Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Bone Mineral Density in Korean Adults With Turner Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Turner syndrome (TS) is a common chromosomal abnormality, which is caused by loss of all or part of one X chromosome. Hormone replacement therapy in TS is important in terms of puberty, growth and prevention of osteoporosis however, such a study has never been conducted in Korea. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine relationship between the starting age, duration of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) in TS and develop a hormone replacement protocol suitable for the situation in Korea. METHODS: This is retrospective study analyzed the medical records in TS patients treated at the Severance hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea from 1997 to 2019. Total of 188 subjects who had received a bone density test at least once were included in the study. Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) was used for achieving bone mineral density (BMD) of normal control group. Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, ANOVA and correlation analysis were performed using SPSS 18.0. RESULTS: Each BMD measurement was significantly lower in women with TS than in healthy Korean women. Early start and longer duration of ERT is associated with higher lumbar spine BMD but not femur neck BMD. Femur neck BMD, but not lumbar spine BMD was significantly higher in women with mosaicism than 45XO group. CONCLUSION: Early onset and appropriate duration of hormone replacement therapy is important for increasing bone mineral density in patients with Turner syndrome. Also, ERT affects differently to TS patients according to mosaicism.

Factors influencing perceived communication quality for successful fertility preservation counseling for adolescent and young adult cancer patients and their caregivers in Korea.

PURPOSE: Although relatively new in Asian countries, fertility preservation (FP) discussions are crucial for adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer patients. This study highlights patients' and their caregivers' perceptions of communications quality during FP discussions in Korea. METHODS: Participants were AYA patients and their caregivers (each: n = 34). The study examined the clinical pathways for FP and used surveys to collect details on discussion characteristics and satisfaction levels during FP discussions at the Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, Korea. Quality and degree of satisfaction with FP discussions were measured on a scale ranging from 1 to 7. RESULTS: Two caregivers did not complete the survey. All respondents reported high overall satisfaction; however, several factors were related to low satisfaction with information quality. Caregivers who received both verbal communication and nonverbal communication tools (e.g., pamphlets, Internet resources) were more satisfied with the information quality than those who only received verbal communication. Regarding provider type, both respondent groups reported high overall satisfaction with physicians, rather than other types of care providers. Regarding the number of discussion sessions, respondents reported an improved understanding of FP and better communication and information quality if they participated in more than one discussion session. CONCLUSION: The FP process for AYA cancer patients can be improved by adjusting the type of provider, number of discussion sessions, and types of information. This will form the cornerstone of effective FP communication in Korea.

Etiology and Secular Trends in Primary Amenorrhea in 856 Patients: A 17-Year Retrospective Multicenter Study in Korea.

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to evaluate etiologies and secular trends in primary amenorrhea in South Korea. METHODS: This retrospective multi-center study analyzed 856 women who were diagnosed with primary amenorrhea between 2000 and 2016. Clinical characteristics were compared according to categories of amenorrhea (hypergonadotropic/hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, eugonadism, disorders of sex development) or specific causes of primary amenorrhea. In addition, we assessed secular trends of etiology and developmental status based on the year of diagnosis. RESULTS: The most frequent etiology was eugonadism (39.8%). Among specific causes, Müllerian agenesis was most common (26.2%), followed by gonadal dysgenesis (22.4%). Women with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism were more likely to have lower height and weight, compared to other categories. In addition, the proportion of cases with iatrogenic or unknown causes increased significantly in hypergonadotropic hypogonadism category, but overall, no significant secular trends were detected according to etiology. The proportion of anovulation including polycystic ovarian syndrome increased with time, but the change did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide useful clinical insight on the etiology and secular trends of primary amenorrhea. Further large-scale, prospective studies are necessary.

Identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms as Biomarkers for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss in Korean Women.

BACKGROUND: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are reportedly associated with repeated abortion. Thus, genetic analysis based on race is the key to developing accurate diagnostic tests. This study analyzed the genetic polymorphisms of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) patients among Korean women compared to the controls. METHODS: In 53 women of RPL group and 50 controls, the genetic analysis was performed. The genotype distribution and allele frequency were analyzed statistically for the difference between the two groups. The association between each SNP marker and RPL risk was analyzed. RESULTS: The genotypes of LEPR, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), KDR, miR-27a, miR-449b, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were analyzed using odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Only the AG genotype of miR-449b (A>G) polymorphism showed significant association with the risk of RPL when compared to the AA genotype (OR, 2.39). The combination of GG/AG+GG/CA+AA genotypes for eNOS/miR-449b/TNF-α was associated with 7.36-fold higher risk of RPL (OR, 7.36). The GG/AG+GG combination for eNOS/miR-449b showed 2.43-fold higher risk for RPL (OR, 2.43). The combination of AG+GG/CA+AA genotypes for miR-449b/TNF-α showed a significant association with the risk of RPL (OR, 7.60). From the haplotype-based analysis, the G-G-A haplotype of eNOS/miR-449b/TNF-α and the G-A haplotype of miR-449b/TNF-α were associated with increased risk of RPL (OR, 19.31; OR, 22.08, respectively). CONCLUSION: There is a significant association between the risk of RPL and miR-449b/TNF-α combination, and therefore, genetic analysis for specific combined genotypes can be an important screening method for RPL in Korean women.

Cytokines in culture media of preimplantation embryos during in vitro fertilization: Impact on embryo quality.

Cytokine support of embryonic development includes promotion of implantation and protection of blastomeres from cell stress and apoptosis. Correlations between embryo quality and concentrations of specific cytokines in culture media of human embryos have been investigated for many years. The aim of this study was to assess the concentrations of cytokines in preimplantation embryo culture media and to investigate their relationships with embryo quality and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. Seventy-two samples were obtained from 39 infertile couples undergoing IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment between October 2018 and May 2019. Each embryo was cultured separately, and the embryo culture medium was collected 72 h after fertilization. Before embryo transfer on day 3, a morphological evaluation of each embryo was performed. Cytokine concentrations of each culture medium were analyzed for 23 selected cytokines using the Multiplex Cytokine/Chemokine Panel II Assay (Merck Millipore®). The results were categorized into two groups (top-quality and non-top-quality embryos). The median age of the 39 patients was 34 years. Nine of 23 cytokines were quantified and compared between the top-quality embryo group and non-top-quality embryo group. Among the nine cytokines, CCL15, CCL27, and CXCL-12 were significantly elevated in the top-quality embryo group. These results suggested that specific cytokines measured in human embryo culture media can be used to predict embryo quality and IVF outcomes.

Vulvar Crohn's disease in an adolescent diagnosed after unsuccessful surgical treatment.

BACKGROUND: This case report presents a case of Vulvar Crohn's disease (VCD) in an adolescent, that is an uncommon manifestation of Crohn's disease (CD) without gastrointestinal symptoms. Before treating CD itself with proper medication, vulvar abscess continued to recur without improvement. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of an 18-year-old woman with VCD. After treatment with azathioprine 50 mg daily and mesalazine 1 g three times daily, vulvar lesions resolved after 6 weeks. We collected electronic medical data on patient characteristics, and evaluated findings of physical examinations, pelvic MRI, and biopsy specimen obtained from gastroduodenoscopy/colonoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: VCD is a rare manifestation of CD that may be misdiagnosed in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms leading to delayed treatment. If a patient has an unexplained vulvar inflammatory lesion and with repeated failed surgical treatment, gynecologists should consider the possibility of a VCD.

Korean red ginseng induces extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and MCF-10A non-malignant breast cells.

BACKGROUND: Among non-hormonal treatments, herbal products are frequently used by women. Korean red ginseng (KRG) is one of the popular herbal medicines. KRG could be one option for relieving menopausal symptoms. However, there are still concerns about the safety for long-term use. In order to be used for alleviating menopausal symptoms, the safety of KRG on breast must be ensured. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of KRG on breast cells. METHODS: MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells were treated with different concentrations of KRG extracts for 48 h. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay, and apoptosis by flow cytometry. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins was determined by western blot analysis and estrogen receptor (ER) affinity by ER binding assay. RESULTS: KRG extract inhibited growth and induced apoptosis of both MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells in dose-dependent manner. KRG extract increased the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins BAX, BAK, and BAD and decreased the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL in both cells. The expressions of Fas and FasL were increased in lower doses, but decreased in higher doses in both cells. Activities of caspase-3, -8 and -9 increased in MCF-10A, while caspase-8 and -9 showed increase in MCF-7. Competition of KRG to E2 was significant in MCF-7 as KRG dose increased, whereas ER binding was hardly shown in MCF-10. CONCLUSION: KRG induced apoptosis via extrinsic and intrinsic pathway in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and MCF-10A non-malignant cells. KRG may be safely used with regard to breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women to reduce the vasomotor symptoms.

Changes in the Expression of TBP-2 in Response to Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Treatment in Human Endometrial Cells.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) induce apoptosis preferentially in cancer cells by caspase pathway activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a HDACi, increases apoptosis via altering intracellular oxidative stress through thioredoxin (TRX) and TRX binding protein-2 (TBP-2). Because ROS accumulation, as well as the redox status determined by TBP-2 and TRX, are suggested as possible mechanisms for endometriosis, we queried whether SAHA induces apoptosis of human endometrial cells via the TRX-TBP-2 system in endometriosis. Eutopic endometrium from participants without endometriosis, and ectopic endometrium from patients with endometriosis, was obtained surgically. Human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) and Ishikawa cells were treated with SAHA and cell proliferation was assessed using the CCK-8 assay. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to quantify TRX and TBP-2 mRNA and protein expression. After inducing oxidative stress, SAHA was applied. Short-interfering TRX (SiTRX) transfection was performed to see the changes after TRX inhibition. The mRNA and protein expression of TBP-2 was increased with SAHA concentrations in HESCs significantly. The mRNA TBP-2 expression was decreased after oxidative stress, upregulated by adding 2.5 µM of SAHA. The TRX/TBP-2 ratio decreased, apoptosis increased significantly, and SiTRX transfection decreased with SAHA. In conclusion, SAHA induces apoptosis by modulating the TRX/TBP-2 system, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for endometriosis.

Effect of deflazacort on pregnancy outcome in kidney transplant patients: should we change the immunosuppressant before conception?

BACKGROUND: Despite the good prognosis in patients with transplant organs, limited evidence is available on how immunosuppressants affect pregnancy. The aim of this study was to determine whether immunosuppressant use affects the pregnancy outcome and to identify whether there is any need to change the immunosuppressant before the patient tries to conceive. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included women with previous kidney transplantation history who visited the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology for either infertility or antenatal care between January 2005 and May 2016. A total of 40 cases (36 women) met the inclusion criteria. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4. RESULTS: There were no differences in the immunosuppressant regimen between the pregnant and non-pregnant groups (never-pregnant+miscarriage) (P = 0.73). Individual immunosuppressant use was significantly different in terms of pregnancy outcome among the never-pregnant, miscarriage, and clinical pregnancy groups (azathioprine, P = 0.01; deflazacort, P < 0.0001). Only deflazacort use differed significantly between the clinical pregnancy and non-pregnant groups (P = 0.003). After adjusting for factors that may affect pregnancy outcome, deflazacort use remained significantly associated with a decreased odds ratio for clinical pregnancy (P = 0.02). Cox regression analysis also showed that deflazacort use was the only remaining factor that could hinder the success of clinical pregnancy (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the type of immunosuppressive regimen may not affect the success of clinical pregnancy. However, deflazacort may decrease the possibility of clinical pregnancy in women with kidney transplant when they try to conceive.

MiR-150-5p May Contribute to Pathogenesis of Human Leiomyoma via Regulation of the Akt/p27Kip1 Pathway In Vitro.

Uterine leiomyoma is found in ~50-80% of women of a reproductive age and is the most common reason for hysterectomy. Recently, posttranscriptional gene silencing by microRNAs (miRs) has been reported as a mechanism for regulating gene expression stability in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas. In this study, miR microarray analysis of leiomyomas and paired myometrial tissue revealed numerous aberrantly expressed miRs, including miR-150. In functional assays, transfection with miR-150 mimic resulted in decreased migration and fibrosis, implying an inhibition of leiomyoma growth. To identify the target genes of miR-150 in leiomyoma, gene set analysis and network analysis were performed. To overcome the limitations of in silico analysis, changes in expression levels of hallmark genes in leiomyoma after transfection with a miR-150 mimic were also evaluated using qRT-PCR. As a result, the Akt/p27Kip1 pathway was presumed to be one of the target pathways of miR-150. After transfecting cultured leiomyoma cells with the miR-150 mimic, expression levels of its target gene Akt decreased, whereas those of p27Kip1 increased significantly. Our results suggest that miR-150 affects the cell cycle regulation in uterine leiomyoma through the Akt/p27Kip1 pathway.

Role of B-Cell Translocation Gene 1 in the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis.

Estrogen affects endometrial cellular proliferation by regulating the expression of the c-myc gene. B-cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1), a translocation partner of the c-myc, is a tumor suppressor gene that promotes apoptosis and negatively regulates cellular proliferation and cell-to-cell adhesion. The aim of this study was to determine the role of BTG1 in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. BTG1 mRNA and protein expression was evaluated in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of 30 patients with endometriosis (endometriosis group), and in eutopic endometrium of 22 patients without endometriosis (control group). The effect of BTG1 downregulation on cellular migration, proliferation, and apoptosis was evaluated using transfection of primarily cultured human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) with BTG1 siRNA. BTG1 mRNA expression level of eutopic and ectopic endometrium of endometriosis group were significantly lower than that of the eutopic endometrium of the control group. Migration and wound healing assays revealed that BTG1 downregulation resulted in a significant increase in migration potential of HESCs, characterized by increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9. Downregulation of BTG1 in HESCs significantly reduced Caspase 3 expression, indicating a decrease in apoptotic potential. In conclusion, our data suggest that downregulation of BTG1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

Common Causes of Postmenopausal Bleeding in Korean Women: 10-Year Outcomes from a Single Medical Center.

The common causes of postmenopausal bleeding (PMB), according to the data from the western world, are atrophy, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), endometrial cancer, etc. We conducted a retrospective study to assess whether the causes of PMB in Korean postmenopausal women are similar to those already known. This retrospective study used 10-year medical records (March 2005 to December 2014) of 792 PMB women in the Yonsei University Health System. The data were divided into 2 categories by 5-year intervals to compare the differences between the 2 periods. The most common cause of PMB in Korean women was atrophy (51.1%). Polyps and HRT were the second, followed by anticoagulant medications, cervical cancer, and endometrial cancer. The proportion of patients with cervical cancer significantly decreased during the second half of the decade (8.7% vs. 5.2%; P = 0.048). Although no significant change was noted for HRT, its rank was higher during the latter 5-year period. Only the most common cause of PMB was the same as the conventional data. Interestingly, the proportion of patients with cervical cancer decreased during the latter half of the decade, reflecting the changes in the nation's cancer prevalence rate, while the use of HRT increased.

Evaluation of elevated urinary enolase I levels in patients with endometriosis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to validate and investigate the clinical value of urinary enolase I in patients with endometriosis. METHODS: Urine samples of 39 patients with histologically confirmed endometriosis and 20 patients without endometriosis were collected. Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect the increase of enolase I in patients' urine. RESULTS: Urinary enolase I expression corrected for creatinine ratio (non neuronal enolase (NNE)-Cr) was significantly greater in patients with endometriosis (p = 0.026). When the diagnostic performance of NNE-Cr was evaluated with serum CA-125 combination, the area under the curve was 0.821 (95% confidence interval 0.713-0.928) with sensitivity and specificity of 76.9% and 85.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Elevated urinary enolase I, in conjunction with serum CA-125, may be used as a potential biomarker for endometriosis.

Renal function is associated with bone mineral density and arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the effect of renal function on bone mineral density (BMD) and arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women. METHODS: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. We studied 252 postmenopausal women who visited a health promotion center for a medical checkup. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula and the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula. Areal BMD measurements were performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and arterial stiffness was measured using the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). RESULTS: The eGFR according to the CG formula was significantly correlated with age, BMI, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, baPWV, and BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip sites. However, the eGFR according to the MDRD formula was significantly correlated with age and baPWV but not with BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip sites. Decreased renal function (eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) according to the CG formula) was independently associated with decreased BMD at the femoral neck site and with increased baPWV (>1,500 cm/s) after adjusting for confounding variables. CONCLUSION: Postmenopausal women with decreased renal function are more likely to have a decreased BMD and greater arterial stiffness.

Oral hormone replacement therapy and uterine volume in Korean adolescents with Turner syndrome: A retrospective case-control study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify critical factors for uterine development by comparing uterine volume (UV) among patients with Turner syndrome (TS) who underwent pubertal induction (PI), patients with TS who had natural menarche (NM), and patients in a non-TS control group. METHODS: This retrospective case-control study included patients with TS who had undergone PI with oral estrogen in a PI group(n=31) and a NM group(n=7). The control group included patients without TS with spontaneous puberty who underwent pelvic ultrasound at 16 years of age. For TS patients, both the UV from the first ultrasound performed at age 16 or older (1st-UV) and the UV from the most recent final ultrasound (final-UV) were obtained. RESULTS: The 1st-UV was larger for patients in the NM group than those in the PI group (p<0.001), but did not differ significantly between the NM and control groups (p=0.375). The final-UV of the PI group was larger than their 1st-UV (p<0.001), but still smaller than the NM group (p=0.021). HRT duration and 1st-UV of PI group were positively correlated (p=0.048). There were no variables that were significantly correlated with final-UV of PI group. CONCLUSION: Patients with TS who experienced NM showed normal uterine development, but TS patients who underwent PI showed significantly smaller, undeveloped UV. While HRT duration and UV are positively correlated at the beginning of HRT, it is unclear what determines the final UV; however, late PI initiation and use of oral estrogen probably contributed to the lack of UV development.

Association between Daily Dietary Calcium Intake and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Postmenopausal Korean Women.

We aimed to evaluate the association between daily dietary calcium intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in postmenopausal women using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). This cross-sectional study included 12,348 women aged 45-70 years who had reached natural menopause. They were classified into three groups according to daily dietary calcium intake: <400 mg, 400-800 mg, and >800 mg. The risks of CVD, stroke, angina, and myocardial infarction were assessed in each group. Further, we performed subgroup analysis according to the post-menopause duration (≤10 vs. >10 postmenopausal years). We performed logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age, menopausal age, income, urban area, education, insulin use, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, high alcohol intake, smoking, exercise, oral contraceptive use, and hormonal therapy use. Calcium intake level was not significantly associated with the risk of CVD in the total population and the ≤10 postmenopausal years subgroup. However, in the >10 postmenopausal years subgroup, daily calcium intake >800 mg was associated with significantly decreased risks of all CVD (odds ratio [OR], 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11-0.64), stroke (OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01-0.42), and myocardial infarction (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.11-0.64). Our findings suggest that a dietary calcium intake of >800 mg/day decreases the risk of CVD events in women who have been menopausal for >10 years.

Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer incidence in Korean women.

OBJECTIVES: After the 2002 Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study, the global use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) declined, and despite subsequent studies indicating a low risk of breast cancer, concerns about MHT usage persist. We examined the relationship between changes in MHT use and changes in the incidence of breast cancer from 2002 to 2020 in South Korea. STUDY DESIGN: This study used tumor registry information from 2002 to 2020 from the Korean Statistical Information Service and analyzed the incidence rate of invasive breast cancer in women, who were divided into two age groups: <50 and >50 years. The numbers of MHT prescriptions in Korea between 2002 and 2020 was determined from pharmacy data. RESULTS: The incidence of breast cancer per 100,000 women in South Korea increased from 34.3 in 2002 to 96.4 in 2020. Breast cancer incidence rates increased annually in both groups of women (those aged under and over 50 years), with no significant difference between the two (p = 0.614). Prescriptions for estrogen therapy (ET) in 2020 were 52.7 % lower than those in 2002. Prescriptions for estrogen-progesterone therapy (EPT) decreased by 27.9 % over the same period. Conversely, tibolone prescriptions, which had initially decreased by 25.4 % in 2004, subsequently showed a steady increase and were 93.6 % higher in 2020 than in 2002. CONCLUSION: The incidence of breast cancer increased annually in Korean women of all ages; however, the use of ET and EPT for MHT has declined since 2002, particularly the use of EPT after 2010. MHT, especially EPT, did not significantly increase the incidence of breast cancer in Korean women.

Tibolone and Breast Cancer.

Tibolone, a selective tissue estrogenic activity regulator, is a synthetic steroid with distinct pharmacological and clinical characteristics in contrast to conventional menopausal hormone therapy. Tibolone induces estrogenic activity in the brain, vagina, and bone but remains inactive in the endometrium and breast. In particular, several studies have investigated whether tibolone usage increases the risk of breast cancer. This study aims to determine the effects of tibolone on the breast by focusing on the relation between tibolone use and breast cancer. Our investigation emphasizes recent studies, particularly those based on Asian populations.

Association between Fractures and Low Muscle Mass in Korean Menopausal Women: Data from Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey (2010-2011).

OBJECTIVES: This study used the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to determine the association between fractures and low muscle mass. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used the 2010-2011 KNHANES data. Low muscle mass was defined as (appendicular skeletal muscle mass [kg]/Height² [m²]) < 5.45 kg/m², which is < 2 SD below the sex-specific mean of a young reference group. Patients with T-scores between -1.0 and -2.5 indicated osteopenia, whereas those with T-scores lower than -2.5 indicated osteoporosis. RESULTS: Out of 1,306 women enrolled in the study, 330 were diagnosed with low muscle mass according to the abovementioned diagnostic criterion. The prevalence of fractures at various sites was significantly higher in postmenopausal women with low muscle mass than in those without low muscle mass (relative risk [RR], 1.64; odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-2.48; P = 0.027). Furthermore, the prevalence of fractures was increased by the presence of osteopenia or osteoporosis in addition to low muscle mass (RR, 1.59; OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.02-2.49; P = 0.039) and by osteoporosis only (RR, 2.12; OR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.11-4.70; P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Fracture was more prevalent in postmenopausal women with low muscle mass than in those without low muscle mass. This finding is consistent in a subgroup analysis that included women who had osteoporosis or osteopenia. Moreover, the risk of fractures increased as low muscle mass worsened.

Postoperative outcomes of ovarian preserving surgery in premenopausal women with adnexal torsion.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine whether ovarian-preserving surgery for adnexal torsion helps preserve ovarian function without increasing the risk of postoperative complications. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 71 women who were surgically diagnosed with adnexal torsion between January 2015 and December 2019 at Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine (ovarian preservation group, 56; oophorectomy, 15). Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels measured within 6 months before surgery were compared to levels measured 6-24 months after surgery. Surgical findings and postoperative complications were compared between the groups. RESULTS: There was a borderline significant difference in the decrease in serum AMH levels between the oophorectomy group and ovarian preservation group before and after surgery. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of fever, infection, or duration of admission. Discoloration of the twisted ovary was found in 27.3% and 33.3% of the patients in the ovarian preservation and oophorectomy groups, respectively. There was no difference in the decrease in serum AMH levels between patients with and those without discoloration. CONCLUSION: Ovarian-preserving surgery may not increase postoperative complications in patients with adnexal torsion, even if a twisted mass is suspected to be necrotic. Moreover, the ovarian reserve may not be affected by torsion if the ovary is preserved. Conservative ovarian surgery can be safely performed to preserve the reproductive potential of women with adnexal torsion and cystic masses.