Using Prenatal Blood Samples to Evaluate COVID-19 Rapid Serologic Tests Specificity.

INTRODUCTION: Background cross-reactivity with other coronaviruses may reduce the specificity of COVID-19 rapid serologic tests. The vast majority of women attend prenatal care, which is a unique source of population-based blood samples appropriate for validation studies. We used stored 2018 serum samples from an existing pregnancy cohort study to evaluate the specificity of COVID-19 serologic rapid diagnostic tests. METHODS: We randomly selected 120 stored serum samples from pregnant women enrolled in a cohort in 2018 in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, at least 1 year before the COVID-19 pandemic. We used stored serum to evaluate four lateral flow rapid diagnostic tests, following manufacturers' instructions. Pictures were taken for all tests and read by two blinded trained evaluators. RESULTS: We evaluated 120, 80, 90, and 90 samples, respectively. Specificity for both IgM and IgG was 100% for the first two tests (95% confidence intervals [CI] 97.0-100 and 95.5-100, respectively). The third test had a specificity of 98.9% (95% CI 94.0-100) for IgM and 94.4% (95% CI 87.5-98.2) for IgG. The fourth test had a specificity of 88.9% (95% CI 80.5-94.5) for IgM and 100% (95% CI 96.0-100) for IgG. DISCUSSION: COVID-19 serologic rapid tests are of variable specificity. Blood specimens from sentinel prenatal clinics provide an opportunity to validate serologic tests with population-based samples.

Unsuspected Strongyloides stercoralis infection in hospital patients with comorbidity in need of proper management.

BACKGROUND: Investigate the role of latent strongyloidiasis infection in patients at the University Hospital, Honduras. METHODS: Prospective observational cohort study during 20 non consecutive months from March 2009 to February 2011. Epidemiological and clinical data obtained from patients excreting Strongyloides stercoralis larvae in stool who consulted at the hospital were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty five (5 %) of 712 patients had S. stercoralis larvae in one stool sample; 62.8 % came from rural areas and 91.7 % were poor; 68.5 % (24/35) were 21 years old or older. Eight patients (22.8 %) had no predisposing illness; 3 (8.6 %) received steroid treatment, 29/35 (82.8 %) presented with persistent diarrhea and 24/35 (68.5 %) presented following comorbidities: HIV/AIDS (31.4 %), alcoholism alone (11.4 %) or with other associated illness (8.6 %), malignancy (8.6 %), renal failure (5.7 %) and hyperthyroidism (2.8 %). A combination of symptoms suggestive of strongyloidiasis but indistinguishable from those potentially associated to their comorbid condition included severe epigastric pain, diarrhea of weeks duration, peripheral eosinophilia, astenia, adynamia, fever, anemia and weight loss in 85.7 % of the cases, 3 of whom described skin lesions compatible with larva currens. None of the diagnostic clinical impressions mentioned Strongyloides infection. Ten strongyloidiasis patients received partial treatment with albendazole or ivermectin. Incomplete data, underestimation of the parasitic infection and no laboratory follow-up of the patients limited our observations. CONCLUSIONS: Strongyloides stercoralis is an unsuspected and neglected parasitic infection by health personnel in Honduras. Lack of awareness of its importance represents a strong barrier to proper treatment and follow-up, posing a threat of possible fatal complications in patients with comorbid conditions.

Infectious causes of fever of unknown origin in developing countries: An international ID-IRI study.

Background: Fever of unknown origin (FUO) in developing countries is an important dilemma and further research is needed to elucidate the infectious causes of FUO. Methods: A multi-center study for infectious causes of FUO in lower middle-income countries (LMIC) and low-income countries (LIC) was conducted between January 1, 2018 and January 1, 2023. In total, 15 participating centers from seven different countries provided the data, which were collected through the Infectious Diseases-International Research Initiative platform. Only adult patients with confirmed infection as the cause of FUO were included in the study. The severity parameters were quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) ≥2, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, vasopressor use, and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Results: A total of 160 patients with infectious FUO were included in the study. Overall, 148 (92.5%) patients had community-acquired infections and 12 (7.5%) had hospital-acquired infections. The most common infectious syndromes were tuberculosis (TB) (n=27, 16.9%), infective endocarditis (n=25, 15.6%), malaria (n=21, 13.1%), brucellosis (n=15, 9.4%), and typhoid fever (n=9, 5.6%). Plasmodium falciparum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Brucellae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Rickettsiae were the leading infectious agents in this study. A total of 56 (35.0%) cases had invasive procedures for diagnosis. The mean qSOFA score was 0.76±0.94 {median (interquartile range [IQR]): 0 (0-1)}. ICU admission (n=26, 16.2%), vasopressor use (n=14, 8.8%), and IMV (n=10, 6.3%) were not rare. Overall, 38 (23.8%) patients had at least one of the severity parameters. The mortality rate was 15 (9.4%), and the mortality was attributable to the infection causing FUO in 12 (7.5%) patients. Conclusions: In LMIC and LIC, tuberculosis and cardiac infections were the most severe and the leading infections causing FUO.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of bovine brucellosis seroprevalence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Introduction: Bovine brucellosis is a significant public health problem in countries with economic and zoonotic implications. Although relevant, there are no previous systematic reviews about bovine brucellosis in Latin America. Methods: We performed a systematic literature review in five data-bases to assess the seroprevalence of Brucella in cattle. A meta-analysis with a random-effects model was performed to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). In addition, measures of heterogeneity (Cochran's Q statistic and I2 test) were reported. Results: The literature search yielded 3,403 articles, of which 65 studies were fully valid for analysis. The pooled seroprevalence for Brucella in bovine (n â€‹= â€‹46,883,177) was 4.0% (95%CI: 3.0%-5.0%; p â€‹< â€‹0.001), and Venezuela was the country with the highest prevalence (16.0%). By regions, the highest seroprevalence is in Central America and the Caribbean islands (8.0%,95%CI: 3.0%-15.0%; p â€‹< â€‹0.001, I2 â€‹= â€‹99.85). Conclusions: Some countries reported still relevant seroprevalences of bovine brucellosis, especially at the Central America and Caribbean islands. Multiple factors may influence the survival and spread of pathogens in the environment; farms located in regions bordering forest areas, in areas of difficult access to the veterinary service; extensive beef herds raised at pastures with different age and productive groups inter-mingled, and minimal concerns regarding hygiene practices and disease prevention measures. Bovine brucellosis has not been eliminated and needs to be considered with new tools for prevention and control, especially being a zoonosis.

Severe Obesity in Women Can Lead to Worse Memory Function and Iron Dyshomeostasis Compared to Lower Grade Obesity.

Objective: Obesity is one of the modifiable risk factors for dementia. Insulin resistance, the abundance of advanced glycated end-products, and inflammation are some of the mechanisms associated with the lower cognitive performance observed in obesity. This study aims to evaluate the cognitive function of subjects with distinct degrees of obesity, comparing class I and II obesity (OBI/II) to class III obesity (OBIII), and to investigate metabolic markers that can distinguish OBIII from OBI/II. Study Design. This is a cross-sectional study, in which 45 females with BMI varying from 32.8 to 51.9 kg/m2 completed a set of 4 cognitive tests (verbal paired-associate test, stroop color, digit span, and Toulouse-Pieron cancellation test) and their plasma metabolites, enzymes, and hormones related to glycemia, dyslipidemia, and liver function, as well as the biomarkers of iron status, were concomitantly analyzed. Results: OBIII showed lower scores in the verbal paired-associate test compared to OBI/II. In other cognitive tests, both groups showed similar performance. OBIII presented a lower iron status compared to OBI/II based on total iron binding capacity, degree of transferrin saturation, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. The levels of indicators for glycemia, liver function, and lipid metabolism were similar in both groups. Analysis of plasma metabolites showed that OBIII had lower levels of pyroglutamic acid, myoinositol, and aspartic acid and higher levels of D-ribose than OBI/II. Conclusion: Iron is an essential micronutrient for several metabolic pathways. Thus, iron dyshomeostasis observed in severe obesity may aggravate the cognitive impairment by altering metabolic homeostasis and enhancing oxidative stress. These findings can contribute to searching for biomarkers that indicate cognitive performance in the population with obesity.

Heart rate variability in children: methodological issues and clinical applications. / Variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco en pediatría: aspectos metodológicos y aplicaciones clínicas.

Heart rate variability (HRV) corresponds to variations in heart rate or beat-beat time interval. This parameter reflects the status of the autonomic mechanisms of cardiovascular control, which may be influenced by changes characteristic of the life cycle of people, sedentary lifestyle, and various disease processes that directly or indirectly generate changes in the HRV and shift the autonomic balance, either towards greater sympathetic or parasympathetic influence on the heart. These antecedents support the use of HRV indices for the diagnosis and monitoring of various nosological entities in adults. However, there has been limited progress in the study of temporal variations in heart rhythm in the pediatric population. This article aims to describe the physiological and technical aspects of HRV in the pediatric population to provide a background that allows optimizing the application of these parameters in this age group.

La variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco (VRC) corresponde a las variaciones temporales de la frecuencia cardíaca o del intervalo latido-latido. Este parámetro refleja el estado de los mecanismos autonómicos de control cardiovascular. Los cambios propios del ciclo vital de las personas, el sedentarismo y diversos procesos de enfermedad han mostrado inducir cambios en la VRC y desplazar el balance autonómico hacia una mayor influencia simpática o parasimpática sobre el corazón. Estos antecedentes apoyan el uso de los índices de VRC para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de diversas entidades nosológicas en el adulto. Sin embargo, en la población pediátrica ha existido un limitado avance en el estudio de las variaciones temporales del ritmo cardíaco. Este artículo tiene por objetivo describir los aspectos fisiológicos y técnicos de la VRC en población pediátrica. El propósito es aportar antecedentes que permitan optimizar la aplicación de estos parámetros en este grupo etario.

Assessment of Post-Dengue Rheumatic Symptoms Using the WOMAC and DAS-28 Questionnaires in a Honduran Population after a Four-Month Follow-Up.

Introduction: Alphaviruses may cause arthritis, but there is a lack of studies assessing it in flaviviruses such as dengue. Through the 28 Joint Disease Activity Score (DAS-28), incorporating swollen joint counts, and through the Arthritis Index from Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC), we assessed pain, stiffness, and dimensions of arthritic function in post-DENV patients. Methods: Prospective study of a cohort of participants who were diagnosed with dengue in centres in Honduras from December 2019 to February 2020, with a follow-up period of 4 months to evaluate post-dengue rheumatological disease through the WOMAC and DAS-28 questionnaires. Results: After a four-month follow-up phase with 281 participants, the final cohort comprised 58.8% women and 41.20% men. After the follow-up, 63.02% persisted with the clinical findings. According to WOMAC, joint involvement was higher in women with (58.76%) (p < 0.0001) these symptoms or functional limitations when performing daily activities were limited to pain when walking (34.81% vs. 5.51%), climbing or descending stairs (36.46% vs. 8.66%), and at night at bedtime (28.73% vs. 7.08%). With the DAS-28, we found at least one alteration with inflammation or pain in 14.91% of the participants, primarily women (p < 0.01). Discussion: Joint involvement was high during the dengue epidemic in 2019. We observed a significant proportion of women with inflammation and joint pain, showing that dengue may lead to the development of chronic rheumatological findings, although lower than in CHIKV, still affecting everyday life and, consequently, their quality of life. Additional long-term evaluation studies after dengue are required.

Seroprevalence canine survey for selected vector-borne pathogens and its relationship with poverty in metropolitan Pereira, Colombia, 2020.

Background: Tick-borne diseases (TBD) and dirofilariosis are currently not under surveillance in most Latin American countries. In addition, there is a significant lack of studies describing the current situation in most endemic areas, including Colombia. Therefore, seroprevalence studies are crucial for understanding the epidemiology of these vector-borne diseases. Methods: A serosurvey for TBD and dirofilariosis among 100 dogs was carried out in the municipality of Pereira, located in the Coffee-Triangle region, Colombia. Samples were tested using a rapid assay test system (SNAP® 4Dx®); based on an enzyme immunoassay technique' screening for antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum/platys (sensitivity 99.1%)' Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. (98.8%), and Ehrlichia canis/ewingii (96.2%) by using specific antigens and checking for Dirofilaria immitis antigen based on specific antibodies (99.2%). Bivariate analyses were performed on Stata®14, significant p < 0.05. Findings: Global seroprevalence to the selected vector-borne pathogens was 74% (95%CI 65-83%). The highest seroprevalence was found for E. canis/ewingii (74%), followed by A. phagocytophilum/platys (16%). Seropositivity for Borrelia spp. and Dirofilaria spp. was 0%. All Anaplasma spp. seropositive dogs showed co-detection of Ehrlichia spp. (16%). Seroprevalence was significantly higher among dogs from families of lower socioeconomic status/level (I, 86%), followed by level II (74%), and III (36%) (p = 0.001). All dogs exhibiting anorexia (12%) were invariably seropositive (100%) (p = 0.029). Seroprevalence was higher among those showing mucocutaneous paleness (95%) compared to those without paleness (68%) (p = 0.013) (OR = 9.3; 95%CI 1.18-72.9). There was high variability in seroprevalence through the studied areas, ranging from 0% (La Libertad Park) up to Combia, Cesar Nader, Las Brisas and Saturno localities (100%) (p = 0.033). Interpretation: Given the high seroprevalence obtained in an area with documented ticks, there is a potential risk of zoonotic transmission to humans. Further seroprevalence studies in humans are needed to assess the prevalence of infections. Poverty is highly associated with these tick-borne pathogens in Pereira, as shown in the present study.

Haematological Alterations Associated with Selected Vector-Borne Infections and Exposure in Dogs from Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.

Infections due to Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Dirofilaria, Mycoplasma, Babesia and Hepatozoon continue to be highly prevalent in dogs, especially in tropical and subtropical areas, where vectors of many of them are present. However, many clinical aspects of dogs have not been characterized in detail, including assessing the haematological alterations associated with them, particularly in Colombia and Latin America. A group of 100 dogs with Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Dirofilaria, Mycoplasma, Babesia and Hepatozoon infections/exposure were assessed by blood smear serology (SNAP4DX) and PCR in Pereira, Colombia. We performed blood counts to evaluate anaemia, leukopenia/leukocytosis, neutropenia, neutrophilia, lymphopenia/lymphocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, and thrombocytopenia, among other alterations. Bivariate analyses were performed on Stata®14, with significant p < 0.05. From the total, 85% presented ≥1 infection (past or present), 66% with coinfections (≥2 pathogens) (Ehrlichia 75%), and 89% presented clinical alterations. A total of 100% showed anaemia, 70% thrombocytopenia, 61% monocytosis, and 47% neutropenia, among other alterations. Additionally, 11% presented pancytopenia and 59% bicytopenia. The median platelet count was lower in infected dogs (126,000 cells/µL) versus non-infected (221,000 cells/µL) (p = 0.003). Thrombocytopenia was higher among infected dogs (75%) versus non-infected (40%) (p = 0.006), with a 91% positive predictive value for infection. Median neutrophil count was lower in infected dogs (6591 cells/µL) versus non-infected (8804 cells/µL) (p = 0.013). Lymphocytosis occurred only among those infected (27%) (p = 0.022). Leukopenia was only observed among infected dogs (13%). Pancytopenia was only observed among infected dogs. Ehrlichiosis and other hematic infections have led to a significant burden of haematological alterations on infected dogs, including pancytopenia in a tenth of them, most with thrombocytopenia and all anemic.

SARS-CoV-2 natural infection in animals: a systematic review of studies and case reports and series.

COVID-19 pandemic is essentially a zoonotic disease. In this context, early in 2020, transmission from humans to certain animals began reporting; the number of studies has grown since. To estimate the pooled prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection in animals and to determine differences in prevalence between countries, years, animal types and diagnostic methods (RT-PCR or serological tests). A systematic literature review with meta-analysis using eight databases. Observational studies were included but analyzed separately. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for prevalence studies and case series. After the screening, 65 reports were selected for full-text assessment and included for qualitative and quantitative analyses. A total of 24 reports assessed SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR, combining a total of 321,785 animals, yielding a pooled prevalence of 12.3% (95% CI 11.6%-13.0%). Also, a total of 17 studies additionally assessed serological response against SARS-CoV-2, including nine by ELISA, four by PRTN, one by MIA, one by immunochromatography (rest, two studies, the method was not specified), combining a total of 5319 animals, yielding a pooled prevalence of 29.4% (95% CI 22.9%-35.9%). A considerable proportion of animals resulted infected by SARS-CoV-2, ranking minks among the highest value, followed by dogs and cats. Further studies in other animals are required to define the extent and importance of natural infection due to SARS-CoV-2. These findings have multiple implications for public human and animal health. One Health approach in this context is critical for prevention and control.

Perception of COVID-19 Vaccination Amongst Physicians in Colombia.

Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic has triggered the need to develop rapidly effective and safe vaccines to prevent infection, particularly in those at-risk populations such as medical personnel. This study's objective was to assess the perception of COVID-19 vaccination amongst Colombian physicians featuring two different scenarios of COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out through an online survey directed at medical staff in several cities in Colombia. The percentage of physicians who have a positive perception to be vaccinated and the associated factors that determine that decision were determined. A binomial regression analysis adjusted for age and sex was carried out, taking as a dependent variable the acceptance of free vaccination with an effectiveness of 60 and 80%. The most significant factors were determined in the non-acceptance of vaccination. Results: Between 77.0% and 90.7% of physicians in Colombia accept COVID-19 vaccination, according to the scenario evaluated where the vaccine's effectiveness was 60 or 80%, respectively. Medical specialty, having never paid for a vaccine, recommending the administration of the vaccine to their parents or people over 70 years, and dispensing the vaccine to their children, were the factors to consider to be vaccinated for free with an effectiveness of 60% and 80%. Conclusions: There is a high perception of the intention to vaccinate physicians in Colombia against COVID-19, and this is very similar to that of the general population.

COVID-19 Associated Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis Complicated by Gangrenous and Bone Necrosis-A Case Report from Honduras.

BACKGROUND: Mucormycosis is a life-threatening invasive fungal infection most commonly observed in immunocompromised patients. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, a growing number of Mucorales associated infections, now termed COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM), have been reported. Despite an increase in fatality reports, no cases of rhino-orbital CAM complicated with gangrenous bone necrosis have been described in the literature to date. CASE: A 56-year-old male with a recent COVID-19 diagnosis developed rhino-orbital mucormycosis after 22 days of treatment with dexamethasone. Cultures and histopathological assessment of tissue biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. The patient survived after treatment with amphotericin B. CONCLUSIONS: Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection affecting mostly immunocompromised patients. Along with the COVID-19 pandemic, the inappropriate use of steroids, in addition to concurrent risk factors, such as diabetes, has led to an increase in the occurrence of these devastating mycoses, leading to the development of severe presentations and complications, as observed in many cases. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial in order to avoid dissemination and fatal outcomes.

Bats in ecosystems and their Wide spectrum of viral infectious potential threats: SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging viruses.

Bats have populated earth for approximately 52 million years, serving as natural reservoirs for a variety of viruses through the course of evolution. Transmission of highly pathogenic viruses from bats has been suspected or linked to a spectrum of potential emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals worldwide. Examples of such viruses include Marburg, Ebolavirus, Nipah, Hendra, Influenza A, Dengue, Equine Encephalitis viruses, Lyssaviruses, Madariaga and Coronaviruses, involving the now pandemic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Herein, we provide a narrative review focused in selected emerging viral infectious diseases that have been reported from bats.

Human visceral leishmaniasis prevalence by different diagnostic methods in Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected zoonotic disease that affects animals and humans in different tropical and subtropical regions and even beyond, with variable prevalence among infected hosts. To date, there have been no systematic reviews on human visceral leishmaniasis prevalence in Latin America. We therefore performed a systematic literature review with meta-analysis, using six databases to assess prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis in human patients in Latin American countries. Observational studies were included but analyzed separately. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). In all, 10,435 articles were retrieved for the time frame (1950-2019). After initial screening, 120 articles were selected for full-text assessment, 97 being finally included for qualitative and quantitative analyses. Overall, VL pooled prevalence was estimated at 38.8% (95% CI 33.8-43.8%), derived from 97 studies, including 44,986 individuals. Many aspects of the transmission dynamics of Leishmania and the exact burden of this parasitosis on public health remain largely unknown. Although the elimination of zoonotic VL in the Americas appears an unrealistic goal, additional efforts need to be put in place to achieve better diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of VL.

Dietary pattern analysis among stone formers: resemblance to a DASH-style diet.

Recent epidemiological studies have shown that dietary patterns may have a more persistent impact on the risk of stone formation than single nutrients of the diet. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), a low-sodium and fruits/vegetables-rich diet, has been associated with a lower risk of nephrolithiasis, due to altered urinary biochemistry. This observational study aimed to investigate whether the dietary pattern of stone formers (SF) resembled a DASH-diet and its influence on urinary lithogenic parameters. Anthropometric data, fasting serum sample, 24-h urine samples, and a 3-day food intake record under an unrestricted diet were obtained from 222 SF and compared with 136 non-SF subjects (controls). The DASH-diet food portions were determined from the food records whereas intakes of sodium chloride (NaCl) and protein (protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance, PNA) were estimated from 24-hr urinary sodium and urea. A dietary profile close to a DASH-diet was not observed in any of the groups. NaCl intake and PNA were significantly higher in SF versus non-SF (12.0 ± 5.2 v.s. 10.1 ± 3.4 g/day, p = 0.01 and 1.8 ± 0.1 v.s. 1.4 ± 0.1 g/kg/day, p = 0.03). SF exhibited a positive correlation of NaCl intake and PNA with urinary calcium, oxalate and uric acid, and of PNA with urinary sodium. SF consumed more vegetables and legumes, but less fruits and low-fat dairy items than non-SF. The present series presented a dietary profile characterized by low calcium and high salt and protein contents, not reflecting an ideal DASH-style diet pattern.

Expression of vitamin D receptor, CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 hydroxylases and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels in stone formers.

The expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)D] levels exceed the values of controls in some but not all hypercalciuric stone formers (HSF). We aimed to evaluate serum 1,25(OH)D levels, the expression of VDR, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1 hydroxylases in HSF in comparison with normocalciuric stone formers (NSF) and healthy subjects (HS). Blood samples, 24-h urine collections and a 3-day dietary record were obtained from 30 participants from each of the groups. The expression of VDR, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1 was measured by flow cytometry. HSF presented significantly higher urinary volume, sodium, magnesium, oxalate, uric acid, and phosphorus than NSF and HS. Calcium intake was lower in HSF versus NSF and HS (442 ± 41 vs 594 ± 42 and 559 ± 41 mg/day, respectively, p = 0.027). Ionized calcium was significantly lower in HSF than NSF (1.29 ± 0.0 vs 1.31 ± 0.0 mmol/L, p < 0.01). Serum 1,25(OH)D was significantly higher in HSF and NSF than HS (22.5 ± 1.2; 22.2 ± 1.2 vs 17.4 ± 1.2 pg/ml, p = 0.007) but serum 25(OH)D, PTH, klotho and plasma FGF-23 did not differ between groups. VDR expression was higher in HSF and NSF than HS (80.8 ± 3.2; 78.7 ± 3.3 vs 68.6 ± 3.2%, p = 0.023). Although CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 expressions were similar among all groups, the ratio of 1,25(OH)D/CYP24A1 was higher in HSF and NSF than in HS (1.43 ± 0.25 and 0.56 ± 0.10 vs 0.34 ± 0.06, p = 0.00). Stone formers, regardless of urinary calcium excretion, had higher VDR expression and 1,25(OH)D levels than HS, even in ranges considered normal. Higher 1,25(OH)D/CYP24A1 ratio suggested a lower degradation of 1,25(OH)D by CYP24A1 in HSF and NSF.

NGAL and SMAD1 gene expression in the early detection of diabetic nephropathy by liquid biopsy.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a disease that progresses with the slow and progressive decline of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR); the installation of this pathology is silent and one of the major causes of death in patients with diabetes. AIMS: To identify new molecular biomarkers for early identification of the onset of DN in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (DM2). We studied the expression profile of the genes; suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic type 1 (SMAD1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and type IV collagen (COLIV1A) in peripheral blood and urine sediment samples. METHODS: Ninety volunteers, 51 with DM2 and 39 healthy, were recruited from the Faculdade de Medicina do ABC outpatient clinic. We conducted an interview and collected anthropometric data, as well as blood and urine samples for biochemical evaluation and real-time PCR amplification of the genes of interest. RESULTS: Gene expression data: peripheral blood NGAL (DM2 0.09758±0.1914 vs CTL 0.02293±0.04578), SMAD1 (blood: DM2 0.01102±0.04059* vs CTL 0.0001317±0.0003609; urine: DM2 0.7195±2.344* vs CTL 0.09812±0.4755), there was no significant expression of COLIV1A. These genes demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity in the receiving operating characteristic curve evaluation. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest the potential use of NGAL and SMAD1 gene expression in peripheral blood and urine samples as early biomarkers of DN.