Abnormal performance of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM): a case misdiagnosed as achalasia of cardia.

BACKGROUND: Pseudoachalasia is a rare disease that behaves similarly to achalasia (AC), making it sometimes difficult to differentiate. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of 49-year-old male with adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction misdiagnosed as achalasia. No obvious abnormalities were found in his initial examinations including upper digestive endoscopy, upper gastrointestinal imaging and chest computed tomography (CT). During the subsequent introduced-peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM), it was found that the mucosal layer and the muscular layer had severe adhesion, which did not receive much attention, delayed the clear diagnosis and effect treatment, and ultimately led to a poor prognosis for the patient. CONCLUSIONS: This case suggests that when patients with AC found mucosal and muscular adhesions during POEM surgery, the possibility should be considered that the lesion may be caused by a malignant lesion.

Short-term outcome of totally minimally invasive versus hybrid minimally invasive Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy.

OBJECTIVES: For resectable esophageal cancer, the choice of total minimally invasive esophagectomy (TMIE) or hybrid minimally invasive esophagectomy (HMIE) remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short-term clinical outcomes of TMIE and HMIE under the Ivor-Lewis procedure. METHODS: The data of 145 patients diagnosed with middle or lower esophageal cancer who underwent radical Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University between January 2018 and December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The short-term outcomes such as complications during surgery or within 30 days after surgery and postoperative pain were analyzed. RESULTS: All patients were divided into TMIE group (75 patients) and HMIE group (70 patients). No significant difference was observed in the baseline characteristics of the two groups. TMIE was associated with less blood loss than the HMIE group (p < 0.05). A total of 54 (37.2%) patients had postoperative complications. Although the two groups were statistically similar in the incidence of major complications, patients in the HMIE group were more likely to have pneumonia compared with those in the TMIE group. The numeric rating scale for pain was significantly higher in the HMIE group (p = 0.002) and more patients required an additional opioid analgesia after esophagectomy (p = 0.282). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, according to perioperative outcomes, TMIE can benefit patients better than HMIE.

A Recurrence Predictive Model for Node-negative Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma After Upfront Esophagectomy.

The prognosis for pathologically node-negative (pN0) esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) with surgery alone remains poor. We aimed to develop a model for a more precise prediction of recurrence, which will allow personalized management for pN0 ESCC after upfront complete resection. Clinical and pathological records of patients with completely resected pT1-3N0M0 ESCC were retrospectively analyzed between January 2014 and December 2019. A nomogram for the prediction of recurrence was established based on the Cox regression analysis and evaluated by C-index, AUC, and calibration curves. The model was further validated using bootstrap resampling and k-fold cross-validation and compared with the 8th edition of the AJCC TNM staging system using Td-ROC, NRI, IDI, and DCA. Two-hundred-and seventy cases were included in this study. The median follow-up was 45 months. Distant and/or loco-regional recurrences were noted in 89 (33.0%) patients. The predictive model revealed pT-category, differentiation, perineural invasion, examined lymph nodes (ELN), and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) as independent risk factors for recurrence, with a c-index of 0.725 in the bootstrapping cohort. Td-ROC, NRI, and IDI showed a better predictive ability than the AJCC 8th TNM staging system. Based on this model, patients in the low-risk group had a significantly lower recurrence incidence than those in the high-risk group (p < .001). The predictive model developed in this study may facilitate the precise prediction of recurrences for pN0 ESCC after upfront surgery. Stratifying management of those patients might bring significantly better survival benefits.

Autogenous pericardial angioplasty for thymic malignancies: a narrative review.

Locally advanced thymic tumor usually invades adjacent great vessels, while the optimal treatment strategy for vessels resection and prosthetic replacement is still in controversial. We hereby present our series of patients undergoing autologous pericardial angioplasty for thymic malignancies. For invasive thymic tumors involving the superior vena cava (SVC), the replacement vessel was prepared by autologous pericardium and placed between the right atrium and distal left innominate vein stump to establish a SVC bypass. Then, the distal right innominate vein and proximal SVC were blocked, and the thymic tumor and involved vessel were completely resected, followed by SVC reconstruction using pericardium. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes of six related patients with autologous pericardial angioplasty. Due to the homologous advantages of autologous pericardial transplantation, those patients didn't need to receive anticoagulant therapy during the perioperative period, so as to avoid the occurrence of hemorrhage, embolism and other graft-related complications. There were no postoperative long-term thoracic drainage (>7 days), anastomotic bleeding, reconstructed vascular stenosis, embolism or even secondary thoracotomy and other related complications occurred in this case series. The application of autologous pericardium for the replacement of mediastinal great vessels in the surgery of locally advanced thymoma is a safe and effective technique. Compared with former artificial materials, such as polytetrafluoroethylene synthetic prosthesis, autologous pericardial transplantation avoids the occurrence of high risk graft-related complications such as postoperative hemorrhage and vascular stenosis, and its clinical application prospect is worth expecting.

Development and validation of a nomogram to predict anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify variables associated with anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy and established a tool for anastomotic leakage prediction. METHODS: Twenty-six preoperative and postoperative variables were retrospectively collected from esophageal cancer patients who were treated with radical esophagectomy from January 2018 to June 2020 in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University. SPSS Version 23.0 and Empower Stats software were used for establishing a nomogram after screening relevant variables by univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses. The established nomogram was identified by depicting the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration curve, which was verified by 1,000 bootstrap resamples method. RESULTS: A total of 604 eligible esophageal cancer patients were included, of which 51 (8.4%) patients had anastomotic leakage. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that smoking, anastomotic location, anastomotic technique, prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and ASA score were independent risks of anastomotic leakage. The area under curve (AUC) of ROC in the established nomogram was 0.764 (95% CI, 0.69-0.83). The internal validation confirmed that the nomogram had a great discrimination ability (AUC =0.766). Depicted calibration curve demonstrated a well-fitted prediction and observation probability. In addition, the decision curve analysis concluded that the newly established nomogram is significant for clinical decision-making. CONCLUSIONS: This nomogram provided the individual prediction of anastomotic leakage for esophageal cancer patients after surgery, which might benefit treatment results for patients and clinicians, as well as pre-and postoperative intervention strategy-making.

Gefitinib Versus Vinorelbine Plus Cisplatin as Adjuvant Treatment for Stage II-IIIA (N1-N2) EGFR-Mutant NSCLC: Final Overall Survival Analysis of CTONG1104 Phase III Trial.

PURPOSE: ADJUVANT-CTONG1104 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01405079), a randomized phase III trial, showed that adjuvant gefitinib treatment significantly improved disease-free survival (DFS) versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin (VP) in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive resected stage II-IIIA (N1-N2) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we report the final overall survival (OS) results. METHODS: From September 2011 to April 2014, 222 patients from 27 sites were randomly assigned 1:1 to adjuvant gefitinib (n = 111) or VP (n = 111). Patients with resected stage II-IIIA (N1-N2) NSCLC and EGFR-activating mutation were enrolled, receiving gefitinib for 24 months or VP every 3 weeks for four cycles. The primary end point was DFS (intention-to-treat [ITT] population). Secondary end points included OS, 3-, 5-year (y) DFS rates, and 5-year OS rate. Post hoc analysis was conducted for subsequent therapy data. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 80.0 months. Median OS (ITT) was 75.5 and 62.8 months with gefitinib and VP, respectively (hazard ratio [HR], 0.92; 95% CI, 0.62 to 1.36; P = .674); respective 5-year OS rates were 53.2% and 51.2% (P = .784). Subsequent therapy was administered upon progression in 68.4% and 73.6% of patients receiving gefitinib and VP, respectively. Subsequent targeted therapy contributed most to OS (HR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.38) compared with no subsequent therapy. Updated 3y DFS rates were 39.6% and 32. 5% with gefitinib and VP (P = .316) and 5y DFS rates were 22. 6% and 23.2% (P = .928), respectively. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant therapy with gefitinib in patients with early-stage NSCLC and EGFR mutation demonstrated improved DFS over standard of care chemotherapy. Although this DFS advantage did not translate to a significant OS difference, OS with adjuvant gefitinib was one of the longest observed in this patient group compared with historic data.

Genomic signatures define three subtypes of EGFR-mutant stage II-III non-small-cell lung cancer with distinct adjuvant therapy outcomes.

The ADJUVANT study reported the comparative superiority of adjuvant gefitinib over chemotherapy in disease-free survival of resected EGFR-mutant stage II-IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, not all patients experienced favorable clinical outcomes with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), raising the necessity for further biomarker assessment. In this work, by comprehensive genomic profiling of 171 tumor tissues from the ADJUVANT trial, five predictive biomarkers are identified (TP53 exon4/5 mutations, RB1 alterations, and copy number gains of NKX2-1, CDK4, and MYC). Then we integrate them into the Multiple-gene INdex to Evaluate the Relative benefit of Various Adjuvant therapies (MINERVA) score, which categorizes patients into three subgroups with relative disease-free survival and overall survival benefits from either adjuvant gefitinib or chemotherapy (Highly TKI-Preferable, TKI-Preferable, and Chemotherapy-Preferable groups). This study demonstrates that predictive genomic signatures could potentially stratify resected EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients and provide precise guidance towards future personalized adjuvant therapy.

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for clinical node-negative esophageal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The impact of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) on early stage esophageal cancer is unknown. Here, we compared the outcomes after esophagectomy alone or nCRT plus surgery for clinically staged node-negative esophageal cancer. METHODS: We searched the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database for patients with clinically node-negative (cN0) esophageal cancer from 2004 to 2016 who underwent surgery alone or nCRT plus surgery. Propensity score matching and Cox regression analysis were used to identify covariates associated with overall survival and cancer-specific survival. RESULTS: A total of 1587 patients were retrospectively identified, of whom 49.8% (n = 791) received nCRT and 80.2% (n = 1273) were truly node-negative diseases. For the entire cohort, surgery alone was associated with a statistically significant but modest absolute increase in survival outcomes (P < 0.01). After matching, nCRT was associated with improved five-year overall survival for pT3-4N0 (localized) disease (59.6% vs. 37.7%; P < 0.001) and pathological node-positive disease (60.5% vs. 40.7%; P = 0.002). Cox multivariate regression analysis revealed that the addition of nCRT for truly node-negative patients with tumor length ≥ 3 cm, pT1-2N0 (early-staged) and localized disease were independent risk factors for survival than surgery alone (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with surgery alone, patients with cN0 esophageal cancer with pathological node-positive or localized true node-negative disease gain a significant survival benefit from nCRT. However, nCRT plus surgery was associated with decreased survival for early-staged true node-negative patients. This finding may have significant implications on the use of neoadjuvant chemoradiation in patients with cN0 disease.

Role of radiation therapy in node-negative esophageal cancer: A propensity-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the prognostic impact of (neo-)adjuvant radiation therapies in early stage esophageal cancer. METHODS: A retrospective analysis using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was conducted from 2004 to 2016. Patients with pathologically staged T1-4N0M0 esophageal cancer were divided into two treatment groups: (i) neoadjuvant radiotherapy followed by surgery; and (ii) upfront esophagectomy followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. Propensity scored match and Cox proportional hazards model were used to identify covariates associated with overall survival and cancer-specific survival. RESULTS: There were 821 patients selected, of whom 588 (71.6%) received neoadjuvant radiotherapy and 233 (28.4%) received adjuvant radiotherapy. For the entire cohort, neoadjuvant radiotherapy was associated with a significantly benefit in five-year survival outcomes compared with adjuvant radiotherapy (P < 0.01). After matching, the survival outcomes were still better for neoadjuvant radiotherapy than that of adjuvant treatment. Stratifying based on pathologic tumor status, neoadjuvant radiation was associated with improved CSS (five-year survival 73.7% vs. 42.1%; P = 0.014) for localized (pT3-4N0) disease. The Cox multivariate regression analysis revealed that the addition of neoadjuvant radiation for pT3-4N0 diseases with tumor length ≥ 5 cm and squamous cell carcinoma, was a powerful prognostic factor for improved cancer-specific survival (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with adjuvant radiotherapy, the addition of neoadjuvant radiation for pT3-4N0 diseases has been associated with improved cancer-specific survival in high-risk patients. Studies on preoperative neoadjuvant therapies would be plausible in high-risk esophageal cancer patients.

Development and validation of a nomogram prognostic model for patients with neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics and prognostic survival of patients with neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus (NETTs), and to develop and validate a nomogram model for predicting the prognosis of patients. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database in the United States between 1988 and 2016. Cox scale risk regression analysis, the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to carry out the significance test to determine the independent prognostic factors, from which a nomogram for NETTs was established. C-index and calibration curve were used to evaluate the prediction accuracy of the model. External validation of the nomogram was performed using data from our center. RESULTS: A total of 254 patients with NETTs were collected in the SEER database. In the multivariable analysis, T stage, tumor grade, surgery, and chemotherapy were found to be independent factors affecting the prognosis of patients (all P < 0.05). A nomogram model was constructed based on these variables, and its c-index was 0.707 (0.661-0.752). The c-index results showed that the nomogram model had better authentication capability than the eighth edition of the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system and Masaoka-Koga (MK) staging system. The calibration curve showed that the model could accurately predict patient prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: The study established a nomogram model that predicted the overall survival rate of one-, three- and five-years, and used the survival prediction model to optimize individualized therapy and prognostic follow-up through risk stratification.

Adjuvant radiotherapy for patients with pathologic node-negative esophageal carcinoma: A population based propensity matching analysis.

BACKGROUND: The impact of adjuvant treatment for esophageal carcinoma with tumor-negative lymph nodes after upfront radical esophagectomy is still uncertain. This study investigated the effects of postoperative radiotherapy in pT1-3N0 esophageal carcinoma after radical resection. METHOD: We retrospectively identified pT1-3N0M0 esophageal carcinoma patients between 2000 and 2016 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Patients with upfront esophagectomy were categorized as having received surgery alone (SA) and surgical resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy (SA + RT). Propensity score matching, univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to compare overall survival (OS) and cause-specific survival (CSS). RESULTS: A total of 2862 patients were identified, of whom 274 received SA + RT and 2588 received SA. The median follow-up was 60.4 months (95%CI, 58.7-62.1 months). The five-year OS and CSS were better for SA group compared with SA + RT group (P < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, after matching, the OS and CSS were still significantly better for SA patients. For T subgroup analysis, postoperative radiotherapy was an independent prognostic factor only for pT1 patients with worse OS, without survival differences for pT2 and pT3 patients. However, after multivariate cox analysis, postoperative radiotherapy can provide significantly better OS for pT3 patients with tumor length ≥5 cm (P = 0.03; 95%CI, 0.29-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: Among pT1-3N0M0 esophageal carcinoma patients, postoperative radiotherapy can provide significantly better OS for pT3 patients with tumor length ≥5 cm. However, there are no survival benefits for pT1-2 patients after SA + RT procedure. This finding may have significant implications on the use of adjuvant radiation in patients with pN0 disease.

A tension tracheal diverticulum: recurrence after interventional sclerotherapy followed by transcervical resection.

Tracheal diverticulum is a rarely congenital or acquired tracheal benign entity, characterized by round or spherical out-pouching of the tracheal wall. Most of the tracheal diverticula are asymptomatic disease, and therefore surgical treatment has not been widely reported. Symptomatic diverticula can accept conservative treatment such as anti-inflammatory, postural drainage, etc. Transcervical resection or endoscopic laser surgery or electrosurgery should be considered for patients with severe symptoms or combined with repeated tracheobronchial inflammation. However, there is still insufficient evidence to recommend the optimal therapeutic schedule at present. We describe a special tension tracheal diverticulum with rare symptoms of dysphagia and dizziness for the first time which has a recurrence after interventional sclerotherapy followed by transcervical resection.

Video-Assisted Vs Thoracotomy Sleeve Lobectomy for Lung Cancer: A Propensity Matched Analysis.

BACKGROUND: In this retrospective study, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) sleeve lobectomy for patients with centrally located non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS: All consecutive patients who received VATS sleeve lobectomy (n = 54) and thoracotomy sleeve lobectomy (n = 94) were analyzed retrospectively; after propensity score matching, 78 paired cases were selected for further statistical analysis. RESULTS: Among all patients, the VATS group showed significantly better recurrence-free survival and overall survival than the thoracotomy group (P = .025 and P = .026, respectively) with smaller total tumor size and earlier pathological tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage. Nevertheless, after matching, the recurrence-free survival (50.9% vs 48.7%; P = .445) and overall survival (79.5% vs 66.7%; P = .198) were not significantly different. There was significantly less blood loss (228 vs 246 mL; P = .022), shorter thoracic drainage stay (4.6 vs 6.8 days; P < .001), and postoperative hospital stay (9.2 vs 11.3 days; P = .033) in the VATS group. Multivariate Cox analyses demonstrated that the surgical procedure was not an independent prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival, not only for patients with an invasive component size of 3 cm or less and negative lymphatic invasion, but for locally advanced patients with an invasive tumor size >3 cm (hazard ratio: 0.94; 95% confidence interval: 0.36-2.45; P = .55) or positive lymphatic invasion (hazard ratio: 0.91; 95% confidence interval: 0.35-2.39; P = .41). CONCLUSIONS: VATS sleeve lobectomy is a safe and effective procedure associated with better postoperative recovery and equivalent oncological results, even for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients with an invasive tumor size larger than 3 cm or accompanying lymphatic invasion.

[Postoperative Th1 and Th2 type cytokine changes in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and their clinical significance].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expressions of Th1 and Th2 type cytokines in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and the influence of operation on such expressions. METHOD: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect Th1 (IL-2 and INF-gamma) and Th2 type cytokines (IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10) in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs, for 48 h) from 30 healthy controls and 46 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients (collected before and 8 and 30 d after operation, respectively). RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the expressions of Th1 type cytokines, IL-2 and INF-gamma, were significantly depressed in the PBMCs of the cancer patients (P<0.05), while expression of Th2 type cytokines, IL-6 was significantly enhanced (P<0.05), and IL-4 and IL-10 showed only slight enhancement. Such changes in the expressions of the cytokines showed a correlation with TNM (tumor-node-metastasis)stage of the tumors. After operation, the expressions of Th1 type cytokines increased and Th2 type cytokines decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Th1 cells are suppressed in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, while the function of Th2 cells is enhanced. Operation may reverse such changes, and dynamic detection of Th1 and Th2 type cytokines may indicate the prognosis, therapeutic effect and risks of relapse and metastasis.

External suction versus water seal after selective pulmonary resection for lung neoplasm: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether external suction is more advantageous than water seal in patients undergoing selective pulmonary resection (SPR) for lung neoplasm. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Whether external suction should be routinely applied in postoperative chest drainage is still unclear, particularly for lung neoplasm patients. To most surgeons, the decision is based on their clinical experience. METHODS: Randomized control trials were selected. The participants were patients undergoing SPR with lung neoplasm. Lung volume reduction surgery and pneumothorax were excluded. Suction versus non-suction for the intervention. The primary outcome was the incidence of persistent air leak (PAL). The definition of PAL was air leak for more than 3-7 days. The secondary outcomes included air leak duration, time of drainage, postoperative hospital stay and the incidence of postoperative pneumothorax. Studies were identified from literature collections through screening. Bias was analyzed and meta-analysis was used. RESULTS: From the 1824 potentially relevant trials, 6 randomized control trials involving 676 patients were included. There was no difference between external suction and water seal in decreasing the incidence of PAL [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81-2.16; z = 1.10; P = 0.27]. Regarding secondary outcomes, there were no differences in time of drainage (95% CI-0.36-1.56, P = 0.22), postoperative hospital stay (95% CI -.31-.54, P = 0.87) or incidence of postoperative pneumothorax (95% CI 0.18-.02, P = 0.05) between external suction and water seal. CONCLUSIONS: For participants, no differences are identified in terms of PAL incidence, drainage time, length of postoperative hospital stay or incidence of postoperative pneumothorax between external suction and water seal. The bias analysis should be emphasized. To the limitations of the bias and methodological differences among the included studies, we have no recommendation on whether external suction should be routinely applied after lung neoplasm SPR. More high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: None.

[Single lung transplantation with concomitant contralateral lung volume reduction for end- stage emphysema].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of single lung transplantation with concomitant contralateral lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) for the management of end-stage emphysema. METHODS: A 46 year-old patient with end-stage emphysema received right lung transplantation and LVRS through the bilateral anterior-lateral intercostal incisions simultaneously. RESULTS: Hyperinflation of the native lung or mediastinal shift did not occur after the operation, and the transplanted right lung dilated well without suppression. Acute rejection was not observed and the patient weaned from tracheal intubation 60 h after operation and from ventilator 108 h postoperatively. Persistent air leak occurred after LVRS but closed after instillation of hyperosmotic glucose. The patient was discharged 45 days after operation with significantly improved pulmonary function and normal life. CONCLUSION: Single lung transplantation with concomitant contralateral lung volume reduction for emphysema eliminates such complications of single lung transplantation as native lung hyperinflation, mediastinal shift, excessive suppression of the transplanted lung and hemodynamics instability, and can improve the success rate of the operation.