 and 6 months after lumbar spine surgery. METHODS: Fifty-three patients (mean [95% confidence interval; CI] age = 59.2 [56.2, 62.3] years, 64% female) who underwent spine surgery for a degenerative lumbar condition were assessed at 6 weeks and 3- and 6-months after surgery. The outcomes were objectively-measured physical activity (accelerometry) and patient-reported and objective physical function. Physical activity was assessed using mean steps/day and time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) over a week. Physical function measures included Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), Timed Up and Go (TUG), and 10-Meter Walk (10 MW). We compared changes over time in physical activity and function using generalized estimating equations with robust estimator and first-order autoregressive covariance structure. Proportion of patients who engaged in meaningful physical activity (e.g., walked at least 4400 and 6000 steps/day or engaged in at least 150 min/week in MVPA) and achieved clinically meaningful changes in physical function were compared at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: After surgery, 72% of patients initiated physical therapy (mean [95%CI] sessions =8.5 [6.6, 10.4]) between 6 weeks and 3 months. Compared to 6 weeks post-surgery, no change in steps/day or time in MVPA/week was observed at 3 or 6 months. From 21 to 23% and 9 to 11% of participants walked at least 4400 and 6000 steps/day at 3 and 6 months, respectively, while none of the participants spent at least 150 min/week in MVPA at these same time points. Significant improvements were observed on ODI, SF-12, TUG and 10 MW (p <  0.05), with over 43 to 68% and 62 to 87% achieving clinically meaningful improvements on these measures at 3 and 6 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Limited improvement was observed in objectively-measured physical activity from 6 weeks to 6 months after spine surgery, despite moderate to large function gains. Early postoperative physical therapy interventions targeting physical activity may be needed.

Early opioid prescription and risk of long-term opioid use among US workers with back and shoulder injuries: a retrospective cohort study.

The number of prescription opioid overdose deaths has increased dramatically in recent years and many prescribers are unsure how to balance treatment of pain with secondary prevention. Guidelines recommend low-severity injury patients not receive opioids early in the course of their care, but evidence supporting this guideline is limited. Data from 123 096 workers' compensation claims with back and shoulder injuries were analysed to evaluate this guideline. Back and shoulder injury claimants with early opioid use (≤1 month after injury) had 33% lower (95% CI 24% to 41% lower) odds and 29% higher (95% CI 6% to 58% higher) odds, respectively, of long-term opioid use (>3 months) than claimants with late opioid use, after adjusting for key covariates. Stratified analyses indicate that early opioid use does not appear to increase the risk of long-term use except in cases where no diagnosis or only the diagnosis of unspecified shoulder pain is given prior to prescription.

Pain Sensitivity and Pain Catastrophizing Are Associated With Persistent Pain and Disability After Lumbar Spine Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether pain sensitivity and pain catastrophizing are associated with persistent pain and disability after lumbar spine surgery. DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study. SETTING: Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Patients (N=68; mean age, 57.9±13.1y; 40 women [58.8%]) undergoing spine surgery for a degenerative condition from March 1, 2012 to April 30, 2013 were assessed 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures were persistent back pain intensity, pain interference, and disability. Patients with persistent back pain intensity, pain interference, or disability were identified as those patients reporting Brief Pain Inventory scores ≥4 and Oswestry Disability Index scores ≥21 at all postoperative time points. RESULTS: From 6 weeks to 6 months after surgery, approximately 12.9%, 24.2%, and 46.8% of patients reported persistent back pain intensity, pain interference, or disability, respectively. Increased pain sensitivity at 6 weeks was associated with having persistent back pain intensity (odds ratio [OR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-4.1) after surgery. Increased pain catastrophizing at 6 weeks was associated with having persistent back pain intensity (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0-1.2), pain interference (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0-1.2), and disability (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.4). An interaction effect was not found between pain sensitivity and pain catastrophizing on persistent outcomes (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest the importance of early postoperative screening for pain sensitivity and pain catastrophizing to identify patients at risk for poor postoperative pain intensity, pain interference, and/or disability outcomes. Future research should consider the benefit of targeted therapeutic strategies for patients with these postoperative prognostic factors.

Health behavior change counseling in surgery for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Part I: improvement in rehabilitation engagement and functional outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether a brief motivational interviewing [MI]-based health behavior change counseling (HBCC) intervention increased patient participation in physical therapy and/or home exercise programs (HEPs), reduced disability, and improved health status after surgery for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial. SETTING: Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: From December 2009 through August 2012, consecutive patients (N=122) underwent surgery for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis and, based on enrollment date, were prospectively assigned to a control (n=59) or HBCC intervention (n=63) group in a prospective, lagged-control clinical trial. INTERVENTIONS: Brief MI-based HBCC versus attention control. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rehabilitation participation (primary); disability and health status (secondary). Therapists assessed engagement in, and patients reported attendance at, postoperative rehabilitation (physical therapy and/or HEP). At 3 and 6 months, disability and health status were assessed (Oswestry Disability Index [ODI] and Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey, version 2 [SF-12v2]) (significance, P<.05). RESULTS: Compared with controls, HBCC patients had significantly higher rehabilitation engagement (21.20±4.56 vs 23.57±2.71, respectively; P<.001), higher physical therapy (.67±.21 vs .82±.16, respectively; P<.001) and HEP (.65±.23 vs .75±.22, respectively; P=.019) attendance, and better functional outcomes at 3 months (difference: ODI, -10.7±4.4, P=.015; SF-12v2, 6.2±2.2, P=.004) and 6 months (difference: ODI, -12.7±4.8, P=.008; SF-12v2, 8.9±2.4, P<.001). The proportion of the HBCC intervention impact on functional recovery mediated by rehabilitation participation was approximately half at 3 months and one-third at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: HBCC can improve outcomes after spine surgery through improved rehabilitation participation.

Health behavior change counseling in surgery for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Part II: patient activation mediates the effects of health behavior change counseling on rehabilitation engagement.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of health behavior change counseling (HBCC) on patient activation and the influence of patient activation on rehabilitation engagement, and to identify common barriers to engagement among individuals undergoing surgery for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial. SETTING: Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive lumbar spine surgery patients (N=122) defined in our companion article (Part I) were assigned to a control group (did not receive HBCC, n=59) or HBCC group (received HBCC, n=63). INTERVENTION: Brief motivational interviewing-based HBCC versus control (significance, P<.05). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We assessed patient activation before and after intervention. Rehabilitation engagement was assessed using the physical therapist-reported Hopkins Rehabilitation Engagement Rating Scale and by a ratio of self-reported physical therapy and home exercise completion. Common barriers to rehabilitation engagement were identified through thematic analysis. RESULTS: Patient activation predicted engagement (standardized regression weight, .682; P<.001). Postintervention patient activation was predicted by baseline patient activation (standardized regression weight, .808; P<.001) and receipt of HBCC (standardized regression weight, .444; P<.001). The effect of HBCC on rehabilitation engagement was mediated by patient activation (standardized regression weight, .079; P=.395). One-third of the HBCC group did not show improvement compared with the control group. Thematic analysis identified 3 common barriers to engagement: (1) low self-efficacy because of lack of knowledge and support (62%); (2) anxiety related to fear of movement (57%); and (3) concern about pain management (48%). CONCLUSIONS: The influence of HBCC on rehabilitation engagement was mediated by patient activation. Despite improvements in patient activation, one-third of patients reported low rehabilitation engagement. Addressing these barriers should lead to greater improvements in rehabilitation engagement.

Goal management tendencies predict trajectories of adjustment to lower limb amputation up to 15 months post rehabilitation discharge.

OBJECTIVES: To explore patterns of change in positive affect, general adjustment to lower-limb amputation, and self-reported disability from rehabilitation admission to 15 months postdischarge, and to examine whether goal pursuit and goal adjustment tendencies predict either initial status or rates of change in these outcomes, controlling for sociodemographic and clinical covariates. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with 4 time points (t1: on admission; t2: 6wk postdischarge; t3: 6mo postdischarge; t4: 15mo postdischarge). SETTING: Inpatient rehabilitation. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive sample (N=98) of persons aged ≥18 years with major lower-limb amputation. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Positive affect subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; general adjustment subscale of the Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scales-Revised; and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. RESULTS: Positive affect decreased from t1 to t4 for the overall sample, whereas general adjustment increased. Self-reported disability scores remained stable over this period. Stronger goal pursuit tendencies were associated with greater positive affect at t1, and stronger goal adjustment tendencies were associated with more favorable initial scores on each outcome examined. With regard to rates of change, stronger goal pursuit tendencies buffered against decreases in positive affect and promoted decreases in self-reported disability over time, whereas stronger goal adjustment tendencies enhanced increases in general adjustment to lower-limb amputation. CONCLUSIONS: Greater use of goal pursuit and goal adjustment strategies appears to promote more favorable adjustment to lower-limb amputation over time across a range of important rehabilitation outcomes.

Frequency and cost of claims by injury type from a state workers' compensation fund from 1998 through 2008.

OBJECTIVE: To determine which work-related injuries are the most frequent and costly. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of workers' compensation claims data. SETTING: Data were provided by a large, Maryland workers' compensation insurer from 1998 through 2008. PARTICIPANTS: Not applicable. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: For 45 injury types, the number of claims and compensation amount was calculated for total compensation and for medical and indemnity compensation separately. RESULTS: Back and knee injuries were the most frequently occurring single injury types, whereas heart attack and occupational disease were the most expensive in terms of mean compensation. When taking into account both the frequency and cost of injury (mean cost × number occurrences), back, knee, and shoulder injuries were the most expensive single injury types. CONCLUSIONS: Successful prevention and management of back, knee, and shoulder injuries could lead to a substantial reduction in the burden associated with work-related injuries.

A comparative effectiveness trial of postoperative management for lumbar spine surgery: changing behavior through physical therapy (CBPT) study protocol.

BACKGROUND: The United States has the highest rate of lumbar spine surgery in the world, with rates increasing over 200% since 1990. Medicare spends over $1 billion annually on lumbar spine surgery. Despite surgical advances, up to 40% of patients report chronic pain and disability following surgery. Our work has demonstrated that fear of movement is a risk factor for increased pain and disability and decreased physical function in patients following lumbar spine surgery for degenerative conditions. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and self-management treatments have the potential to address psychosocial risk factors and improve outcomes after spine surgery, but are unavailable or insufficiently adapted for postoperative care. Our research team developed a cognitive-behavioral based self-management approach to postoperative rehabilitation (Changing Behavior through Physical Therapy (CBPT)). Pilot testing of the CBPT program demonstrated greater improvement in pain, disability, physical and mental health, and physical performance compared to education. The current study compares which of two treatments provided by telephone - a CBPT Program or an Education Program about postoperative recovery - are more effective for improving patient-centered outcomes in adults following lumbar spine surgery for degenerative conditions. METHODS/DESIGN: A multi-center, comparative effectiveness trial will be conducted. Two hundred and sixty patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery for degenerative conditions will be recruited from two medical centers and community surgical practices. Participants will be randomly assigned to CBPT or Education at 6 weeks following surgery. Treatments consist of six weekly telephone sessions with a trained physical therapist. The primary outcome will be disability and secondary outcomes include pain, general health, and physical activity. Outcomes will be assessed preoperatively and at 6 weeks, 6 months and 12 months after surgery by an assessor masked to group allocation. DISCUSSION: Effective rehabilitation treatments that can guide clinicians in their recommendations, and patients in their actions will have the potential to effect change in current clinical practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02184143.

Psychological treatments for the management of pain after musculoskeletal injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

ABSTRACT: Musculoskeletal injury is a leading cause of pain and disability worldwide; 35% to 75% of people experience persistent pain for months and years after injury. Psychological treatments can reduce pain, functional impairment, and psychological distress but are not widely used after injury. This systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO ID: CRD42021236807) aimed to synthesize the literature testing psychological treatments for pain after musculoskeletal injury. We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and CENTRAL from inception to May 2022. We extracted participant, treatment, and injury characteristics and primary (eg, pain intensity, functional impairment, depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms) and secondary (treatment feasibility and acceptability) outcomes. Twenty-four randomized controlled trials (N = 1966) were included. Immediately posttreatment, people who received psychological treatments (versus any control) reported lower pain intensity (standardized mean differences [SMD] = -0.25, 95% confidence interval [-0.49, -0.02]), functional impairment (SMD = -0.32 [-0.55, -0.09]), and symptoms of depression (SMD = -0.46 [-0.64, -0.29]), anxiety (SMD = -0.34 [-0.65, -0.04]), and PTSD (SMD = -0.43 [-0.70, -0.15]); at 6-month follow-up, only depression symptoms were significantly lower. Included trials varied widely in treatment and injury characteristics. The certainty of evidence was low or very low for most effects and heterogeneity moderate to substantial. Most studies had risk of bias domains judged to be high or unclear. Owing to very low certainty of results, we are unsure whether psychological therapies reduce pain and functional impairment after musculoskeletal injury; they may result in improved depression immediately posttreatment and at follow-up. More research is needed to identify treatments that result in enduring effects.

Profiles of Trauma Exposure Type and Its Associations With Pain-Related Outcomes Among Adults With Chronic Pain: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study.

Individuals with chronic pain report disproportionally higher rates of trauma, yet it is unclear whether different types of trauma (eg, sexual, accidental trauma) are associated with worse pain outcomes. The present study sought to 1) identify subgroups of people with chronic pain based on trauma type, and 2) determine whether subgroups differ in terms of pain characteristics over a 2-year period. Individuals with chronic pain (N = 1,451) participated in an online study and completed self-report questionnaires at baseline, 3-, 12-, and 24-month follow-up. Trauma was assessed via the Life Events Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Pain intensity and interference were measured via the Brief Pain Inventory, and pain distribution was evaluated using the Widespread Pain Index. Latent class analyses produced a 3-class solution consisting of individuals with high and diverse trauma (16.3%), high sexual trauma (18.4%), and low/accidental trauma (57.1%) with the rest of the sample endorsing no trauma history (8.2%). After controlling for key demographic variables and baseline outcome levels, individuals in the high- and diverse trauma group endorsed higher levels of pain severity and interference at the 3- and 12-month follow-ups compared with the group with no trauma (P < .01). Additionally, relative to the no trauma group, individuals in the high sexual trauma group reported higher levels of pain interference and more widespread pain at the 3-month follow-up (P < .05). The findings underscore the importance of screening for trauma and suggest that the type and variety of trauma experienced may be relevant to pain-related outcomes. PERSPECTIVE: This article highlights how an individual's unique trauma history may be related to their current pain experience. Knowledge of the type and frequency of past trauma may have relevant clinical implications for the treatment of chronic pain.

Impact of automated data flow and reminders on adherence and resource utilization for remotely monitoring physical activity in individuals with stroke or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

As rehabilitation advances into the era of digital health, remote monitoring of physical activity via wearable devices has the potential to change how we provide care. However, uncertainties about patient adherence and the significant resource requirements needed create challenges to adoption of remote monitoring into clinical care. Here we aim to determine the impact of a novel digital application to overcome these barriers. The Rehabilitation Remote Monitoring Application (RRMA) automatically extracts data about physical activity collected via a Fitbit device, screens the data for adherence, and contacts the participant if adherence is low. We compare adherence and estimate the resources required (i.e., time and financial) to perform remote monitoring of physical activity with and without the RRMA in two patient groups. Seventy-three individuals with stroke or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease completed 28 days of monitoring physical activity with the RRMA, while 62 individuals completed 28 days with the data flow processes being completed manually. Adherence (i.e., the average percentage of the day that the device was worn) was similar between groups (p=0.85). However, the RRMA saved an estimated 123.8 minutes or $50.24 per participant month when compared to manual processes. These results demonstrate that automated technologies like the RRMA can maintain patient adherence to remote monitoring of physical activity while reducing the time and financial resources needed. Applications like the RRMA can facilitate the adoption of remote monitoring in rehabilitation by reducing barriers related to adherence and resource requirements.