Targeted axillary dissection reduces residual nodal disease in clinically node- positive breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Any advantage of performing targeted axillary dissection (TAD) compared to sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy (SLNB) is under debate in clinically node-positive (cN+) patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Our objective was to assess the feasibility of the removal of the clipped node (RCN) with TAD or without imaging-guided localisation by SLNB to reduce the residual axillary disease in completion axillary lymph node dissection (cALND) in cN+ breast cancer. METHODS: A combined analysis of two prospective cohorts, including 253 patients who underwent SLNB with/without TAD and with/without ALND following NAC, was performed. Finally, 222 patients (cT1-3N1/ycN0M0) with a clipped lymph node that was radiologically visible were analyzed. RESULTS: Overall, the clipped node was successfully identified in 246 patients (97.2%) by imaging. Of 222 patients, the clipped lymph nodes were non-SLNs in 44 patients (19.8%). Of patients in cohort B (n=129) with TAD, the clipped node was successfully removed by preoperative image-guided localisation, or the clipped lymph node was removed as the SLN as detected on preoperative SPECT-CT. Among patients with ypSLN(+) (n=109), no significant difference was found in non-SLN positivity at cALND between patients with TAD and RCN (41.7% vs. 46.9%, p=0.581). In the subgroup with TAD with axillary lymph node dissection (ALND; n=60), however, patients with a lymph node (LN) ratio (LNR) less than 50% and one metastatic LN in the TAD specimen were found to have significantly decreased non-SLN positivity compared to others (27.6% vs. 54.8%, p=0.032, and 22.2% vs. 50%, p=0.046). CONCLUSIONS: TAD by imaging-guided localisation is feasible with excellent identification rates of the clipped node. This approach has also been found to reduce the additional non-SLN positivity rate to encourage omitting ALND in patients with a low metastatic burden undergoing TAD.

Intraoperative palpation of sentinel lymph nodes can accurately predict axilla in early breast cancer.

Recent randomized trials have shown that completion axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is not required in all patients with a positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) who will receive radiation therapy. Although routine intraoperative pathologic assessment (IPA) becomes unnecessary and less indicated by breast surgeons in the United States and some European countries, it is still widely used all around the world. In this prospective study, the feasibility of intraoperative nodal palpation (INP) as opposed to IPA of the SLN has been analyzed. Between March 2014 and June 2015, 305 patients with clinical T1-2/N0 breast cancer from two different breast clinics (cohort A; [n = 225] and cohort B; [n = 80]) who underwent any breast surgery with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) were included in this study. Surgeons evaluated the SLNs by manual palpation before sending for IPA, and findings compared with the final pathology. The positive predictive values (PPV) of INP and IPA were 81.8% and 97.9%, respectively, whereas the negative predictive values (NPV) of INP and IPA were 83% and 92.4%. The accuracies of INP and IPA were 82.6% and 94.1%, respectively. If patients with SLNB including micrometastasis were also considered in the final pathologic assessment (FPA) (-) group that would not require a further axillary dissection, the revised NPV of INP and FPA were found to be 92.6% and 98.1%, respectively. The revised accuracy of INP also found to be increase to 86.9%. Our study, which is the only prospective one about palpation of dissected SLNs in the literature, suggests that INP can help to identify patients who do not need ALND, which encourages omitting IPA in cT1-2 N0 breast cancer.

Improved False-Negative Rates with Intraoperative Identification of Clipped Nodes in Patients Undergoing Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Identification and resection of a clipped node was shown to decrease the false-negative rate (FNR) of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for patients presenting with initially node-positive breast cancer. METHODS: Between March 2014 and March 2016, a prospective trial analyzed 98 patients with axilla-positive locally advanced breast cancer (T1-4, N1-3) to assess the feasibility and efficacy of placing clips into most suspicious biopsy-proven node. The study considered blue, radioisotope active, and suspiciously palpable nodes as sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). RESULTS: The SLN identification rate was 87.8%. The median age of the patients with an SLNB (n = 86) was 44 years (range 28-66 years). Of these patients, 77 (88.4%) had cT1-3 disease, and 10 (11.6%) had cT4 disease. The majority of the patients (n = 66, 76.7%) had cN1, whereas 21 patients (23.3%) had cN2 and cN3. A combined method was used for 37 patients (43%), whereas blue dye alone was used for the remaining patients (57%). The clipped node was the SLN in 70 patients (81.4%). For the patients with cN1 before NAC, the FNR was found to be 4.2% (1/24) when the clipped node was identified as an SLN. However, the FNR was estimated to be as high as 16.7% (1/6) for the patients with cN1 before NAC when the clipped node was found to be a non-SLN. CONCLUSIONS: The study results also suggest that axillary dissection could be omitted for patients presenting initially with N1 disease and with a negative clipped node as the SLN after NAC due to the low FNR.

A confounding rib variation: bilateral symmetric aberrant posterior rib articulations and bridgings.

INTRODUCTION: Although mild bone angulation with osseous enlargement often suggests fractures with callus formation, in some cases the diagnosis is synchondrosis. CASE REPORT: We present a rare variation of the chest wall in a 15-year-old male with a history of lymphoma. Bilateral multi-level posterior rib enlargements revealing mild 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake were detected via positron-emission tomography/computed tomography. The variations were identified as healing fractures, although the more accurate diagnosis was determined to be multi-level posterior rib synchondroses with consecutive bridgings. Although variant bone anatomies are commonly seen in radiological practice, such multiple symmetrical posterior rib synchondroses associated with consecutive bridgings and articulations have not been clearly demonstrated before. CONCLUSION: Awareness of such a rare combination of a well-known variation is crucial for radiologists to exclude malignancies, possibility of fracture and suspicion of child abuse.

Muscle magnetic resonance imaging in spinal muscular atrophy type 3: Selective and progressive involvement.

INTRODUCTION: In this study we sought to identify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signs of selective muscle involvement and disease progression in patients with spinal muscular atrophy type 3b (SMA3b). METHODS: Twenty-five patients with genetically confirmed SMA3b underwent MRI on a 1.5-Tesla MR scanner. RESULTS: MRI showed significantly more severe involvement of the iliopsoas than of the gluteus maximus muscles, and more severe involvement of the triceps brachii than of the biceps brachii muscles. The quadriceps femoris muscles were severely involved. The deltoid, adductor longus, portions of the hamstrings, gracilis, sartorius, and rectus abdominis muscles were well preserved. We found a significant positive correlation between MRI changes and disease duration for gluteus maximus and triceps brachii. Follow-up MRIs of 4 patients showed disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the pattern of selective muscle involvement suggested by previous studies and further refines muscle MRI changes in SMA3b. Progressive muscle involvement is implicated. Muscle Nerve 55: 651-656, 2017.

Sonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of testicular adrenal rest tumors (TART) in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. MATERIAL/METHODS: Forty-one patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia were evaluated by gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasonography. Totally eighteen adrenal rest tumors in 9 patients were diagnosed TART on US and MR imaging. Gray-scale and color Doppler US and MR findings of the patients were documented. RESULTS: A total of eighteen masses were evaluated in nine patients. The mean age of these patients was 14.3±4.5 (range 10.1-23.3) years. US revealed hypoechoic lesions around the mediastinum testis with hypervascularity dispersing in ten patients and hypovascularity in two patients. In six patients, the lesions were hyperechoic with poor vascularity. Lesions exhibited homogeneous (n=8) and heterogeneous (n=10). Testicular microlithiasis was present in 4 of 9 patients with TART. Doppler ultrasound showed normal testicular vessels passing through the mass which were undisturbed, not displaced and not change in caliber. MRI features were the following: all lesions were hypointense on T2- and hyperintense (n=12) and isointense (n=6) on T1-weighted images. All masses revealed homogeneous contrast enhancement on postcontrast T1-weighted images. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography and MRI are good methods for detecting and monitoring TART. US is the first preferable modality because it is quick and cheap than MRI. Bilateral mostly hypoechoic lesions depicted around the mediastinum testis with no mass effect is highly suggestive for the diagnosis of testicular adrenal rest tissues on ultrasonography. Normal testicular vessels coursing through the lesions undisturbed and not change in caliber is described specific for this kind of tumors.

Magnetic resonance imaging features of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: is there any contribution of diffusion-weighted imaging in the differential diagnosis?

PURPOSE: To identify the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis, and the usefulness of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) in distinguishing idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) from malignant breast lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 37 women (mean age 36 + 8; range 20-67 years) with histopathologic diagnoses of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis were enrolled in the study. Five patients had bilateral IGM, which were evaluated as ten cases. Dynamic MRI findings were categorized as enhancing mass lesion, non-mass enhancement, or both together. The frequency of quadrant involvement, retroareolar involvement, accompanying abscess, ductal ectasia, skin thickening, breast edema, extension to pectoral muscle, and presence of fistula were investigated. The mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values for lesions, contralateral normal breast parenchyma, pectoralis major muscle, and sternum were measured in patients with invasive cancers (n = 42) and those with mastitis (n = 42). The ADC ratio of the lesions to the contralateral normal breast parenchyma, pectoralis major muscle, and sternum were determined. RESULTS: The findings of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis on MRI were total (in all quadrants) or wide (2 or 3 quadrants) in 30 (71.5 %), retroareolar space involvement in 28 (66.7 %), skin thickening in 21 (50 %), breast edema in 21 (50 %), extension to pectoral muscle in 18 (42.9 %), accompanying abscess formation in 33 (78 %), ductal ectasia in 17 (40.5 %), and fistulas in 13 (31 %). On dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, 69 % of the patients had mass appearance of IGM. The most frequent enhancement patterns were rim enhancement in 20 (78 %) in masses and clustered ring in 11 (48 %) in non-mass lesions. Early enhancement pattern of IGM was obtained as 'slow' in 29 cases (69 %), 'medium' in 11 cases (26.1) and 'rapid' in 2 (5 %) cases. Time-signal intensity curves were detected as Type-1 in 27 cases (64 %) and Type-2 in 15 cases (36 %). IGM showed significantly lower mean ADC values when compared with the normal parenchyma. When IGM was compared with malignancy, mastitis ADC was 0.98 ± 0.188 × 10-3, and invasive cancer ADC was 0.95 ± 0.229 × 10-3. The difference in ADC values of mastitis and invasive cancers proved not to be significant (P = 0.185). Our results had no discriminatory power for IGM versus malignant lesions for either ADC values and ADC ratios of normal breast parenchyma, pectoralis major muscle, and sternum. CONCLUSION: Although not characteristic for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis, masses with rim enhancement or clustered-ring non-mass lesions with segmental distribution on MRI are the most common features of the disease. Ductal ectasia and periductal enhancement were commonly accompanying; this and kinetic analysis are valuable findings for distinguishing IGM from invasive cancer. IGM shows similar ADC values to invasive cancers despite being benign, DW-MRI is not helpful in the differentiation with malignant lesions.

Infarct characteristics by CMR identifies substrate for monomorphic VT in post-MI patients with relatively preserved systolic function and ns-VT.

BACKGROUND: The extent of peri-infarct zone (PIZ) by contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (ce-CMR) has been related to inducibility of ventricular arrhythmia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. However, this relationship has not been established in postmyocardial infarction (post-MI) patients with relatively reserved left ventricular (LV) systolic function yet. In this study, we investigated myocardial scar size and characteristics and its relationship with ventricular arrhythmia inducibility in patients with relatively preserved LV systolic function. METHODS: This study enrolled 28 post-MI patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction between 40% and 50% and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia who underwent programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS) for risk stratification. Cine and gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed before PVS. A computer-assisted algorithm quantified the total scar (TS) size and divided it into the dense scar (DS) and the PIZ based on signal intensity thresholds (>6 standard deviations [SDs] and 2 to 6 SDs above remote normal myocardium, respectively). Scar measurements were determined and compared among noninducible (n = 19) and inducible patients (n = 9). RESULTS: The groups had similar baseline clinical characteristics. The LV masses, volumes, and ejection fractions did not differ significantly between the groups. For the inducible versus noninducible patients, DS percent was similar (3.11 ± 1.02% vs 3.44 ± 0.79%, P = NS). PIZ percent (28.02 ± 7.49% vs 19.86 ± 7.82%, P = 0.01) and TS percent (31.14 ± 7.96% vs 23.31 ± 8.21%, P = 0.02) were associated with inducibility of monomorphic VT. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that PIZ percent (P = 0.021, OR [odds ratio] 1.18, 95% CI [confidence interval] 1.03-1.35), and TS percent (P = 0.03, OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01-1.30) were independent predictors of inducibility. CONCLUSIONS: Higher PIZ percent and TS percent were correlated with increased ventricular inducibility. These data support the hypothesis that ce-CMR may be used to identify the substrate for ventricular arrhythmia in this cohort.

Evaluation of right ventricular function in patients with tetralogy of Fallot using the myocardial performance index and isovolumic acceleration: a comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of right ventricular function is a key point in the follow-up of operated patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of right ventricular function is considered the gold standard. However, this technique is expensive, has limited availability, and requires significant expertise to acquire and interpret the images. Myocardial performance index and isovolumic acceleration have recently been studied for the assessment of right ventricular function and are shown to be simple yet powerful tools for assessing patients with right ventricular dysfunction of various origins. METHODS: In this study, the integrity of myocardial performance index and isovolumic acceleration obtained by tissue Doppler imaging echocardiography to quantify right ventricular function was assessed in 31 patients operated for tetralogy of Fallot. Myocardial performance index and isovolumic acceleration measurements were compared with the parameters derived by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: In this study, a significant correlation has not been detected between cardiac magnetic resonance-originated right ventricular ejection fraction, pulmonary regurgitation fraction and myocardial performance index, isovolumic acceleration obtained by tissue Doppler imaging echocardiography from the lateral tricuspid annulus of the right ventricle. CONCLUSION: We have concluded that when evaluated separately, myocardial performance index and isovolumic acceleration obtained from tissue Doppler imaging echocardiography can be used in the long-term follow-up of patients who have been operated for tetralogy of Fallot, but that they do not show correlation with cardiac magnetic resonance-originated right ventricle ejection fraction and pulmonary regurgitation fraction.

Combination of 68 Ga-FAPI-04 and Dedicated Breast PET (MAMMI PET) Outperformed Breast MRI and 18 F-FDG PET/CT by Revealing Nipple and Skin Involvement of Breast Cancer.

ABSTRACT: A 41-year-old woman with newly diagnosed breast cancer had suspicious clinical findings of skin involvement on physical examination. The primary tumor had no FDG uptake in 18 F-FDG PET/CT. Nipple and skin had no pathologic enhancement for invasion in breast MRI. Because the T stage was unclear, the patient underwent 68 Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT for further evaluation. Combination of 68 Ga-FAPI-04 with dedicated breast PET (MAMMI PET) showed nipple and skin involvement of breast cancer with intense FAPI uptake. Consequently, a skin-sparing mastectomy was performed. Histopathological examination confirmed invasive lobular carcinoma infiltration of the deep dermis in the nipple and skin tissue.

Local steroid injection in severe idiopathic granulomatous mastitis as a new first-line treatment modality with promising therapeutic efficacy.

Background: Intralesional steroid injection has recently evolved as a novel treatment modality for localized idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (= IGM). We aimed to explore the therapeutic efficacy of local steroid injections (LSI) in patients with severe IGM. Methods: Fifty-one patients diagnosed with severe IGM were included in the study and treated with either local steroid injection (LSI) alone (n = 25) or combined LSI with systemic oral steroid treatment (OST) (n = 26). The local steroid injection protocol included an intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection into the palpable granulomas every 4-week, and topical administration of steroid-containing pomades twice a day on the affected surface of the breast. Patients with a combined LSI and OST received low-dose oral methylprednisolone (<16 mg). Results: Patients with LSI alone required more LSI applications than those in the combined LSI with OST group (LSI: 5 ± 2.9; vs. LSI/OST: 3.5 ± 2.5; p = 0.080) to obtain an effective optimum therapeutic response. At a median of 12 months (range, 4-42), no difference was found in complete response rates between patients in the LSI group and the combined LSI group with OST (52 vs. 53.9%, p = 0.999). However, steroid-related systemic side effects were lower in the LSI alone group (p < 0.008). Conclusion: Local steroid injection could be considered as the first-line treatment in patients with severe IGM until a therapeutic response has been obtained either as the sole treatment modality or combined with oral steroids. Compared with systemic oral steroid therapy, local steroid administration can be considered a new treatment modality with fewer side effects.

Evaluation of Benign Breast Diseases With or Without Atypical Epithelial Hyperplasia Accompanying Radial Scars.

Objective: A radial scar (RS) is a benign breast lesion (BBL) that has an obscure etiology. RS is easily confused with breast carcinoma and therefore correct identification radiologically and pathologically is important. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of atypical lesions by evaluating RS detected with BBL and to investigate whether atypia and RS are related to their characteristics. Materials and Methods: A total of 1.370 patients with a diagnosis of BBL postoperatively in a single department were analyzed retrospectively. Forty-six confirmed RS/complex sclerosing lesion (CSL) cases were selected. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients and the relationship between RS and other BBL were evaluated. In addition, the relationship between RS/CSL and the presence of atypia was interpreted. Results: The mean age was 45.17±8.72 years. Spiculated lesion (34.8%) on mammography and microcalcification (37%) on histopathological examination were the most common features. The most common BBL accompanying RS/CSL was adenosis. Atypical epithelial hyperplasia (AEH) was presented in 15 (32.6%) of those diagnosed with RS. Although all patients were benign, the frequency of AEH accompanying RS was found to be significantly higher. The mean size of RS was 10.8±8.4 mm (2-30 mm). The size of RS/CSL was not significantly associated with atypia. Conclusion: RS/CSLs usually present as suspicious lesions that must be distinguished radiologically from malignancy. However RS, which can be present with malign breast lesions, can be also seen with all BBL. Therefore, core biopsy and/or excisional biopsy continue to be important for definitive histopathological diagnosis.

Outcomes of high-risk breast lesions diagnosed using image-guided core needle biopsy: results from a multicenter retrospective study.

PURPOSE: The clinical management of high-risk lesions using image-guided biopsy is challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the rates at which such lesions were upgraded to malignancy and identify possible predictive factors for upgrading high-risk lesions. METHODS: This retrospective multicenter analysis included 1.343 patients diagnosed with high-risk lesions using an image-guided core needle or vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB). Only patients managed using an excisional biopsy or with at least one year of documented radiological follow-up were included. For each, the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category, number of samples, needle thickness, and lesion size were correlated with malignancy upgrade rates in different histologic subtypes. Pearson's chi-squared test, the Fisher-Freeman-Halton test, and Fisher's exact test were used for the statistical analyses. RESULTS: The overall upgrade rate was 20.6%, with the highest rates in the subtypes of intraductal papilloma (IP) with atypia (44.7%; 55/123), followed by atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) (38.4%; 144/375), lobular neoplasia (LN) (12.7%; 7/55), papilloma without atypia (9.4%; 58/611), flat epithelial atypia (FEA) (8.7%; 10/114), and radial scars (RSs) (4.6%; 3/65). There was a significant relationship between the upgrade rate and BI-RADS category, number of samples, and lesion size Lesion size was the most predictive factor for an upgrade in all subtypes. CONCLUSION: ADH and atypical IP showed considerable upgrade rates to malignancy, requiring surgical excision. The LN, IP without atypia, pure FEA, and RS subtypes showed lower malignancy rates when the BI-RADS category was lower and in smaller lesions that had been adequately sampled using VAB. After being discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting, these cases could be managed with follow-up instead of excision.

Pure Mucinous Breast Carcinoma With a Favorable Tumor Biology and Clinical Outcomes.

Objective: A few studies suggest that mucinous breast carcinoma (MBC) is a rare breast carcinoma with good prognostic features. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate biological features and clinicopathological characteristics of pure mucinous breast carcinoma (PMBC) to determine clinical outcome in PMBC. Materials and Methods: The data of 87 patients diagnosed with PMBC between November 2004 and February 2022 were retrospectively analyzed in terms of clinicopathological and demographic characteristics, management, and outcome. Results: The majority of the patients in this study were female, with a median (range) age of 63 (28-90) years. Out of 87 patients, 60 had breast conserving surgery, 27 had a mastectomy, 58 had sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), and 24 had axillary dissection due to a positive SLNB or clinical axilla. Due to age and comorbidities, five patients were not suitable for axillary surgery. The median largest tumor diameter was 23 (5-100) mm. Only 23 patients (26.4%) received adjuvant chemotherapy, whereas almost all patients received hormone therapy. The median duration of follow-up was 53 (6-207) months. There was no local or systemic recurrence in any of the patients. Only 10 patients (11.5%) died from non-cancer causes during the follow-up and treatment period. In this study, tumor diameter was significantly higher in grade II/III tumors (p = 0.039) and in patients under the age of 50 (p = 0.027). Furthermore, lymph node metastasis was statistically significantly more likely in patients under the age of 50 (60% versus 40%, p = 0.013). Patients who had not received chemotherapy or radiotherapy tended to be older than 50 years (p = 0.002). Conclusion: In this study, the majority of patients were in the luminal subgroups with excellent prognosis and low incidences of lymph node metastasis. As a result, PMBC has favorable tumor biology. We believe that minimal axillary surgery would be the most appropriate approach during patient treatment, due to the low rate of lymph node involvement and favorable prognosis in PMBC patients.