Universal germline genetic testing in patients with hematologic malignancies using DNA isolated from nail clippings.

Not available.

Insertion of an SVA element in MSH2 as a novel cause of Lynch syndrome.

Germline mutations in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes cause Lynch syndrome (LS). In this study, we identified and characterized a novel SINE-VNTR-Alu (SVA) insertion in exon 12 of MSH2 in an individual with early-onset colorectal cancer and a very strong LS family history. RT-PCR analysis indicated a larger aberrant MSH2 transcript in one of the family members. MSK-IMPACT next-generation sequencing and long-range PCR analyses revealed an insertion in MSH2 exon 12 at the c.1972 position in an antisense orientation. The insertion was further characterized as an SVA element approximately 3 kb in length, belonging to the SVA_F1 family of retrotransposons. This variant also segregated with LS related cancers in four affected family members in this family. Based on this evidence, this MSH2 SVA insertion is considered pathogenic.

The RAD51D c.82G>A (p.Val28Met) variant disrupts normal splicing and is associated with hereditary ovarian cancer.

PURPOSE: Mutations in RAD51D are associated with a predisposition to primary ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal carcinoma. Our study aims to characterize a RAD51D missense variant in a hereditary ovarian cancer family. METHODS: The effects of the RAD51D c.82G>A (p.Val28Met) variant on mRNA splicing were evaluated and characterized using RT-PCR, cloning and DNA sequencing. RESULTS: This variant completely disrupts normal splicing and results in the loss of 3'end of 5'UTR and the entire exon 1 (c.-86_c.82), which presumably leads to loss of the RAD51D protein. The RAD51D c.82G>A (p.Val28Met) variant is clinically significant and classified as likely pathogenic. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the RAD51D c.82G>A (p.Val28Met) variant contributes to cancer predisposition through disruption of normal mRNA splicing. The identification of this variant in an individual affected with high-grade serous fallopian tube cancer suggests that the RAD51D variant may contribute to predisposition to the ovarian cancer in this family.

Fumarate hydratase FH c.1431_1433dupAAA (p.Lys477dup) variant is not associated with cancer including renal cell carcinoma.

Fumarate hydratase (FH) mutations underpin the autosomal recessive syndrome. FH deficiency and the autosomal dominant syndrome hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC). The FH c.1431_1433dupAAA (p.Lys477dup) genomic alteration has been conclusively shown to contribute to FH deficiency when occurring with another FH germline alteration. However, a sufficiently large dataset has been lacking to conclusively determine its clinical significance to cancer predisposition in the heterozygous state. We reviewed a series of 7,571 patients with cancer who received germline results through MSK-IMPACT testing at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. The FH c.1431_1433dupAAA (p.Lys477dup) variant was detected in 24 individuals, none of whom was affected with renal cancer. Eleven of the 372 patients with renal cancer were identified to carried pathogenic FH variants associated with HLRCC. None of these 372 patients with renal cancer carried the FH c.1431_1433dupAAA variant. Our data indicate the FH c.1431_1433dupAAA is not associated with cancer including renal cell carcinoma.

A synonymous germline variant PALB2 c.18G>T (p.Gly6=) disrupts normal splicing in a family with pancreatic and breast cancers.

PURPOSE: Mutations in PALB2 have been associated with a predisposition to breast and pancreatic cancers. This study aims to characterize a novel PALB2 synonymous variant c.18G>T (p.Gly6=) identified in a family with pancreatic and breast cancers. METHODS: The PALB2 c.18G>T (p.Gly6=) variant in this family was identified using Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets (MSK-IMPACT™). RT-PCR and subsequent cloning were performed to investigate whether this variant affects normal splicing. RESULTS: This variant completely disrupts normal splicing and leads to several abnormal transcripts, which presumably leads to premature protein truncation. The major abnormal transcript resulted in a deletion of 32 base pairs in exon 1 and frameshift. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the PALB2 c.18G>T (p.Gly6=) variant is likely pathogenic. This study provided important laboratory evidence for classification of this variant and guided improved patient management.

Characterization of a novel germline BRCA1 splice variant, c.5332+4delA.

PURPOSE: Germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 confer a significant increase in risk for cancer, and determining pathogenicity of a BRCA variant can guide the clinical management of the disease. About 1/3 of BRCA1 variants reported in the public databases have uncertain clinical significance due to lack of conclusive evidence. This study aims to characterize a novel BRCA1 deletion affecting the + 4 splice donor site identified in an individual with early-onset breast cancer. METHODS: The effect of BRCA1 c.5332+4delA variant on RNA splicing was evaluated by amplifying regions of BRCA1 from cDNA derived from the patient. The proportion of abnormal transcript in the total transcripts was quantified. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in tumor tissue was investigated using Sanger sequencing and fragment analysis. RESULTS: BRCA1 c.5332+4delA caused skipping of exon 21 in patient-derived samples. Semi-quantitative analysis indicated that this aberrant RT-PCR product accounts for about 40% of the total transcript levels. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was observed in patient's tumor tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the BRCA1 c.5332+4delA variant contributes to cancer predisposition through disruption of normal mRNA splicing. We classify this variant as likely pathogenic.

Proteasomes, Sir2, and Hxk2 form an interconnected aging network that impinges on the AMPK/Snf1-regulated transcriptional repressor Mig1.

Elevated proteasome activity extends lifespan in model organisms such as yeast, worms and flies. This pro-longevity effect might be mediated by improved protein homeostasis, as this protease is an integral module of the protein homeostasis network. Proteasomes also regulate cellular processes through temporal and spatial degradation of signaling pathway components. Here we demonstrate that the regulatory function of the proteasome plays an essential role in aging cells and that the beneficial impact of elevated proteasome capacity on lifespan partially originates from deregulation of the AMPK signaling pathway. Proteasome-mediated lifespan extension activity was carbon-source dependent and cells with enhancement proteasome function exhibited increased respiratory activity and oxidative stress response. These findings suggested that the pro-aging impact of proteasome upregulation might be related to changes in the metabolic state through a premature induction of respiration. Deletion of yeast AMPK, SNF1, or its activator SNF4 abrogated proteasome-mediated lifespan extension, supporting this hypothesis as the AMPK pathway regulates metabolism. We found that the premature induction of respiration in cells with increased proteasome activity originates from enhanced turnover of Mig1, an AMPK/Snf1 regulated transcriptional repressor that prevents the induction of genes required for respiration. Increasing proteasome activity also resulted in partial relocation of Mig1 from the nucleus to the mitochondria. Collectively, the results argue for a model in which elevated proteasome activity leads to the uncoupling of Snf1-mediated Mig1 regulation, resulting in a premature activation of respiration and thus the induction of a mitohormetic response, beneficial to lifespan. In addition, we observed incorrect Mig1 localization in two other long-lived yeast aging models: cells that overexpress SIR2 or deleted for the Mig1-regulator HXK2. Finally, compromised proteasome function blocks lifespan extension in both strains. Thus, our findings suggest that proteasomes, Sir2, Snf1 and Hxk2 form an interconnected aging network that controls metabolism through coordinated regulation of Mig1.

Characterization of a novel germline PALB2 duplication in a hereditary breast and ovarian cancer family.

PURPOSE: Mutations in PALB2 have been associated with a predisposition to breast and pancreatic cancers. This study aims to characterize a novel PALB2 exon 13 duplication in a hereditary breast and ovarian cancer family. METHODS: The PALB2 exon 13 duplication in this family was evaluated using Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets (MSK-IMPACT™) and confirmed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). The duplication breakpoints were determined by long-range PCR and DNA sequencing. The effects of this mutation on mRNA splicing were characterized using RT-PCR, cloning, and DNA sequencing. RESULTS: The 5' and 3' breakpoints were mapped to intron 12 and downstream of 3'UTR. The tandem duplication is mediated by Alu elements in these regions. This duplication disrupts normal mRNA splicing and presumably leads to a frameshift and premature protein truncation. This duplication segregates with ovarian and breast cancer in multiple members in this family. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the PALB2 exon 13 duplication is a pathogenic variant. The presence of the PALB2 duplication in the proband affected with high-grade serous ovarian cancer suggests that PALB2 might be associated with a predisposition to ovarian cancer.

Proteasomes associated with the Blm10 activator protein antagonize mitochondrial fission through degradation of the fission protein Dnm1.

The conserved Blm10/PA200 activators bind to the proteasome core particle gate and facilitate turnover of peptides and unfolded proteins in vitro. We report here that Blm10 is required for the maintenance of functional mitochondria. BLM10 expression is induced 25-fold upon a switch from fermentation to oxidative metabolism. In the absence of BLM10, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells exhibit a temperature-sensitive growth defect under oxidative growth conditions and produce colonies with dysfunctional mitochondria at high frequency. Loss of BLM10 leads to reduced respiratory capacity, increased mitochondrial oxidative damage, and reduced viability in the presence of oxidative stress or death stimuli. In the absence of BLM10, increased fragmentation of the mitochondrial network under oxidative stress is observed indicative of elevated activity of the mitochondrial fission machinery. The degradation of Dnm1, the main factor mediating mitochondrial fission, is impaired in the absence of BLM10 in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that the mitochondrial functional and morphological changes observed are related to elevated Dnm1 levels. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that cells that constitutively overexpress DNM1 display the same mitochondrial defects as blm10Δ cells. The data are consistent with a model in which Blm10 proteasome-mediated turnover of Dnm1 is required for the maintenance of mitochondrial function and provides cytoprotection under conditions that induce increased mitochondrial damage and programmed cell death.

WITHDRAWN: Blm10-proteasomes antagonize mitochondrial fission through degradation of Dnm1.

This manuscript was withdrawn by the author.

Characterization of a germline variant MSH6 c.4001G > C in a Lynch syndrome family.

BACKGROUND: Germline variants in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2) cause Lynch syndrome, an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer susceptibility syndrome. The risk for endometrial cancer is significantly higher in women with MSH6 pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants compared with that for MLH1 or MSH2 variants. METHODS: The proband was tested via a clinical testing, Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets (MSK-IMPACT). RT-PCR was performed using patient's blood DNA and cDNA was analyzed by DNA sequencing and a cloning approach. RESULTS: We report a 56-year-old female with endometrial cancer who carries a germline variant, MSH6 c.4001G > C, located at the last nucleotide of exon 9. While the pathogenicity of this variant was previously unknown, functional studies demonstrated that this variant completely abolished normal splicing and caused exon 9 skipping, which is expected to lead to a prematurely truncated or abnormal protein. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that this variant likely contributes to cancer predisposition through disruption of normal splicing, and is classified as likely pathogenic.

Expanded genetic testing of GIST patients identifies high proportion of non-syndromic patients with germline alterations.

Traditional genetic testing for patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) focus on those with syndromic features. To assess whether expanded genetic testing of GIST patients could identify hereditary cancer predisposition, we analyzed matched tumor-germline sequencing results from 103 patients with GISTs over a 6-year period. Germline pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in GIST-associated genes (SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, NF1, KIT) were identified in 69% of patients with KIT/PDGFRA-wildtype GISTs, 63% of whom did not have any personal or family history of syndromic features. To evaluate the frequency of somatic versus germline variants identified in tumor-only sequencing of GISTs, we analyzed 499 de-identified tumor-normal pairs. P/LP variants in certain genes (e.g., BRCA1/2, SDHB) identified in tumor-only sequencing of GISTs were almost exclusively germline in origin. Our results provide guidance for genetic testing of GIST patients and indicate that germline testing should be offered to all patients with KIT/PDGFRA-wildtype GISTs regardless of their history of syndromic features.

Genomic Profiling Reveals Germline Predisposition and Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Pancreatic Acinar Cell Carcinoma.

PURPOSE: To determine the genetic predisposition underlying pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (PACC) and characterize its genomic features. METHODS: Both somatic and germline analyses were performed using an Food and Drug Administration-authorized matched tumor/normal sequencing assay on a clinical cohort of 28,780 patients with cancer, 49 of whom were diagnosed with PACC. For a subset of PACCs, whole-genome sequencing (WGS; n = 12) and RNA sequencing (n = 6) were performed. RESULTS: Eighteen of 49 (36.7%) PACCs harbored germline pathogenic variants in homologous recombination (HR) and DNA damage response (DDR) genes, including BRCA1 (n = 1), BRCA2 (n = 12), PALB2 (n = 2), ATM (n = 2), and CHEK2 (n = 1). Thirty-one PACCs displayed pure, and 18 PACCs harbored mixed acinar cell histology. Fifteen of 31 (48%) pure PACCs harbored a germline pathogenic variant affecting HR-/DDR-related genes. BRCA2 germline pathogenic variants (11 of 31, 35%) were significantly more frequent in pure PACCs than in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (86 of 2,739, 3.1%; P < .001), high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (67 of 1,318, 5.1%; P < .001), prostate cancer (116 of 3,401, 3.4%; P < .001), and breast cancer (79 of 3,196, 2.5%; P < .001). Genomic features of HR deficiency (HRD) were detected in 7 of 12 PACCs undergoing WGS, including 100% (n = 6) of PACCs with germline HR-related pathogenic mutations and 1 of 6 PACCs lacking known pathogenic alterations in HR-related genes. Exploratory analyses revealed that in PACCs, the repertoire of somatic driver genetic alterations and the load of neoantigens with high binding affinity varied according to the presence of germline pathogenic alterations affecting HR-/DDR-related genes and/or HRD. CONCLUSION: In a large pan-cancer cohort, PACC was identified as the cancer type with the highest prevalence of both BRCA2 germline pathogenic variants and genomic features of HRD, suggesting that PACC should be considered as part of the spectrum of BRCA-related malignancies.

Somatic intronic TP53 c.375+5G mutations are a recurrent but under-recognized mode of TP53 inactivation.

TP53 is one of the most ubiquitously altered genes in human cancer. The biological impact of rare variants, particularly those located within noncoding regions, remains poorly understood. From interrogation of clinical massively parallel sequencing data from over 55,000 tumors, which included 23,330 tumors with known TP53 mutations, TP53 intron 4 nucleotide substitutions at position c.375+5G were identified in 45 tumors (0.2% of TP53-mutated cancers), comprising cancers of different organ sites. Loss-of-heterozygosity or a second-hit somatic TP53 mutation was observed in 34 of 40 (85%) informative cases. RT-PCR analysis showed the c.375+5G>T variant to be associated with aberrantly spliced TP53 mRNA transcripts with concomitant loss of the normal transcript. Immunohistochemical staining for p53 was performed on a representative subset of tumors with TP53 c.375+5G variants (n = 14), all of which showed loss of protein expression (100%; n = 13 complete loss, n = 1 subclonal loss). Our data are consistent with classification of TP53 c.375+5G variants as deleterious intronic mutations that interfere with proper mRNA splicing, ultimately resulting in loss of expression of functional p53 protein. The clinical scenario of a tumor with loss of p53 immunohistochemical staining, yet lacking a detectable TP53 exonic mutation, should therefore prompt consideration of splice-altering intronic variants.

Interest and Utility of MC1R Testing for Melanoma Risk in Dermatology Patients with a History of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer.

Public access to genetic information is increasing, and community dermatologists may progressively encounter patients interested in genetic testing for melanoma risk. Clarifying potential utility will help plan for this inevitability. We determined interest and uptake of genetic risk feedback based on melanocortin receptor gene (MC1R) variants, immediate (two weeks) responses to risk feedback, and test utility at three months in patients (age ≥ 18, with a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer). Participants (N = 50) completed a baseline survey and were invited to consider MC1R testing via the study website. Testing interest and uptake were assessed through registration of test decision, request of a saliva test kit, and kit return (all yes/no). Immediate responses to risk feedback included feedback-relevant thoughts, emotions, communication, and information seeking after result receipt; test utility outcomes included family and physician communication and information seeking. Results indicated good retention at both time points (76%; 74%). Half (48%) logged onto the study website, and of these, most (92%) chose testing and (95%) returned a saliva sample. After two weeks, most (94%) had read all the risk feedback information and distress was low (M = 8.81, 7-28, SD = 2.23). Many (69%) had talked with their family about the results. By three months, most had spoken with family (92%) and physicians (80%) about skin cancer risk. Physician communication was higher (70%) in those tested versus those not tested (40%, p = 0.02). The substantial interest and promising outcomes associated with MC1R genetic testing in dermatology patients inform intervention strategies to enhance benefits and minimize risks of skin cancer genetic testing.

Methylation Analyses Reveal Promoter Hypermethylation as a Rare Cause of "Second Hit" in Germline BRCA1-Associated Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by the occurrence of pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 in 5-6% of patients. Biallelic loss of BRCA1/2 enriches for response to platinum agents and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 inhibitors. There is a dearth of evidence on the mechanism of inactivation of the wild-type BRCA1 allele in PDAC tumors with a germline BRCA1 (gBRCA1) pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant (P/LPV). Herein, we examine promotor hypermethylation as a "second hit" mechanism in patients with gBRCA1-PDAC. METHODS: We evaluated patients with PDAC who underwent Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets (MSK-IMPACT) somatic and germline testing from an institutional database. DNA isolated from tumor tissue and matched normal peripheral blood were sequenced by MSK-IMPACT. In patients with gBRCA1-PDAC, we examined the somatic BRCA1 mutation status and promotor methylation status of the tumor BRCA1 allele via a methylation array analysis. In patients with sufficient remaining DNA, a second methylation analysis by pyrosequencing was performed. RESULTS: Of 1012 patients with PDAC, 19 (1.9%) were identified to harbor a gBRCA1 P/LPV. Fifteen patients underwent a methylation array and the mean percentage of BRCA1 promotor methylation was 3.62%. In seven patients in whom sufficient DNA was available, subsequent pyrosequencing confirmed an unmethylated BRCA1 promotor. Loss of heterozygosity was detected in 12 of 19 (63%, 95% confidence interval 38-84) patients, demonstrating loss of heterozygosity is the major molecular mechanism of BRCA1 inactivation in PDAC. Two (10.5%) cases had a somatic BRCA1 mutation. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with gBRCA1-P/LPV-PDAC, loss of heterozygosity is the main inactivating mechanism of the wild-type BRCA1 allele in the tumor, and methylation of the BRCA1 promoter is a distinctly uncommon occurrence.

Diagnostic yield and clinical relevance of expanded genetic testing for cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Genetic testing (GT) for hereditary cancer predisposition is traditionally performed on selected genes based on established guidelines for each cancer type. Recently, expanded GT (eGT) using large hereditary cancer gene panels uncovered hereditary predisposition in a greater proportion of patients than previously anticipated. We sought to define the diagnostic yield of eGT and its clinical relevance in a broad cancer patient population over a 5-year period. METHODS: A total of 17,523 cancer patients with a broad range of solid tumors, who received eGT at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between July 2015 to April 2020, were included in the study. The patients were unselected for current GT criteria such as cancer type, age of onset, and/or family history of disease. The diagnostic yield of eGT was determined for each cancer type. For 9187 patients with five common cancer types frequently interrogated for hereditary predisposition (breast, colorectal, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancer), the rate of pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in genes that have been associated with each cancer type was analyzed. The clinical implications of additional findings in genes not known to be associated with a patients' cancer type were investigated. RESULTS: 16.7% of patients in a broad cancer cohort had P/LP variants in hereditary cancer predisposition genes identified by eGT. The diagnostic yield of eGT in patients with breast, colorectal, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancer was 17.5%, 15.3%, 24.2%, 19.4%, and 15.9%, respectively. Additionally, 8% of the patients with five common cancers had P/LP variants in genes not known to be associated with the patient's current cancer type, with 0.8% of them having such a variant that confers a high risk for another cancer type. Analysis of clinical and family histories revealed that 74% of patients with variants in genes not associated with their current cancer type but which conferred a high risk for another cancer did not meet the current GT criteria for the genes harboring these variants. One or more variants of uncertain significance were identified in 57% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to targeted testing approaches, eGT can increase the yield of detection of hereditary cancer predisposition in patients with a range of tumors, allowing opportunities for enhanced surveillance and intervention. The benefits of performing eGT should be weighed against the added number of VUSs identified with this approach.

Paired Tumor-Normal Sequencing Provides Insights Into the TP53-Related Cancer Spectrum in Patients With Li-Fraumeni Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Genetic testing for Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is performed by using blood specimens from patients selected based on phenotype-dependent guidelines. This approach is problematic for understanding the LFS clinical spectrum because patients with nonclassical presentations are missed, clonal hematopoiesis-related somatic blood alterations cannot be distinguished from germline variants, and unrelated tumors cannot be differentiated from those driven by germline TP53 defects. METHODS: To provide insights into the LFS-related cancer spectrum, we analyzed paired tumor-blood DNA sequencing results in 17 922 patients with cancer and distinguished clonal hematopoiesis-related, mosaic, and germline TP53 variants. Loss of heterozygosity and TP53 mutational status were assessed in tumors, followed by immunohistochemistry for p53 expression on a subset to identify those lacking biallelic TP53 inactivation. RESULTS: Pathogenic/likely pathogenic TP53 variants were identified in 50 patients, 12 (24.0%) of which were clonal hematopoiesis related and 4 (8.0%) of which were mosaic. Twelve (35.3%) of 34 patients with germline TP53 variants did not meet LFS testing criteria. Loss of heterozygosity of germline TP53 variant was observed in 96.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 79.7% to 99.9%) of core LFS spectrum-type tumors vs 45.5% (95% CI = 16.8% to 76.6%) of other tumors and 91.3% (95% CI = 72.0% to 98.9%) of tumors from patients who met LFS testing criteria vs 61.5% (95% CI = 31.6% to 86.1%) of tumors from patients who did not. Tumors retaining the wild-type TP53 allele exhibited wild-type p53 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that some TP53 variants identified in blood-only sequencing are not germline and a substantial proportion of patients with LFS are missed based on current testing guidelines. Additionally, a subset of tumors from patients with LFS do not have biallelic TP53 inactivation and may represent cancers unrelated to their germline TP53 defect.

Prospective pan-cancer germline testing using MSK-IMPACT informs clinical translation in 751 patients with pediatric solid tumors.

The spectrum of germline predisposition in pediatric cancer continues to be realized. Here we report 751 solid tumor patients who underwent prospective matched tumor-normal DNA sequencing and downstream clinical use (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01775072). Germline pathogenic and likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants were reported. One or more P/LP variants were found in 18% (138/751) of individuals when including variants in low, moderate, and high penetrance dominant or recessive genes, or 13% (99/751) in moderate and high penetrance dominant genes. 34% of high or moderate penetrance variants were unexpected based on the patient's diagnosis and previous history. 76% of patients with positive results completed a clinical genetics visit, and 21% had at least one relative undergo cascade testing as a result of this testing. Clinical actionability additionally included screening, risk reduction in relatives, reproductive use, and use of targeted therapies. Germline testing should be considered for all children with cancer.

Characterization of a germline splice site variant MLH1 c.678-3T>A in a Lynch syndrome family.

Germline mutations in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes cause Lynch syndrome. Classification and interpretation of intronic variants, especially those outside the consensus ± 1 ~ 2 splice sites are challenging as it is uncertain whether such variants would affect splicing accuracy and efficiency. The assessment of the pathogenicity of splice site variants in MLH1 is further complicated by the various isoforms due to alternative splicing. In this report, we describe a 42-year-old female with Lynch syndrome who carries a germline variant, MLH1 c.678-3T>A, in the splice acceptor site of intron 8. Functional studies and semiquantitative analysis demonstrated that this variant causes a significant increase in the transcripts with exon 9 or exon 9 and 10 deletions, which presumably leads to premature protein truncation or abnormal protein. In addition, we also observed MSI-H and loss of MLH1 by IHC in patient's tumor tissue. This variant also segregated with Lynch Syndrome related cancers in three affected family members. Based on these evidence, the MLH1 c.678-3T>A variant is considered pathogenic.