Two-Step Catalytic Against Polysulfide Shuttling to Enhance Redox Conversion for Advanced Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

The development of lithium-sulfur batteries is seriously hindered by the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and the low electrical conductivity of sulfur. To solve these problems, efficient catalysts can be used to improve the conversion rate of LiPSs and the conductivity of sulfur cathode. Herein, annealed melamine foam supported MoSe2 (NCF@MoSe2) is used as interlayer and the MoSe2/MoP heterojunction obtained by phosphating MoSe2 is further used as the catalyst material for metal fusion with a sulfur element. The interlayer can not only improve the electrical conductivity and effectively adsorb and catalyze LiPSs, but more importantly, the MoSe2/MoP heterojunction can also effectively adsorb and catalyze LiPSs, so that the batteries have a dual inhibition shuttling effect strategy. Furthermore, the rapid anchor-diffusion transition of LiPSs, and the suppression of shuttling effects by catalyst materials are elucidated using theoretical calculations and in situ Raman spectroscopy. The two-step catalytic strategy exhibits a high reversibility of 983 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles at 0.5 C and a high-rate capacity of 889 mAh g-1 at 5 C. This work provides a feasible solution for the rational design of interlayer and heterojunction materials and is also conducive to the development of more advanced Li-S batteries.

The mediating effect of family resilience between coping styles and caregiver burden in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Primary caregivers of hemodialysis patients suffer from varying degrees of stress from their patients. Caring for hemodialysis patients can expose caregivers to many problems, leading to an increased burden of care and even impacting the quality of care. The purpose of our study was to examine whether family resilience could be a mediating variable moderating the relationship between patient coping styles and caregiver burden. METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study that interviewed 173 pairs of hemodialysis patients and their caregivers at a blood purification center in a public hospital in China. The Brief Coping Styles Scale (Chinese version) was used to assess individuals' coping styles for disease and treatment. From the caregiver's perspective, the Family Resilience Assessment Scale (Chinese version) was used to understand the resilience of families, and the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale was used to capture the caregiver's subjective experience of burden. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 23 and Amos version 26 to analyze the relationships between variables to examine for correlation and construct mediated effects models. RESULTS: Coping styles showed a significant positive correlation with family resilience (r = 0.347, P < 0.01) and a negative correlation with caregiver burden (r = -0.379, P < 0.01). A significant negative correlation was found between family resilience and caregiver burden (r = -0.503, P < 0.01). In the mediation model, patient coping styles directly impacted caregiver burden significantly (95% CI [-0.372, -0.058]), and coping styles indirectly impacted caregiver burden by family resilience in a significant way (95% CI [-0.275, -0.098]). CONCLUSIONS: Patient coping styles directly affect caregiver burden. Family resilience is a mediating variable between patients' coping styles and the burden on caregivers.

[Evidence mapping of traditional Chinese medicine intervention in diabetic retinopathy].

This study aims to assess the quality of evidence for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy with traditional Chinese medicine based on the systematic reviews/Meta-analyses of relevant studies. CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Web of Science, EMbase, and Cochrane Library were searched for the systematic reviews/Meta-analyses of traditional Chinese medicine interventions in diabetic retinopathy published from the inception to November 2023. A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2(AMSTAR2) scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. An evidence map was built to present the information on intervention measures, the number of studies included in the systematic reviews/Meta-analyses, research conclusions, and methodological quality assessment results. A total of 51 studies were included. Traditional Chinese medicine interventions accounted for a large proportion of the intervention measures, followed by Chinese patent medicines. The treatment methods mainly included tonifying deficiency, activating blood, and resolving stasis. According to the AMSTAR2 scale assessment results, the descriptions of funding information for included studies, lists of excluded articles, and preliminary research protocols were particularly lacking. The evidence map showed that 48, 2, and 1 studies concluded with beneficial effects, possible beneficial effects, and unclear effects, respectively. On the whole, traditional Chinese medicine demonstrated definite efficacy in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, while the evidence pre-sents moderate to low quality. It is suggested that higher-quality studies remain to be carried out to provide more evidence.

Strain Tunable Thermoelectric Material: Janus ZrSSe Monolayer.

Thermoelectric (TE) performance of the Janus ZrSSe monolayer under biaxial strain is systematically explored by the first-principles approach and Boltzmann transport theory. Our results show that the Janus ZrSSe monolayer has excellent chemical, dynamical, thermal, and mechanical stabilities, which provide a reliable platform for strain tuning. The electronic structure and TE transport parameters of the Janus ZrSSe monolayer can be obviously tuned by biaxial strain. Under 2% tensile strain, the optimal power factor PF of the n-type-doped Janus ZrSSe monolayer reaches 46.36 m W m-1 K-2 at 300 K. This value is higher than that of the most classical TE materials. Under 6% tensile strain, the maximum ZT values for the p-type- and n-type-doped Janus ZrSSe monolayers are 4.41 and 4.88, respectively, which are about 3.83 and 1.49 times the results of no strain, respectively. Such high TE performance can be attributed to high band degeneracy and short phonon relaxation time under strain, causing simultaneous increase of the Seebeck coefficient and suppression of the phonon thermal transport. Present work demonstrates that the Janus ZrSSe monolayer is a promising candidate as a strain-tunable TE material and stimulates further experimental synthesis.

Efficacy of washed microbiota transplantation for therapeutic targets of refractory functional constipation and the influencing factors: a single-center, retrospective, 24-week follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) in terms of refractory functional constipation (FC)-related therapeutic targets and influencing factors have not been elucidated. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and influencing factors of WMT in treating refractory FC-related therapeutic targets. METHODS: The clinical data of patients diagnosed with refractory FC and received with WMT were retrospectively collected. The therapeutic targets included straining, hard stools, incomplete evacuation, a sense of anorectal obstruction, manual maneuvers, and decreased stool frequency. Each target was recorded as 1 (yes) or 0 (no). All patients were followed up for approximately 24 weeks from the end of the first course of WMT. The primary outcomes were the improvement rates for the individual therapeutic targets and the overall response in respect of the therapeutic targets decreased by 2 at weeks 4, 8, and 24. The secondary outcomes were the clinical remission rate (i.e., the proportion of patients with an average of 3 or more spontaneous complete bowel movements per week), clinical improvement rate (i.e., the proportion of patients with an average increase of 1 or more SCBMs/week or patients with remission), stool frequency, Wexner constipation score, Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) score, and adverse events. The factors influencing the efficacy were also analyzed. RESULTS: Overall, 63 patients with 112 WMT courses were enrolled. The improvement rates at weeks 8 and 24 were 45.6% and 35.0%, 42.9% and 38.6%, 45.0% and 35.7%, 55.6% and 44.4%, and 60.9% and 50.0%, respectively, for straining, hard stools, incomplete evacuation, a sense of anorectal obstruction, and decreased stool frequency. The overall response rates were 49.2%, 50.8%, and 42.9%, respectively, at weeks 4, 8, and 24. The rates of clinical remission and clinical improvement were 54.0% and 68.3%, respectively, at weeks 4. The stool frequency, BSFS score, and Wexner constipation score tended to improve post-WMT. Only 22 mild adverse events were observed during the 112 WMT courses and the follow-up. The number of WMT courses was identified to be the independent factor influencing the efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: WMT is efficacious in improving refractory FC-related therapeutic targets. The effectiveness of WMT in the management of FC is enhanced with the administration of multiple courses.

TRIM52 aggravated inflammation and pyroptosis in dextran sulfate sodium-induced inflammatory bowel disease through activation of the TLR4/NF-κBs pathway.

INTRODUCTION: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which mainly leads to diarrhea, fatigue, stool blood, abdominal pain, and cramping, is threatening public health. Tripartite motif-containing 52 (TRIM52) has been reported to play an important role in inflammatory responses via activating the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. However, the causes of IBD need to be elucidated, and the function of TRIM52 in IBD remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that TRIM52 aggravated inflammation and pyroptosis in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD by activating TLR4/NF-κBs pathway. METHODS: The colitis model was established on mice through DSS induction. For the TRIM52 knockdown, the mice were infected with a recombinant adenoviral vector expressing sgRNAs targeting TRIM52. RT-qPCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry were performed to verify TRIM52 expression in DSS-induced IBD. The body weight, disease activity index, colon length, and H&E staining were used to assess the IBD symptoms in mice with TRIM52 knockdown. The inflammatory responses were examined by RT-qPCR and ELISA measuring tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inter-leukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß). Furthermore, the pyroptosis in colon tissue was detected by western blot. Finally, the TLR4/NF-κBs pathway activity was also examined by western blot. RESULTS: TRIM52 expression was up-regulated in DSS-induced IBD, and knockdown of TRIM52 could alleviate the symptoms of IBD. TRIM52 knockdown retarded DSS-induced inflammatory response and inhibited DSS-induced pyroptosis in colon tissue. In addition, TRIM52 played a role in activating TLR4/NF-κBs pathway. CONCLUSION: Knockdown of TRIM52 alleviated inflammation and pyroptosis in IBD by regulating TLR4/NF-κBs pathway. TRIM52 is expected to be a novel diagnostic indicator for IBD and a target of therapeutic treatment.

Improving the Thermostability of Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase by Restricting the Flexibility of N-Terminus and C-Terminus Simultaneously via the 25-Loop Substitutions.

(1) Lipases are catalysts widely applied in industrial fields. To sustain the harsh treatments in industries, optimizing lipase activities and thermal stability is necessary to reduce production loss. (2) The thermostability of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) was evaluated via B-factor analysis and consensus-sequence substitutions. Five single-point variants (K24S, D27N, D27R, P29S, and A30P) with improved thermostability were constructed via site-directed mutagenesis. (3) The optimal reaction temperatures of all the five variants displayed 5 °C improvement compared with TLL. Four variants, except D27N, showed enhanced residual activities at 80 °C. The melting temperatures of three variants (D27R, P29S, and A30P) were significantly increased. The molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the 25-loop (residues 24-30) in the N-terminus of the five variants generated more hydrogen bonds with surrounding amino acids; hydrogen bond pair D254-I255 preserved in the C-terminus of the variants also contributes to the improved thermostability. Furthermore, the newly formed salt-bridge interaction (R27…E56) in D27R was identified as a crucial determinant for thermostability. (4) Our study discovered that substituting residues from the 25-loop will enhance the stability of the N-terminus and C-terminus simultaneously, restrict the most flexible regions of TLL, and result in improved thermostability.

Using UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and HPLC-CAD to Identify Impurities in Cycloastragenol, Which Is a Pre-Clinical Candidate for COPD.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a highly prevalent disease that has become the third leading cause of death worldwide. Cycloastragenol (CAG), which is the genuine sapogenin of the main active triterpene saponins in Astragali radix, is a bioavailable pre-clinical candidate for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and it was investigated in our previous study. In order to progress medical research, it was first efficiently produced on a 2.5-kg scale via Smith degradation from astragaloside IV (AS-IV). Simultaneously, since the impurity profiling of a drug is critical for performing CMC documentation in pre-clinical development, a study on impurities was carried out. As these structures do not contain chromophores and possess weak UV absorption characteristics, HPLC-CAD and UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS were employed to carry out the quality control of the impurities. Then, column chromatography (CC), preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC), and crystallization led to the identification of 15 impurities from CAG API. Among these impurities, compounds 1, 4, 9, 10, 14, and 15 were elucidated via spectroscopic analysis, and 2-3, 5-8, and 11-13 were putatively identified. Interestingly, the new compounds 9 and 14 were rare 10, 19-secocycloartane triterpenoids that displayed certain anti-inflammatory activities against LPS-induced lymphocyte cells and CSE-induced MLE-12 cells. Additionally, a plausible structural transformation pathway of the degradation compounds from CAG or AS IV was proposed. The information obtained will provide a material basis to carry out the quality control and clinical safety assurance of API and related prescriptions. Reasonable guidance will also be provided regarding the compounds with weak UV absorption characteristics.

First-principle study of neutron irradiation induced performance degradation of amorphous porous silica.

Neutron irradiation induced degradation of porous silica film is studied by Molecular Dynamics and Density-Functional theory-based methods. The degradation of microscopic structure, thermal property, and optical property of porous silica film are systematically investigated. Low-energy recoil is used to simulate the neutron irradiation effect. The pair and bond angle distributions, and coordination number distributions reveal that, under neutron irradiation, the microscopic structure of porous silica film is obviously modified, and the coordination defects are induced. We find that the higher recoil energy, the more coordination defects are formed in the film. The increased defects lead to a decrease in thermal conductivity. In addition, neutron irradiation induces additional optical absorption peaks in UV region and increasement in refractive index, resulting in a noticeable reduction in light transmittance. The detailed calculation of density of states reveals that these optical absorption peaks originate from the irradiation induced defect states in band gap. Our work shows that low-energy neutron irradiation can induce obvious defect density and degrade thermal and optical properties of porous silica film, which are responsible for subsequent laser-induced damage.

Discovery of the Key Mutation Site Influencing the Thermostability of Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase by Rosetta Design Programs.

Lipases are remarkable biocatalysts and are broadly applied in many industry fields because of their versatile catalytic capabilities. Considering the harsh biotechnological treatment of industrial processes, the activities of lipase products are required to be maintained under extreme conditions. In our current study, Gibbs free energy calculations were performed to predict potent thermostable Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) variants by Rosetta design programs. The calculating results suggest that engineering on R209 may greatly influence TLL thermostability. Accordingly, ten TLL mutants substituted R209 were generated and verified. We demonstrate that three out of ten mutants (R209H, R209M, and R209I) exhibit increased optimum reaction temperatures, melting temperatures, and thermal tolerances. Based on molecular dynamics simulation analysis, we show that the stable hydrogen bonding interaction between H198 and N247 stabilizes the local configuration of the 250-loop in the three R209 mutants, which may further contribute to higher rigidity and improved enzymatic thermostability. Our study provides novel insights into a single residue, R209, and the 250-loop, which were reported for the first time in modulating the thermostability of TLL. Additionally, the resultant R209 variants generated in this study might be promising candidates for future-industrial applications.

Strong UV laser absorption source near 355 nm in fused silica and its origination.

As a high-performance optical material, fused silica is widely applied in high-power laser and photoelectric systems. However, laser induced damage (LID) of fused silica severely limits the output power and performance of these systems. Due to the values in strong field physics and improving the load capacity and performance of high power systems at UV laser, LID at 355 nm of fused silica has attracted much attention. It has been found that, even be treated by advanced processing technologies, the actual damage threshold of fused silica at 355 nm is far below the intrinsic threshold. It means that there is an absorption source near 355 nm in fused silica. However, to date, the absorption source is still unknown. In this paper, a absorption source near 355 nm is found by first-principles calculations. We find that the absorption source near 355 nm is neutral oxygen-vacancy defect (NOV, ≡Si-Si≡) and this defect originates from the oxygen deficiency of fused silica. Our results indicate that NOV defect can be taken as a damage precursor for 355 nm UV laser, and this precursor can be obviously reduced by increasing the ratio of oxygen to silicon. Present work is valuable for exploring damage mechanisms and methods to improve the damage threshold of fused silica at UV laser.

GATA binding protein 4 promotes the expression and transcription of hepatitis B virus by facilitating hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha in vitro.

BACKGROUND: GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) has been reported as a potential target of gene therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is well known that the main cause of HCC is the chronic infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, whether the effect of GATA4 on HBV has not yet been reported. METHODS: In this study, the regulation of GATA4 on HBV was analyzed in vitro. In turn, the effect of HBV on GATA4 was also observed in vitro, in vivo, and clinical HCC patients. Subsequently, we analyzed whether the effect of GATA4 on HBV was related to hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) in vitro. RESULTS: The results showed that GATA4 significantly promoted the secretion of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV e antigen in the cell culture medium, improved the replication of HBV genomic DNA, and increased the level of HBV 3.5 kb pre-genomic RNA and HBV total RNA (P < 0.05). Moreover, it was showed that HBV had no significant effect on GATA4 in vitro and in vivo (P > 0.05). At the same time, GATA4 expression was decreased in 78.9% (15/19) of HCC patients regardless of the HBV and HBsAg status. Among them, there were 76.9% (10/13) in HBV-associated patients with HCC (HBV-HCC), and 83.3% (5/6) in non-HBV-HCC patients. In addition, the expression of HNF4α was also up-regulated or down-regulated accordingly when stimulating or interfering with the expression of GATA4. Furthermore, stimulating the expression of HNF4α could only alleviate the HBsAg level and HBV transcription levels, but had no significant effect on GATA4. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, this study found that GATA4 has a positive effect on HBV, and the potential pathway may be related to another transcription factor HNF4α that regulates HBV.

C2orf40 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma through interaction with UBR5.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) urgently needs a marker for early diagnosis and targeted treatment. C2orf40 has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene in many cancers. However, the precise role and regulatory mechanism by C2orf40 contribute to HCC remain elusive and merit exploration. METHODS: Reverse-transcription PCR, quantitative real-time PCR, and methylation-specific PCR were used to detect expression and methylation of C2orf40 in HCC cell lines or tissues. The effects of C2orf40 in liver cancer cells were examined via colony formation, CCK8, transwell, and flow cytometric assays. The effect of C2orf40 on tumorigenesis in vivo was determined by xenografts and immunohistochemical analysis. Western blot, indirect immunofluorescence, Co-IP, and cycloheximide (CHX) were used to further investigate the potential mechanism of C2orf40. RESULTS: The down-regulation of C2orf40 in hepatocellular cancer tissue samples is often related to the degree of methylation of its promoter CpG. The recovery of C2orf40 expression in HCC cell lines can induce G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis and also inhibit cell migration and invasion by reversing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, C2orf40 can increase the expression of p21 through interaction with UBR5. CONCLUSIONS: Low expression levels of C2orf40 are related to the hypermethylation of its promoter. C2orf40 can inhibit HCC through UBR5-dependent or p53-independent mechanisms. C2orf40 may be a diagnostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in HCC.

Semantic and attentional networks in bilingual processing: fMRI connectivity signatures of translation directionality.

Comparisons between backward and forward translation (BT, FT) have long illuminated the organization of bilingual memory, with neuroscientific evidence indicating that FT would involve greater linguistic and attentional demands. However, no study has directly assessed the functional interaction between relevant mechanisms. Against this background, we conducted the first fMRI investigation of functional connectivity (FC) differences between BT and FT. In addition to yielding lower behavioral outcomes, FT was characterized by increased FC between a core semantic hub (the left anterior temporal lobe, ATL) and key nodes of attentional and vigilance networks (left inferior frontal, left orbitofrontal, and bilateral parietal clusters). Instead, distinct FC patterns for BT emerged only between the left ATL and the right thalamus, a region implicated in automatic relaying of sensory information to cortical regions. Therefore, FT seems to involve enhanced coupling between semantic and attentional mechanisms, suggesting that asymmetries in cross-language processing reflect dynamic interactions between linguistic and domain-general systems.

A cationic conjugated polymer coupled with exonuclease I: application to the fluorometric determination of protein and cell imaging.

A strategy is described for the detection of protein by using a cationic fluorescent conjugated polymer coupled with exonuclease I (Exo I). Taking streptavidin (SA) as model protein, it is observed that Exo I can digest single-stranded DNA conjugated with biotin and carboxyfluorescein (P1) if SA is absent. This leads to the formation of small nucleotide fragments and to weak fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the polymer to P1. If, however, SA is present, the high affinity of SA and biotin prevents the digestion of P1 by Exo I. This results in the sorption of P1 on the surface of the polymer through strong electrostatic interaction. Hence, efficient FRET occurs from the fluorescent polymer to the fluorescent label of P1. Fluorescence is measured at an excitation wavelength of 370 nm, and emission is measured at two wavelengths (530 and 425 nm). The ratio of the two intensities (I530/I425) is directly related to the concentration of SA. Under the optimal conditions, the assay has a detection limit of 1.3 ng·mL-1. The method was also applied to image the folate receptor in HeLa cells, thus demonstrating the versatility of this strategy. Graphical abstract A fluorometric strategy is described for protein detection and cell imaging based on a cationic conjugated polymer (PFP) coupled with exonuclease I (Exo I) trigged fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET).

Ultrasensitive Photochromic Iodocuprate(I) Hybrid.

By employing in situ methylnicotinohydrazide dication (MNH(2+)) as an electron acceptor, we have constructed an iodocuprate(I) hybrid {[MNH][Cu2I3]2}n (1), which exhibits charge transfer (CT) thermochromism due to the intense absorption of CT and electron transfer (ET) photochromism with high photocoloration contrast and fast response to UV irradiation due to the synergetic effect of valence change of copper ions.

Heterometallic Alkaline Earth-Lanthanide Ba(II)-La(III) Microporous Metal-Organic Framework as Bifunctional Luminescent Probes of Al(3+) and MnO4(.).

In this work a rigid asymmetrical tricarboxylate ligand p-terphenyl-3,4″,5-tricarboxylic acid (H3L) has been employed, and a unique heterometallic alkaline earth-lanthanide microporous luminescent metal-organic framework (MOF) {[Ba3La0.5(µ3-L)2.5(H2O)3(DMF)]·(3DMF)}n (1·3DMF) (DMF = dimethylformamide) has been isolated under solvothermal conditions. Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis demonstrates that 2D inorganic Ba-O-La connectivity can be observed in 1, which are further bridged via rigid terphenyl backbones of L(3-), forming a unique I(2)O(1)-type microporous luminescent framework. A 1D microporous channel with dimensionality of 9.151(3) Å × 10.098(1) Å can be observed along the crystallographic a axis. PXRD patterns have been investigated indicating pure phases of 1. The luminescence explorations demonstrated that 1 exhibits highly selective and sensitive sensing for Al(3+) over other cations with high quenching efficiency Ksv value of 1.445 × 10(4) L·mol(-1) and low detection limit (1.11 µM (S/N = 3)). Meanwhile 1 also exhibits highly selective and sensitive sensing for MnO4(-) over other anions with quenching efficiency Ksv = 7.73 × 10(3) L·mol(-1) and low detection limit (0.28 µM (S/N = 3)). It is noted that, when different concentrations of MnO4(-) solutions (0.5 to 100 µM) were dropped into the suspension of 1, the bright blue luminescence of the suspension observed under UV light can gradually change into pink color, indicating visually luminescent sensing, which makes the detection process of MnO4(-) more convenient in practical. The result also reveals that 1 represents the first example of bifunctional heterometallic alkaline earth-lanthanide MOF-based luminescent probes for selectively detecting Al(3+) and MnO4(-) in the water solutions.

Stereotype activation is unintentional: Behavioural and event-related potenials evidence.

In this study, a priming Stroop paradigm was used to determine whether stereotype activation is unintentional. Priming conditions (priming/no-priming) and the relationship between priming and target (consistent/inconsistent/no-relation) were the independent variables; accuracy, reaction time and N400 amplitude were used as dependent variables. The reaction time revealed that stereotype activation is, to some extent, unintentional. Furthermore, the event-related potenial (ERP) results showed that N400 amplitude was larger for inconsistent conditions than for consistent conditions. This result supported the notion that stereotype activation is an unintentional and automatic process.

A graphene oxide-based enzyme-free signal amplification platform for homogeneous DNA detection.

A graphene oxide (GO) based enzyme-free signal amplification platform for homogeneous DNA sensing is developed with simplicity and high sensitivity. In the absence of the target DNA, labeled hairpin probe 1 (H1) and probe 2 (H2) were adsorbed on the surface of GO, resulting in the fluorescence quenching of the dyes and minimizing the background fluorescence. The addition of the target DNA facilitated the formation of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) between H1 and H2, causing the probes to separate from GO and release the target DNA through a strand displacement reaction. Meanwhile, the whole reaction started anew. This is an excellent isothermal signal amplification technique without the involvement of enzymes. By monitoring the change of the fluorescence intensity, the target DNA not only can be determined in buffer solution, but also can be detected in 1% serum solution spiked with a series of concentrations of the target DNA. In addition, the consumption amount of the probes in this method is lower than that in traditional molecular beacon methods.

Metal-organic framework-based molecular beacons for multiplexed DNA detection by synchronous fluorescence analysis.

We report a new sensor combined two dimensional metal-organic framework (MOF), N,N-bis(2-hydroxy-ethyl)dithiooxamidato copper(II) (H2dtoaCu), with the hairpin-structured oligonucleotides and demonstrate its feasibility in detecting multiplexed sequence-specific DNA. The key component of this sensor (MOF-MBs) is the hairpin-structured fluorescent oligonucleotide that allows the MOFs to function as both a "nanoscaffold" for the oligonucleotide and a "nanoquencher" of the fluorophore. An oligonucleotide sequence fragment of wild-type HBV (T1) and a reverse-transcription oligonucleotide sequence of RNA fragment of HIV (T2) were used as model systems. While in the presence of the targets, the fluorescence of dyes was recovered by forming a double strand structure. Multiplex DNA detection can be realized by synchronous scanning fluorescence spectrometry, and there was no cross reaction between the two probes. Under the optimum conditions, the fluorescence intensities of two dyes all exhibit good linear dependence on their target DNA concentration in the range of 1-10 nM with the detection limit of 0.87 nM and 0.22 nM for T1 and T2, respectively. As a proof of concept, the MOF-MBs have been successfully used as a potential sensing platform for simultaneous detection of multiplexed DNA.