Identification and functional analysis of GmPasL regulating pod color in vegetable soybean.

BACKGROUND: Vegetable soybean is rich in nutrients and has a unique flavor. It is highly preferred by people because of its pharmacological activities, including those that regulate the intestines and lower blood pressure. The pod color of vegetable soybeans is an important quality that indicates their freshness and has a significant impact on their commercialization. RESULTS: In this study, pod color was evaluated in 301 vegetable soybean accessions collected from various regions. Genome-wide association analysis was carried out using the Mixed linear model (MLM), a total of 18 quantitative trait loci including 117 SNPs were detected. Two significant QTLs located on chromosomes 6 (qGPCL4 /qGPCa1/qGPCb2) and 18 (qGPCL10/qGPCb3) were consistently detected across different variables. Based on gene functional annotation, 30 candidate genes were identified in these two candidate intervals. Combined with transcriptome analysis, Glyma.18g241700 has been identified as a candidate gene for regulating pod color in vegetable soybeans. Glyma.18g241700 encodes a chlorophyll photosystem I subunit XI. which localizes to the chloroplast named GmPsaL, qRT-PCR analysis showed that GmPsaL was specifically highly expressed in developing pods. Furthermore, overexpression of GmPsaL in transgenetic Arabidopsis plants produced dark green pods. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may be useful for clarifying the genetic basis of the pod color of vegetable soybeans. The identified candidate genes may be useful for the genetic improvement of the appearance quality of vegetable soybeans.

Characterization of TBP and TAFs in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) and Their Potential Involvement in Abiotic Stress Response.

The TATA-box binding protein (TBP) and TBP-associated factors (TAFs) constitute the transcription factor IID (TFIID), a crucial component of RNA polymerase II, essential for transcription initiation and regulation. Several TFIID subunits are shared with the Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase (SAGA) coactivator complex. Recent research has revealed the roles of TBP and TAFs in organogenesis and stress adaptation. In this study, we identified 1 TBP and 21 putative TAFs in the mungbean genome, among which VrTAF5, VrTAF6, VrTAF8, VrTAF9, VrTAF14, and VrTAF15 have paralogous genes. Their potential involvement in abiotic stress responses was also investigated here, including high salinity, water deficit, heat, and cold. The findings indicated that distinct genes exerted predominant influences in the response to different abiotic stresses through potentially unique mechanisms. Specifically, under salt stress, VrTBP, VrTAF2, and VrTAF15-1 were strongly induced, while VrTAF10, VrTAF11, and VrTAF13 acted as negative regulators. In the case of water-deficit stress, it was likely that VrTAF1, VrTAF2, VrTAF5-2, VrTAF9, and VrTAF15-1 were primarily involved. Additionally, in response to changes in ambient temperature, it was possible that genes such as VrTAF5-1, VrTAF6-1, VrTAF9-2, VrTAF10, VrTAF13, VrTAF14b-2, and VrTAF15-1 might play a dominant role. This comprehensive exploration of VrTBP and VrTAFs can offer a new perspective on understanding plant stress responses and provide valuable insights into breeding improvement.

Identification of a Branch Number Locus in Soybean Using BSA-Seq and GWAS Approaches.

The determination of the soybean branch number plays a pivotal role in plant morphogenesis and yield components. This polygenic trait is subject to environmental influences, and despite its significance, the genetic mechanisms governing the soybean branching number remain incompletely understood. To unravel these mechanisms, we conducted a comprehensive investigation employing a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and bulked sample analysis (BSA). The GWAS revealed 18 SNPs associated with the soybean branch number, among which qGBN3 on chromosome 2 emerged as a consistently detected locus across two years, utilizing different models. In parallel, a BSA was executed using an F2 population derived from contrasting cultivars, Wandou35 (low branching number) and Ruidou1 (high branching number). The BSA results pinpointed a significant quantitative trait locus (QTL), designated as qBBN1, located on chromosome 2 by four distinct methods. Importantly, both the GWAS and BSA methods concurred in co-locating qGBN3 and qBBN1. In the co-located region, 15 candidate genes were identified. Through gene annotation and RT-qPCR analysis, we predicted that Glyma.02G125200 and Glyma.02G125600 are candidate genes regulating the soybean branch number. These findings significantly enhance our comprehension of the genetic intricacies regulating the branch number in soybeans, offering promising candidate genes and materials for subsequent investigations aimed at augmenting the soybean yield. This research represents a crucial step toward unlocking the full potential of soybean cultivation through targeted genetic interventions.

Genome-Wide Identification, Expression Analysis, and Potential Roles under Abiotic Stress of the YUCCA Gene Family in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.).

YUCCA, belonging to the class B flavin-dependent monooxygenases, catalyzes the rate-limiting step for endogenous auxin synthesis and is implicated in plant-growth regulation and stress response. Systematic analysis of the YUCCA gene family and its stress response benefits the dissection of regulation mechanisms and breeding applications. In this study, 12 YUCCA genes were identified from the mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) genome and were named based on their similarity to AtYUCCAs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 12 VrYUCCAs could be divided into 4 subfamilies. The evidence from enzymatic assays in vitro and transgenetic Arabidopsis in vivo indicated that all the isolated VrYUCCAs had biological activity in response to IAA synthesis. Expression pattern analysis showed that functional redundancy and divergence existed in the VrYUCCA gene family. Four VrYUCCAs were expressed in most tissues, and five VrYUCCAs were specifically highly expressed in the floral organs. The response toward five stresses, namely, auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA), salinity, drought, high temperatures, and cold, was also investigated here. Five VrYUCCAs responded to IAA in the root, while only VrYUCCA8a was induced in the leaf. VrYUCCA2a, VrYUCCA6a, VrYUCCA8a, VrYUCCA8b, and VrYUCCA10 seemed to dominate under abiotic stresses, due to their sensitivity to the other four treatments. However, the response modes of the VrYUCCAs varied, indicating that they may regulate different stresses in distinct ways to finely adjust IAA content. The comprehensive analysis of the VrYUCCAs in this study lays a solid foundation for further investigation of VrYUCCA genes' mechanisms and applications in breeding.

Volatile Flavor Profile and Sensory Properties of Vegetable Soybean.

The volatile flavor profiles and sensory properties of different vegetable soybean varieties popularized and cultivated in China for 20, 10, and 2 years (TW292, X3, and SX6, respectively) were investigated. Nutrient composition analysis revealed that TW292 had a high soluble protein and soluble sugar content but low fat content. The total free amino acid content (15.43 mg/g) and umami free amino acid content (6.08 mg/g) of SX6 were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of the other varieties. An electronic tongue effectively differentiated between the umami and sweetness characteristics of the vegetable soybeans. Differences in sensory evaluation results were mainly reflected in texture and taste. A total of 41 volatile compounds were identified through HS-SPME-GC-MS, and the main flavor compounds were 1-octen-3-ol, hexanal, (Z)-2-heptenal, 2-octene, nonanal, (Z)-2-decenal, and 3,5-octadien-2-one. However, the volatile composition of different vegetable soybean varieties exhibited large variability in type and relative contents. Considerable differences in nutritional, organoleptic, and aroma characteristics were found among different varieties. The results of this study will provide a good basis for the assessment and application of the major vegetable soybean varieties grown in China.

Application of exposure enhancement technique combined with femoral condyle pushing technique in repairing the posterior horn of the medial meniscus under knee arthroscopy.

Objectives: To investigate the clinical efficacy of exposure enhancement technique and femoral condyle pushing technique applying in the posterior horn of the medial meniscus of the knee. Methods: From January 2016 to June 2019, 52 patients with injury in the medial meniscus treated in our department were selected. The horizontal tear of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus was repaired by exposure enhancement technique and femoral condyle pushing technique using the meniscus suture system. Postoperatively, the efficacy was evaluated using the Lysholm scoring system. Results: These 52 patients were all followed up for 3~18 months, with an average of 12.5 ± 7.3 months. The pain and activity of all patients were significantly improved compared with those before surgery. Conclusion: Exposure enhancement technique and femoral condyle pushing technique in the repair of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus presents satisfactory efficacy. It can improve the pain and activity of the knee, and enhance the stability of residual meniscus. Therefore, it is worth promoting.

Efficacy and safety of interleukin-17 inhibitors in the treatment of chronic rheumatic diseases: A combined and updated meta-analysis.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of interleukin-17 inhibitors (ixekizumab, secukinumab, bimekizumab, netakimab and brodalumab) in chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). METHODS: A comprehensive search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating efficacy and safety of interleukin-17 inhibitors was performed through PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases. Quality assessment was performed using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. Data were pooled using the fixed or random-effects models. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Twenty RCTs were identified: of these 9 studies on patients with AS and 11 studies on patients with PsA. Concerning clinical efficacy, a pooled analysis showed interleukin-17 inhibitors had a higher response rate for the primary endpoint (p < 0.05) and secondary endpoint (p < 0.05) at the treatment endpoint for AS/PsA patients. Moreover, an increased risk of treatment-emergent adverse events and infection was found in AS patients (p < 0.05). In contrast, no increased risk of any adverse events was reported in PsA patients. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: In this meta-analysis, our findings found interleukin-17 inhibitors had a significant clinical benefit in the management of AS/PsA patients.

Occurrence of root rot caused by Pythium aphanidermatum on mung bean (Vigna radiata) in China.

In Aug 2019, approximately 10% of mung bean plants at the experimental farm of the Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science (32.03 N; 118.88 E) showed symptoms of stunting and wilting. Brown and water-soaked stem lesions were often observed at the base of the diseased plants. In severe cases, the plants collapsed and cumulous aerial mycelia were visible on the basal stem surface (Figure S1 A). To identify the causal agent, a total of 20 tissue fragments (5 mm long) were excised from roots and basal stems of five symptomatic plants. The fragments were surface sterilized in 2% sodium hypochlorite solution then plated on 2.5% potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates containing 10 µg/mL pimaricin, 100 µg/mL ampicillin, 10 µg/mL rifampicin, and 10 µg/mL pentachloronitrobenzene (PARP; Beckerman et al. 2017). After 3-4 days incubation at 25oC in dark, 14 colonies with white and cumulous mycelia grew from the tissue pieces (named as JS19-1 to JS19-14). JS19-1 and JS19-2 were purified by hyphal tipping, then grown on PDA medium for 7 days for morphological observation using a compound microscope (Figure S1 B, C). Width of coenocytic hyphae ranged from 3.7 to 8.9 (avg. 6.1, n=20) µm. Terminal oogonia were globose and with a diameter of 13.8 to 25.8 (avg. 22, n=20) µm. Antheridia were barrel-shaped, and mostly intercalary, sometimes terminal. Most of antheridia were diclinous, with 6.2 to 12.5 (avg. 9.3, n=20) µm in width and 7.6 to 15.3 (avg. 12.8, n=20) µm in length. Oogonia were fertilized with one or two (rare) antheridia. Oospores were aplerotic, 10.1 to 23.5 (avg. 20.4, n=20) µm in diameter. Sporangia had terminal inflated hyphal branches (Figure S1 D, E). The two isolates were preliminary identified as Pythium aphanidermatum. For molecular identification, the sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (CoxI) (Robideau et al. 2011), and ß-tubulin (Kroon et al. 2004) of JS19-1 were detected, and deposited in GenBank (MT949538, MT949539 and MT949540). The ITS and CoxI sequences were identical with P. aphanidermatum CBS28779 ITS (759/759 bp, HQ643439.1) and PYT01 CoxI (640/640 bp, MH760243.1) respectively, the ß-tubulin sequence showed 99% (830/840 bp) similarity of P. aphanidermatum P2 (AY564048.1). Thus, JS19-1 was confirmed as P. aphanidermatum. To fulfill Koch's postulates, the pathogenicity of JS19-1 was tested using the procedure of Kiyoshi et al. (2021) with some modifications. Barley grains infested with JS19-1 were as inoculum and thoroughly mixed with potting mixture at a rate of 10% in volume. Six mung bean seeds were sown per pot and then grown in a greenhouse. Potting mixture with no inoculum was used as control. Three pots of replicate plants used for inoculation and control. After 3 weeks, emergence in the inoculated pots was 33% and symptoms of stunting and root rot similar to those in field were observed, while control plants were asymptomatic (FigureS1 F, G). P. aphanidermatum was successfully reisolated from symptomatic plants of both methods. The pathogenicity tests were repeated twice. P. aphanidermatum causes seed rot, pre- and postemergence damping-off, or stem/root rot of a wide range of industrial crops and vegetables (Liu et al, 2018). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. aphanidermatum causing disease on mung bean in China. Since Phytophthora vignae (Sun et al, 2020) and P. myriotylum (Yan et al, 2021) have been reported causing mung bean root rot, integrated disease management should be adopted to reduce damage.

Data-Driven Suboptimal Scheduling of Switched Systems.

In this paper, a data-driven optimal scheduling approach is investigated for continuous-time switched systems with unknown subsystems and infinite-horizon cost functions. Firstly, a policy iteration (PI) based algorithm is proposed to approximate the optimal switching policy online quickly for known switched systems. Secondly, a data-driven PI-based algorithm is proposed online solely from the system state data for switched systems with unknown subsystems. Approximation functions are brought in and their weight vectors can be achieved step by step through different data in the algorithm. Then the weight vectors are employed to approximate the switching policy and the cost function. The convergence and the performance are analyzed. Finally, the simulation results of two examples validate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.

Long Non-Coding RNA (LncRNA) CAIF is Downregulated in Osteoarthritis and Inhibits LPS-Induced Interleukin 6 (IL-6) Upregulation by Downregulation of MiR-1246.

BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) affects about 40% of people older than 40 years of age, and the mechanism is not well understood. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) CAIF is a recently identified critical player in myocardial infarction, while its role in other human diseases is unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the role of CAIF in OA. MATERIAL AND METHODS Levels of CAIF in synovial fluid of OA patients (n=60) and healthy controls (n=60) were measuring by performing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). MiR-1246 and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in synovial fluid were measured by performing qRT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Cell apoptosis analysis was performed after CHON-001 cells were treated with 500 mg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 hours. RESULTS We found that CAIF in synovial fluid was downregulated in OA patients and inversely correlated with miR-1246 and IL-6. Downregulated CAIF distinguished OA patients from healthy controls. In cells of chondrogenic cell line CHON-001, CAIF overexpression mediated the inhibited expression of miR-1246 and secretion of IL-6, while miR-1246 overexpression reduced the effects of CAIF overexpression on IL-6 secretion. In addition, CAIF overexpression inhibited the apoptosis of CHON-001 cells under LPS treatment, while miR-1246 overexpression attenuated the effects of CAIF overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, CAIF may downregulate miR-1246 to improve OA.

Translation and validation of the simplified Chinese version of the anterior cruciate ligament-return to sport after injury (ACL-RSI).

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to obtain a translation and adaptation of the anterior cruciate ligament-return to sport after injury (ACL-RSI) into simplified Chinese and validate the simplified Chinese version. METHODS: Translation and adaptation were performed according to the guidelines of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Outcome Committee. A total of 122 patients who were diagnosed with an ACL injury and underwent primary arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) between 2015 and 2016 were included in this study. The simplified Chinese version of the ACL-RSI (SC-ACL-RSI), Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Lysholm score and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective knee form were completed. Psychometric evaluations included score distribution, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct and discriminant validity. RESULTS: SC-ACL-RSI scores exhibited a normal distribution without ceiling and floor effects. Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.94). The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.98, indicating excellent test-retest reliability. SC-ACL-RSI scores were correlated with all KOOS subscales (r = 0.30 to 0.69, p < 0.001), the IKDC subjective knee form (r = 0.46, p < 0.001) and the Lysholm score (r = 0.56, p < 0.001). The mean scores between patients who returned to the same preinjury level of sport (65.1 ± 14.3) and those who could not return to the same level (51.0 ± 15.0) were significantly different (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The SC-ACL-RSI is a reliable and valid instrument to evaluate the psychological impact of a patient returning to sport after ACLR. It is important to evaluate patients' ability to return to sport after an ACL injury. The information provided by the SC-ACL-RSI will affect decisions regarding treatment and rehabilitation plans, which are more likely to influence clinical outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Comparison of artificial graft versus autograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Critically evaluation and summarization for the outcomes between autografts and artificial grafts using in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have not been performed currently. The purpose of this study is to compare the clinical outcomes between artificial ligaments and autografts at a short- to mid-term follow-up. METHODS: A computerized search of the databases was conducted including Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane library. Only prospective or retrospective comparative studies with a minimum 2-year follow-up and a minimum sample size of 15 for each group were considered for inclusion. Two independent reviewers performed data extraction and methodological quality assessment. A Mantel-Haenszel analysis was used for pooling of results. Sensitivity analysis was performed in order to maintain the stability of results. RESULTS: Seven studies were included in this study. The total sample size was 403 (autograft group: 206 patients; synthetic graft group: 197 patients). Four studies were randomized controlled trials. Two studies were retrospective comparative studies and one study was non-randomized prospective comparative study. In terms of instrumented laxity, patient-oriented outcomes and complications, no significant difference was occurred between new artificial ligaments and autografts. But the results of IKDC grades and instrumented laxity were worsen in early artificial ligaments compared to autografts. CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes of new generation of artificial ligaments are similar to autografts at a short- to mid-term follow-up. However, the early artificial ligaments are not suggested for ACL reconstruction compared to autografts.

Identification and Functional Characterization of WRKY, PHD and MYB Three Salt Stress Responsive Gene Families in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.).

WRKY-, PHD-, and MYB-like proteins are three important types of transcription factors in mungbeans, and play an important role in development and stress resistance. The genes' structures and characteristics were clearly reported and were shown to contain the conservative WRKYGQK heptapeptide sequence, Cys4-His-cys3 zinc binding motif, and HTH (helix) tryptophan cluster W structure, respectively. Knowledge on the response of these genes to salt stress is largely unknown. To address this issue, 83 VrWRKYs, 47 VrPHDs, and 149 VrMYBs were identified by using comparative genomics, transcriptomics, and molecular biology methods in mungbeans. An intraspecific synteny analysis revealed that the three gene families had strong co-linearity and an interspecies synteny analysis showed that mungbean and Arabidopsis were relatively close in genetic relationship. Moreover, 20, 10, and 20 genes showed significantly different expression levels after 15 days of salt treatment (p < 0.05; Log2 FC > 0.5), respectively. Additionally, in the qRT-PCR analysis, VrPHD14 had varying degrees of response to NaCl and PEG treatments after 12 h. VrWRKY49 was upregulated by ABA treatment, especially in the beginning (within 24 h). VrMYB96 was significantly upregulated in the early stages of ABA, NaCl, and PEG stress treatments (during the first 4 h). VrWRKY38 was significantly upregulated by ABA and NaCl treatments, but downregulated by PEG treatment. We also constructed a gene network centered on the seven DEGs under NaCl treatment; the results showed that VrWRKY38 was in the center of the PPI network and most of the homologous Arabidopsis genes of the interacted genes were reported to have response to biological stress. Candidate genes identified in this study provide abundant gene resources for the study of salt tolerance in mungbeans.

Homolog of Pea SGR Controls Stay-Green in Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.).

Faba bean is an important legume crop consumed as a vegetable or snack food, and its green cotyledons could present an attractive color for consumers. A mutation in SGR causes stay-green in plants. In this study, vfsgr was identified from a green-cotyledon-mutant faba bean, SNB7, by homologous blast between the SGR of pea and the transcriptome of faba bean. Sequence analysis revealed that a SNP at position 513 of the CDS of VfSGR caused a pre-stop codon, resulting in a shorter protein in the green-cotyledon faba bean SNB7. A dCaps marker was developed according to the SNP that caused the pre-stop, and this marker was completely associated with the color of the cotyledon of faba bean. SNB7 stayed green during dark treatment, while the expression level of VfSGR increased during dark-induced senescence in the yellow-cotyledon faba bean HST. Transient expression of VfSGR in Nicotiana. benthamiana leaves resulted in chlorophyll degradation. These results indicate that vfsgr is the gene responsible for the stay-green of faba bean, and the dCaps marker developed in this study provides a molecular tool for the breeding of green-cotyledon faba beans.

[The influence of oxygen partial pressure change and vascularization of rabbit wound through negative pressure wound therapy].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) on variation of oxygen partial pressure (PtO2) and vascularization. METHODS: The 12 cases of rabbit's wound models were undergoing the VSD (vacuum group, n = 6) or conventional therapy (conventional group, n = 6). Variation of PtO2 was measured by oxygen partial pressure admeasuring apparatus, expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) mRNA was measured by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, content of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was measured by ELISA after tissue homogenate in 7 days. Vascular endothelial cell (VEC) and new blood capillary (NBC) of hematoxylin-eosin slice of tissue were counted by using light microscope. RESULTS: Average value of PtO2 of vacuum group was significant lower than conventional group (t = -99.780 to -5.305, P < 0.01). Expression of HIF-1α (30 minutes, 1, 6, 12 hours were 3.11 ± 0.07, 3.68 ± 0.26, 4.16 ± 0.13 and 3.91 ± 0.26 respectively) and content of VEGF (30 minutes, 1, 6, 12 hours were 103.3 ± 2.4, 134.2 ± 9.0, 167.8 ± 3.8 and 232.1 ± 9.5 respectively) of vacuum group were increased after 30 minutes and significant lower than conventional group (t = 13.038 - 80.208, P < 0.01), and both of them were reduced after 24 hours (P < 0.05). Counting numbers of VEC (2.47 ± 0.45 to 4.70 ± 0.38) and NBC (1.33 ± 0.49 to 4.33 ± 0.68) of vacuum group were increased at the same time-point and significant higher than conventional group (t = -0.670 to 16.500, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PtO2 of wound surface could be reduced significantly by VSD. Expression of HIF-1α and content of VEGF were increased by VSD for enhancing differentiated state of VEC and construction of NBC, which were better for vascularization and wound healing.

Widely targeted metabolomics analysis characterizes the phenolic compounds profiles in mung bean sprouts under sucrose treatment.

Phenolic compounds are one of the wholesome substances of mung bean sprouts, showing numerous health-promoting functions. Here, effects of sucrose on phenolic compounds profiles of mung bean sprouts were investigated. Results showed that the content and composition of phenolic compounds were significantly altered by 1‰ and 5‰ sucrose, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was significantly improved by sucrose. Based on metabolomics, 251 metabolites were detected, of which 106 were phenolic compounds. Correlation analysis showed 21 phenolics were positively correlated with antioxidant capacity. The changes in phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity after sucrose treatment were mainly due to the enrichment of phenolic biosynthesis pathways. Moreover, the gene expression and enzyme activity analysis of key phenolic biosynthetic genes contributed to elucidate the phenolic profile under sucrose treatment. In summary, mung bean sprouts are promising sources of dietary phenolic compounds and sucrose treatment is a good process to produce phenolic-rich mung bean sprouts.

Genome-wide association studies provide genetic insights into natural variation of seed-size-related traits in mungbean.

Although mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is an important legume crop, its seed yield is relatively low. To address this issue, here 196 accessions with 3,607,508 SNP markers were used to identify quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs), QTN-by-environment interactions (QEIs), and their candidate genes for seed length (SL), seed width, and 100-seed weight (HSW) in two environments. As a result, 98 QTNs and 20 QEIs were identified using 3VmrMLM, while 95, >10,000, and 15 QTNs were identified using EMMAX, GEMMA, and CMLM, respectively. Among 809 genes around these QTNs, 12 were homologous to known seed-development genes in rice and Arabidopsis thaliana, in which 10, 2, 1, and 0 genes were found, respectively, by the above four methods to be associated with the three traits, such as VrEmp24/25 for SL and VrKIX8 for HSW. Eight of the 12 genes were significantly differentially expressed between two large-seed and two small-seed accessions, and VrKIX8, VrPAT14, VrEmp24/25, VrIAR1, VrBEE3, VrSUC4, and Vrflo2 were further verified by RT-qPCR. Among 65 genes around these QEIs, VrFATB, VrGSO1, VrLACS2, and VrPAT14 were homologous to known seed-development genes in A. thaliana, although new experiments are necessary to explore these novel GEI-trait associations. In addition, 54 genes were identified in comparative genomics analysis to be associated with seed development pathway, in which VrKIX8, VrABA2, VrABI5, VrSHB1, and VrIKU2 were also identified in genome-wide association studies. This result provided a reliable approach for identifying seed-size-related genes in mungbean and a solid foundation for further molecular biology research on seed-size-related genes.

Genetic analysis and identification of VrFRO8, a salt tolerance-related gene in mungbean.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is an important legume crop of Asia. Salt concentrations typically causes major yield reductions in mungbean. Although the biochemical and genetic basis of salt tolerance-related gene are well studied in Arabidopsis and soybean, limited information concerning the salt tolerance-related genes in mungbean. To address this issue, we mined salt tolerance related genes using the survival rate trait and 160,1405 SNPs in 112 mungbean accessions. As a result, VrFRO8 significantly associated with salt-stress were identified in the GWAS analysis. The candidate gene VrFRO8 was evidenced by comparative genomics, transcriptome and RT-qPCR analysis. The expression level of VrFRO8 was significantly up-regulated (P-value = 0.001) after salt treatment compared with the control group. Moreover, 188 genes and 158 transcription factors related to salt-stress signal transduction pathway were mined, and 18 genes (18/188) had higher expression level in the salt-tolerant varieties than salt-sensitive varieties. And, the function of VrFRO8 was predicted in mungbean, the protein interaction between VrFRO8 and seven related-genes were found by molecular structure analysis. VrFRO8 might reduce SOD contents by influence Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio under the damage of salt stress. This study used multi-omics data to mine a key genes significantly associated with salt tolerance, and constructed a VrFRO8-related PPI network for salt tolerance, which would lay a solid foundation for further molecular biology research of VrFRO8 and mungbean breeding.

Single-Molecule Real-Time and Illumina-Based RNA Sequencing Data Identified Vernalization-Responsive Candidate Genes in Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.).

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the most widely grown cool season legume crops in the world. Winter faba bean normally has a vernalization requirement, which promotes an earlier flowering and pod setting than unvernalized plants. However, the molecular mechanisms of vernalization in faba bean are largely unknown. Discovering vernalization-related candidate genes is of great importance for faba bean breeding. In this study, the whole transcriptome of faba bean buds was profiled by using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and single-molecule, real-time (SMRT) full-length transcriptome sequencing technology. A total of 29,203 high-quality non-redundant transcripts, 21,098 complete coding sequences (CDS), 1,045 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and 12,939 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified. Furthermore, 4,044 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through pairwise comparisons. By Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, these differentially expressed transcripts were found to be enriched in binding and transcription factor activity, electron carrier activity, rhythmic process, and receptor activity. Finally, 50 putative vernalization-related genes that played important roles in the vernalization of faba bean were identified; we also found that the levels of vernalization-responsive transcripts showed significantly higher expression levels in cold-treated buds. The expression of VfSOC1, one of the candidate genes, was sensitive to vernalization. Ectopic expression of VfSOC1 in Arabidopsis brought earlier flowering. In conclusion, the abundant vernalization-related transcripts identified in this study will provide a basis for future researches on the vernalization and faba bean breeding and established a reference full-length transcriptome for future studies on faba bean.