Preparation and application of fluorescent monoclonal antibodies recognizing goat CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of T cells participating in a variety of diseases including mycoplasmal pneumonia, contagious ecthyma, and so on. The role of Tregs in goat contagious ecthyma is not completely understood due to the lack of species-specific antibodies. Here, we developed a combination of CD4 and CD25 fluorescence monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to recognize goat Tregs and assessed its utility in flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining. Using immunofluorescence staining, we found that the frequency of Treg cells was positively correlated with the viral load during orf virus infection. These antibodies could serve as important tools to monitor Tregs during orf virus infection in goats. KEY POINTS: • A combination of fluorescent mAbs (C11 and D12) was prepared for the detection of goat Tregs. • C11 and D12 are effective in flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, and C11 has excellent species specificity. • The frequency of Treg cells was positively correlated with the viral load during orf virus infection.

Therapeutic potential of enzymatically extracted eumelanin from squid ink in type 2 diabetes mellitus ICR mice: Multifaceted intervention against hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and depression.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disease that poses significant health risks due to its numerous complications. However, the effects of eumelanin on oxidative stress, hyperglycemia and depression in diabetic mice have not been extensively studied. RESULTS: Our study employed an enzymatic approach to extract eumelanin from squid ink and characterized it using spectroscopic techniques. Remarkably, eumelanin extracted with alkaline-neutral-flavor protease (ANF) displayed superior inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, while enhancing glucose utilization and hepatic glycogen synthesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) insulin resistance model. Further evaluation of ANF in a T2DM ICR mouse model demonstrated its significant potential in alleviating hyperglycemia, reducing glycosylated serum protein levels, improving glucose tolerance and modulating total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels, as well as antioxidant indices at a dosage of 0.04 g kg-1 . Additionally, ANF exhibited positive effects on energy levels and reduced immobility time in antidepressant behavioral experiments. Moreover, ANF positively influenced the density and infiltration state of renal cells, while mitigating inflammatory enlargement and deformation of liver cells, without inducing any adverse effects in mice. CONCLUSION: Overall, these findings underscore the significant therapeutic potential of ANF in the treatment of T2DM and its associated complications. By augmenting lipid and glucose metabolism, mitigating oxidative stress and alleviating depression, ANF emerges as a promising candidate for multifaceted intervention. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Msr Gene Family in Alfalfa under Abiotic Stress.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is an important leguminous forage, known as the "The Queen of Forages". Abiotic stress seriously limits the growth and development of alfalfa, and improving the yield and quality has become an important research area. However, little is known about the Msr (methionine sulfoxide reductase) gene family in alfalfa. In this study, 15 Msr genes were identified through examining the genome of the alfalfa "Xinjiang DaYe". The MsMsr genes differ in gene structure and conserved protein motifs. Many cis-acting regulatory elements related to the stress response were found in the promoter regions of these genes. In addition, a transcriptional analysis and qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription PCR) showed that MsMsr genes show expression changes in response to abiotic stress in various tissues. Overall, our results suggest that MsMsr genes play an important role in the response to abiotic stress for alfalfa.

Pyrolytic kinetics, reaction mechanisms and gas emissions of waste automotive paint sludge via TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS.

The present study experimentally quantified the pyrolysis behaviors of waste solvent-based automotive paint sludge (OAPS) and water-based automotive paint sludge (WAPS) at four different heating rates using thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) spectrometry and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass (Py-GC/MS) spectrometry analyses. Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) methods combined with the master-plots method were employed to investigate the pyrolysis kinetics and reaction mechanisms of waste automotive paint sludge. Three reaction stages and three reaction peaks in stage 2 were distinguished for both OAPS and WAPS degradation. The average activation energy (Ea) estimates for OAPS (FWO: 179.09 kJ/mol; KAS: 168.28 kJ/mol) were slightly higher than WAPS (FWO: 175.90 kJ/mol; KAS: 164.80 kJ/mol) according to FWO and KAS methods. The main pyrolysis reaction mechanisms of both OAPS and WAPS closely matched with the order-based model corresponding to 3rd and 2nd order random nucleation on an individual particle. The evolved gas species of CH4, CO2, phenols, NH3, H2O, and CO from OAPS and WAPS pyrolysis were identified by TG-FTIR. According to Py-GC/MS, hydrocarbons (47.2%) and O-components (42.7%) were relatively large after OAPS and WAPS pyrolysis, respectively. Melamine was the most abundant N-component product after pyrolysis of OAPS (5.8%) and WAPS (4.8%).

Development and validation of diffusion-controlled model for predicting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from baking-free brick derived from oil - based drilling cuttings.

Investigating the release of organic pollutants from bricks made from solid waste is essential. Based on Fick's laws of diffusion, the diffusion model and diffusion-degradation model of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission from the bricks were deduced. The degradation and 64-day emission of PAHs in solid bricks made of oil-based drill cuttings were observed experimentally. The emission and degradation characteristics of 14 PAHs were obtained and fitted with the diffusion and diffusion-degradation models. The emission of most of the PAHs from the bricks at the beginning was in good agreement with the diffusion model, except for benzo[a]anthracene, pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene. However, the emission of PAHs after some time was significantly lower than the theoretical value of the diffusion model. Moreover, fitting with the diffusion-degradation model gave better results, indicating that a joint diffusion-degradation mechanism controlled the emission of PAHs. Therefore, the diffusion-degradation model can better predict the long-term emission of PAHs in bricks made of oil-based drill cuttings.

The Effect of N-Acetylation on the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Chitooligosaccharides and Its Potential for Relieving Endotoxemia.

Endotoxemia is mainly caused by a massive burst of inflammatory cytokines as a result of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) invasion. Chitooligosaccharides (COS) is expected to be a potential drug for relieving endotoxemia due to its anti-inflammatory properties. However, the structural parameters of COS are often ambiguous, and the effect of degree of acetylation (DA) of COS on its anti-inflammatory remains unknown. In this study, four COSs with different DAs (0%, 12%, 50% and 85%) and the same oligomers distribution were successfully obtained. Their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and MS analysis. Then, the effect of DA on the anti-inflammatory activity and relieving endotoxemia potential of COS was researched. The results revealed that COS with a DA of 12% had better anti-inflammatory activity than COSs with other DAs, mainly in inhibiting LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines burst, down-regulating its mRNA expression and reducing phosphorylation of IκBα. Furthermore, this COS showed an obviously protective effect on endotoxemia mice, such as inhibiting the increase in inflammatory cytokines and transaminases, alleviating the injury of liver and intestinal tissue. This study explored the effect of DA on the anti-inflammatory activity of COS for the first time and lays the foundation for the development of COS as an anti-inflammatory drug against endotoxemia.

Characterization of Different Salt Forms of Chitooligosaccharides and Their Effects on Nitric Oxide Secretion by Macrophages.

In this paper, chitooligosaccharides in different salt forms, such as chitooligosaccharide lactate, citrate, adipate, etc., were prepared by the microwave method. They were characterized by SEM, FTIR, NMR, etc., and the nitric oxide (NO) expression was determined in RAW 264.7 cells. The results showed that pure chitooligosaccharide was an irregular spherical shape with rough surface, and its different salt type products are amorphous solid with different honeycomb sizes. In addition to the characteristic absorption peaks of chitooligosaccharides, in FTIR, the characteristic absorption of carboxyl group, methylene group, and aromatic group in corresponding acid appeared. The characteristic absorption peaks of carbon in carboxyl group, hydrogen and carbon in methyl, methylene group, and aromatic group in corresponding acid also appeared in NMR. Therefore, the sugar ring structure and linking mode of chitooligosaccharides did not change after salt formation of chitooligosaccharides. Different salt chitooligosaccharides are completely different in promoting NO secretion by macrophages, and pure chitooligosaccharides are the best.

NH3 Sensor Based on 3D Hierarchical Flower-Shaped n-ZnO/p-NiO Heterostructures Yields Outstanding Sensing Capabilities at ppb Level.

Hierarchical three-dimensional (3D) flower-like n-ZnO/p-NiO heterostructures with various ZnxNiy molar ratios (Zn5Ni1, Zn2Ni1, Zn1Ni1, Zn1Ni2 and Zn1Ni5) were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. Their crystal phase, surface morphology, elemental composition and chemical state were comprehensively investigated by XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM and XPS techniques. Gas sensing measurements were conducted on all the as-developed ZnxNiy-based sensors toward ammonia (NH3) detection under various working temperatures from 160 to 340 °C. In particular, the as-prepared Zn1Ni2 sensor exhibited superior NH3 sensing performance under optimum working temperature (280 °C) including high response (25 toward 100 ppm), fast response/recovery time (16 s/7 s), low detection limit (50 ppb), good selectivity and long-term stability. The enhanced NH3 sensing capabilities of Zn1Ni2 sensor could be attributed to both the specific hierarchical structure which facilitates the adsorption of NH3 molecules and produces much more contact sites, and the improved gas response characteristics of p-n heterojunctions. The obtained results clear demonstrated that the optimum n-ZnO/p-NiO heterostructure is indeed very promising sensing material toward NH3 detection for different applications.

Sodium butyrate ameliorates Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in RAW264.7 macrophages and C57BL/6 mice.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (CP) infection in livestock has become highly difficult to control. To decrease the incidence of CP infection, the supplementation of feed with non-antibiotic antibacterial substances is a potential approach. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of sodium butyrate (NaB), a potential alternative to antibiotics, on CP infection in RAW264.7 macrophages and C57BL/6 mice. Our data showed that NaB (2 mM) significantly ameliorated CPinfection in RAW264.7 macrophages and decreased the bacterial load in the spleens of infected mice. By real-time PCR, we found that NaB induced significant decreases in zinc-dependent superoxide dismutase (sodC) and tip protein C (spaC) expression in CP from infected-RAW264.7 cells and in phospholipase D (pld) and spaC expression in CP from the spleens of infected mice. NaB treatment significantly up-regulated cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (cramp) expression in spleens of mice infected with CP. Furthermore, NaB alleviated histopathological changes in spleens of CP-infected mice. In conclusion, NaB ameliorated CP infection in RAW264.7 macrophages and C57BL/6 mice, and these effects may be related to the modulation of sodC, spaC, pld, and cramp expression.

Molecular-Charge-Contact-Based Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor Sensor in Microfluidic System for Protein Sensing.

In this paper, we demonstrate the possibility of direct protein sensing beyond the Debye length limit using a molecular-charge-contact (MCC)-based ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) sensor combined with a microfluidic device. Different from the MCC method previously reported, biotin-coated magnetic beads are set on the gate insulator of an ISFET using a button magnet before the injection of target molecules such as streptavidin. Then, the streptavidin-a biotin interaction, used as a model of antigen-antibody reaction is expected at the magnetic beads/gate insulator nanogap interface, changing the pH at the solution/dielectric interface owing to the weak acidity of streptavidin. In addition, the effect of the pH or ionic strength of the measurement solutions on the electrical signals of the MCC-based ISFET sensor is investigated. Furthermore, bound/free (B/F) molecule separation with a microfluidic device is very important to obtain an actual electrical signal based on the streptavidin-biotin interaction. Platforms based on the MCC method are suitable for exploiting the advantages of ISFETs as pH sensors, that is, direct monitoring systems for antigen-antibody reactions in the field of in vitro diagnostics.

Analysis of the protective effects of γ-aminobutyric acid during fluoride-induced hypothyroidism in male Kunming mice.

CONTEXT: Compounds to treat hypothyroidism in the absence of cardiac side effects are urgently required. In this regard, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has gained interest due to its anti-anxiolytic, antihypertensive and antioxidant properties, and reported benefits to the thyroid system. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the ability of GABA to ameliorate fluoride-induced thyroid injury in mice, and investigated the mechanism(s) associated with GABA-induced protection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male Kumning mice (N = 90) were exposed to NaF (50 mg/kg) for 30 days as a model of hypothyroidism. To evaluate the effects of GABA administration, fluoride-exposed mice received either thyroid tablets, or low (25 mg/kg), medium (50 mg/kg) or high (75 mg/kg) concentrations of pure GABA orally for 14 days groups (N = 10 each). The effects of low (50 mg/kg); medium (75 mg/kg) and high (100 mg/kg) concentrations of laboratory-separated GABA were assessed for comparison. Effects on thyroid hormone production, oxidative stress, thyroid function-associated genes, and side-effects during therapy were measured. RESULTS: GABA supplementation in fluoride-exposed mice significantly increased the expression of thyroid TG, TPO, and NIS (P < 0.05), significantly improved the thyroid redox state (P < 0.05), modulated the expression of thyroid function-associated genes, conferred liver metabolic protection, and prevented changes to myocardial morphology, thus reducing side effects. Both pure and laboratory-separated GABA displayed comparative protective effects. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our findings support the assertion that GABA exerts therapeutic potential in hypothyroidism. The design and use of human GABA trials to improve therapeutic outcomes in hypothyroidism are now warranted.

Nonoptical Detection of Allergic Response with a Cell-Coupled Gate Field-Effect Transistor.

In this study, we report the label-free and reliable detection of allergic response using a cell-coupled gate field-effect transistor (cell-based FET). Rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells were cultured as a signal transduction interface to induce allergic reaction on the gate oxide surface of the FET, because IgE antibodies, which bind to Fcε receptors at the RBL-2H3 cell membrane, are specifically cross-linked by allergens, resulting in the allergic response of RBL-2H3 cells. In fact, the surface potential at the FET gate decreased owing to secretions such as histamine from the IgE-bound RBL-2H3 cells, which reacted with the allergen. This is because histamine, as one of the candidate secretions, shows basicity, resulting in a change in pH around the cell/gate interface. That is, the RBL-2H3-cell-based FET used in this study was originally from an ion-sensitive FET (ISFET), whose oxide surface (Ta2O5) with hydroxyl groups is fully responsive to pH on the basis of the equilibrium reaction. The allergic response of RBL-2H3 cells on the gate was also confirmed by estimating the amount of ß-hexosaminidase released together with histamine and was analyzed using the electrical properties based on an inflammatory response of secreted histamine with the vascular endothelial cell-based FET. Thus, the allergic responses were monitored in a nonoptical and real-time manner using the cell-based FETs with the cellular layers on the gate, which reproduced the in vivo system and were useful for the reliable detection of the allergic reaction.

Rescuing fluoride-induced damages in liver with gamma aminobutyric acid.

Fluorine poisoning affects human health all over the world and an urgent task is to develop alleviative medicine to recover or ameliorate the damages to the body. Here we studied the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a liver protector reported previously, on fluoride-induced damage in the mouse liver. Through microscope imaging of the liver tissue, TUNEL immunostaining, real-time RT-PCR, enzyme immunoassay and colorimetric method, we found that GABA supplementation prevented the metabolic toxicity caused by fluoride treatment in mice. This detoxification was reflected by the reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis, enhanced neuron protection and liver function. Collectively, this study provided evidence of the beneficial effects of GABA supplement on liver damage, implicating its therapeutic potential in fluorosis.

Prevalence and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from goats in Chongqing, China.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is an important zoonotic pathogen which not only causes significant economic loss in livestock production but also poses a potential threat to public health. Compared with bovine and swine, the information on the colonization of S. aureus in goats is very limited. To understand the prevalence and characteristics of S. aureus in goats, we used the nasal swabs collected from apparently healthy goats to isolate S. aureus, and tested their antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence gene carrying levels, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). RESULTS: In 74 nasal swabs of apparently healthy goats, 32 (43.24%) S. aureus strains were isolated and identified, most of which were susceptible to many antibiotics, except for trimethoprim, furazolidone, amoxicillin, lincomycin and roxithromycin, and the resistance incidence of which were 50%, 40.63%, 37.5%, 28.13%, and 21.88% respectively. All the isolates were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and mecA-negative. Enterotoxin genes were found in 53.13% of the strains. Of which, sej was the most prevalent (21.88%), followed by seb, sec, and see with the same level (18.75%). The most prevalent combination were seb + see and seb + tst. None of the S. aureus isolates harbored sea, sed, seh, eta and etb. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed 6 new alleles (aroe-552, aroe-553, glpf-500, pta-440, yqil-482 and yqil-496) and 5 new sequence types (STs) (3431,3440,3444,3445 and 3461). Using eBURST, the 5 STs were assigned to clonal complex 522 (CC522) and a further CC with no predicted ancestor. Phylogenetic analysis of seven concatenated MLST alleles revealed that the 5 STs were grouped into cluster I composed of S. aureus mainly from goats and sheep. CONCLUSION: We provide the data for prevalence of S. aureus in goats in Chongqing municipality and their characterization which will help in tracking evolution of epidemic strains and their control methods.

Osseointegration of bioactive microarc oxidized amorphous phase/TiO2 nanocrystals composited coatings on titanium after implantation into rabbit tibia.

The amorphous phase/TiO2 nanocrystals (APTN) composited coatings were prepared on Ti implants for biomedical applications. The Ti implants without and with the APTN composited coatings both do not cause any adverse effects after implantation into the rabbit tibia. The osseointegration of Ti implants after covering the APTN coatings is improved pronouncedly, greatly increasing the interface bonding strength between the implants and newly formed bones. In addition, it is interesting that the newly formed bone tissues appear in the micro-pores of the APTN coatings, promoting the interface bonding between the implants and new bones by the mechanical interlock. Moreover, the Ti implant with the APTN coatings formed at higher applied voltage exhibit higher shear strength and displacement during the pushing out experiment probably due to its better osseointegration.

Impact of O-acetylation on chitin oligosaccharides modulating inflammatory responses in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and mice.

Chitin oligosaccharides have garnered significant attention due to their biological activities, particularly their immunomodulatory properties. However, O-acetylation in chemically preparing chitin oligosaccharides seems inevitable and leads to some uncertainty on the bioactivity of chitin oligosaccharides. In this study, an O-acetyl-free chitin oligosaccharides and three different O-acetylated chitin oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization ranging from 2 to 6 were prepared using ammonia hydrolysis, and their structures and detailed components were further characterized with FTIR, NMR and MS. Subsequently, the effects of O-acetylation on the immunomodulatory activity of chitin oligosaccharides were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results suggested that the chitin oligosaccharides with O-acetylation exhibited better inflammatory inhibition than pure chitin oligosaccharides, significantly reducing the expression of inflammatory factors, such as IL-6 and iNOS, in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage. The chitin oligosaccharides with a degree of O-acetylation of 93 % was found to effectively alleviate LPS-induced endotoxemia in mice, including serum inflammation indices reduction and damage repairment of the intestinal liver, and kidney tissues.

Lactobacillus acidophilus protects against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection by regulating the autophagy of macrophages and maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis in C57BL/6 mice.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. p), a facultative intracellular bacterium, is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes abscesses and pyogenic granulomas. The relationship between gut microbiota and host health or diseases has received increasing attention. However, the role of gut microbiota in the process of C. p infection is still unclear. In this study, we established a C. p infection model in C57BL/6 mice and examined the impact of preemptive oral administration Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) on infection. Our findings revealed that C. p infection led to pronounced pathological alterations in the liver and kidneys, characterized by abscess formation, intense inflammatory responses, and bacterial overload. Remarkably, these deleterious effects were greatly relieved by oral administration of L. acidophilus before infection with C. p. Additionally, we further found that during C. p infection, peritoneal macrophages (PMs) of mice orally administered with L. acidophilus accumulated more rapidly at sites of infection. Furthermore, our results showed that PMs from mice with oral L. acidophilus administration showed a stronger C. p clearance effect, and this was mediated by high expression of LC3-II protein. Meanwhile, oral administration of L. acidophilus protected the gut microbiota disorder in C57BL/6 mice caused by C. p infection. In summary, our study demonstrates that oral administration of L. acidophilus confers effective protection against C. p infection in C57BL/6 mice by modulating macrophage autophagy, thereby augmenting bacterial clearance and preserving gut microbiota and function stability. These findings position L. acidophilus as a viable probiotic candidate for the clinical prevention of C. p infection. IMPORTANCE: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. p) is known to induce a range of chronic diseases in both animals and humans. Currently, clinical treatment for C. p infection mainly relies on antibiotic therapy or surgical intervention. However, excessive use of antibiotics may increase the risk of drug-resistant strains, and the effectiveness of treatment remains unsatisfactory. Furthermore, surgical procedures do not completely eradicate pathogens and can easily cause environmental pollution. Probiotic interventions are receiving increasing attention for improving the body's immune system and maintaining health. In this study, we established a C. p infection model in C57BL/6 mice to explore the impact of Lactobacillus acidophilus during C. p infection. Our results showed that L. acidophilus effectively protected against C. p infection by regulating the autophagy of macrophages and maintaining intestinal microbiota homeostasis. This study may provide a new strategy for the prevention of C. p infection.

Characterization and epidemiologic analysis of mycoplasmal pneumonia of sheep in Qinghai Province.

Mycoplasmal pneumonia in sheep and goats usually result covert but huge economic losses in the sheep and goat industry. The disease is prevalent in various countries in Africa and Asia. Clinical manifestations in affected animals include anorexia, fever, and respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, polypnea, cough, and nasal discharge. Due to similarities with other respiratory infections, accurate diagnosis can be challenging, and isolating the causative organism is often problematic. However, the utilization of molecular techniques, such as PCR, allows for rapid and specific identification of pathogens. Thus, a goat infection model with Mycoplasma was established and the pathogen was tested using PCR. The results indicated that this approach could be effectively utilized for the rapid detection of mycoplasma in clinical settings. Additionally, the prevalence of contagious pleuropneumonia of sheep in Qinghai Province was further investigated through PCR analysis. A total of 340 nasal swabs were collected from 17 sheep farms in Qinghai province. Among these samples, 84 tested positive for Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc) and 148 tested positive for Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (Movi), resulting in positive rates of 24.71% and 43.53% respectively. Furthermore, our investigation revealed positive PCR results for nasal swabs, trachea, and lung samples obtained from sheep exhibiting symptoms suggestive of mycoplasma infection. Moreover, three distinct strains were isolated from these positive samples. Additionally, the inflammatory cytokines of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were assessed using RT-PCR. The findings demonstrated a high susceptibility of sheep to Movi in Qinghai province, with infected sheep displaying an inflammatory response. Consequently, the outcomes of this study will furnish valuable epidemiological insights for the effective prevention and control of this disease within Qinghai Province.

Melanin: insights into structure, analysis, and biological activities for future development.

Melanin, a widely distributed pigment found in various organisms, possesses distinct structures that can be classified into five main types: eumelanin (found in animals and plants), pheomelanin (found in animals and plants), allomelanin (found in plants), neuromelanin (found in animals), and pyomelanin (found in fungi and bacteria). In this review, we present an overview of the structure and composition of melanin, as well as the various spectroscopic identification methods that can be used, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). We also provide a summary of the extraction methods of melanin and its diverse biological activities, including antibacterial properties, anti-radiation effects, and photothermal effects. The current state of research on natural melanin and its potential for further development is discussed. In particular, the review provides a comprehensive summary of the analysis methods used to determine melanin species, offering valuable insights and references for future research. Overall, this review aims to provide a thorough understanding of the concept and classification of melanin, its structure, physicochemical properties, and structural identification methods, as well as its various applications in the field of biology.

Role of a 3D Nanoskeleton in Hindering Electrical Tree Growth in Nanocomposites: Insights from in Situ Self-Fluorescence Imaging.

Despite the proposal of nanodielectrics in 1994, the impact of nano- and microstructures on composite performance is still not completely understood. A key reason for this knowledge gap is the lack of in situ characterization of micro- and nanoscale structures within materials. In this study, we observed the self-excited fluorescence of a microscale-damaged microchannel inside a composite under the influence of an electric field. Furthermore, we conducted in situ imaging of the internal microstructures and discharge channels in the composite utilizing external laser excitation. The imaging results reveal that the electrical treelike damage in the composites grows with a single channel under the guidance of the nanoskeleton embedded in the matrix, which demonstrates that the three-dimensional (3D) nano-order skeleton hinders the development of electrical trees. Furthermore, we analyzed the nanoskeleton intervention's enhancement mechanism on the insulation properties of the composites. This work aids in the precision imaging-guided structural design of nanodielectrics.