Phantom-based acquisition time and image reconstruction parameter optimisation for oncologic FDG PET/CT examinations using a digital system.

BACKGROUND: New-generation silicon-photomultiplier (SiPM)-based PET/CT systems exhibit an improved lesion detectability and image quality due to a higher detector sensitivity. Consequently, the acquisition time can be reduced while maintaining diagnostic quality. The aim of this study was to determine the lowest 18F-FDG PET acquisition time without loss of diagnostic information and to optimise image reconstruction parameters (image reconstruction algorithm, number of iterations, voxel size, Gaussian filter) by phantom imaging. Moreover, patient data are evaluated to confirm the phantom results. METHODS: Three phantoms were used: a soft-tissue tumour phantom, a bone-lung tumour phantom, and a resolution phantom. Phantom conditions (lesion sizes from 6.5 mm to 28.8 mm in diameter, lesion activity concentration of 15 kBq/mL, and signal-to-background ratio of 5:1) were derived from patient data. PET data were acquired on an SiPM-based Biograph Vision PET/CT system for 10 min in list-mode format and resampled into time frames from 30 to 300 s in 30-s increments to simulate different acquisition times. Different image reconstructions with varying iterations, voxel sizes, and Gaussian filters were probed. Contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR), maximum, and peak signal were evaluated using the 10-min acquisition time image as reference. A threshold CNR value ≥ 5 and a maximum (peak) deviation of ± 20% were considered acceptable. 20 patient data sets were evaluated regarding lesion quantification as well as agreement and correlation between reduced and full acquisition time standard uptake values (assessed by Pearson correlation coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficient, Bland-Altman analyses, and Krippendorff's alpha). RESULTS: An acquisition time of 60 s per bed position yielded acceptable detectability and quantification results for clinically relevant phantom lesions ≥ 9.7 mm in diameter using OSEM-TOF or OSEM-TOF+PSF image reconstruction, a 4-mm Gaussian filter, and a 1.65 × 1.65 x 2.00-mm3 or 3.30 × 3.30 x 3.00-mm3 voxel size. Correlation and agreement of patient lesion quantification between full and reduced acquisition times were excellent. CONCLUSION: A threefold reduction in acquisition time is possible. Patients might benefit from more comfortable examinations or reduced radiation exposure, if instead of the acquisition time the applied activity is reduced.

A Practical Method for the Preparation of 18F-Labeled Aromatic Amino Acids from Nucleophilic [18F]Fluoride and Stannyl Precursors for Electrophilic Radiohalogenation.

In a recent contribution of Scott et al., the substrate scope of Cu-mediated nucleophilic radiofluorination with [18F]KF for the preparation of 18F-labeled arenes was extended to aryl- and vinylstannanes. Based on these findings, the potential of this reaction for the production of clinically relevant positron emission tomography (PET) tracers was investigated. To this end, Cu-mediated radiofluorodestannylation using trimethyl(phenyl)tin as a model substrate was re-evaluated with respect to different reaction parameters. The resulting labeling protocol was applied for 18F-fluorination of different electron-rich, -neutral and -poor arylstannyl substrates in RCCs of 16-88%. Furthermore, this method was utilized for the synthesis of 18F-labeled aromatic amino acids from additionally N-Boc protected commercially available stannyl precursors routinely applied for electrophilic radiohalogenation. Finally, an automated synthesis of 6-[18F]fluoro-l-m-tyrosine (6-[18F]FMT), 2-[18F]fluoro-l-tyrosine (2-[18F]F-Tyr), 6-[18F]fluoro-l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (6-[18F]FDOPA) and 3-O-methyl-6-[18F]FDOPA ([18F]OMFD) was established furnishing these PET probes in isolated radiochemical yields (RCYs) of 32-54% on a preparative scale. Remarkably, the automated radiosynthesis of 6-[18F]FDOPA afforded an exceptionally high RCY of 54 ± 5% (n = 5).

Copper-mediated aromatic radiofluorination revisited: efficient production of PET tracers on a preparative scale.

Two novel methods for copper-mediated aromatic nucleophilic radiofluorination were recently reported. Evaluation of these methods reveals that, although both are efficient in small-scale experiments, they are inoperative for the production of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers. Since high base content turned out to be responsible for low radiochemical conversions, a "low base" protocol has been developed which affords (18)F-labeled arenes from diaryliodonium salts and aryl pinacol boronates in reasonable yields. Furthermore, implementation of our "minimalist" approach to the copper-mediated [(18)F]-fluorination of (mesityl)(aryl)iodonium salts allows the preparation of (18)F-labeled arenes in excellent RCCs. The novel radiofluorination method circumvents time-consuming azeotropic drying and avoids the utilization of base and other additives, such as cryptands. Furthermore, this procedure enables the production of clinically relevant PET tracers; [(18)F]FDA, 4-[(18)F]FPhe, and [(18)F]DAA1106 are obtained in good isolated radiochemical yields. Additionally, [(18)F]DAA1106 has been evaluated in a rat stroke model and demonstrates excellent potential for visualization of translocator protein 18 kDa overexpression associated with neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke.

Delayed 68Ga-FAPI-46 PET/MR imaging confirms ongoing fibroblast activation in patients after acute myocardial infarction.

Purpose of the Report: Combined cardiac 68Ga-Fibroblast-Activation Protein-alpha inhibitor (FAPI) positron-emission tomography (PET) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) constitute a novel diagnostic tool in patients for the assessment of myocardial damage after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate simultaneous Ga-68-FAPI-46-PET/MR imaging in the delayed phase after AMI. Material and Methods: Eleven patients underwent hybrid 68Ga-FAPI-46 PET/MRI post AMI. Standardized uptake values and fibroblast activation volume (FAV) were calculated and correlated with serum biomarkers and MRI parameters. Results: Significant 68Ga-FAPI-46 uptake could be demonstrated in 11 (100 %) patients after a mean period of 30.9 ± 22.0 days. FAV significantly exceeded the infarction size in MRI and showed a good correlation to MRI parameters as well as to serum biomarkers of myocardial damage. Conclusions: 68Ga-FAPI-46 PET/MRI offers molecular and morphological imaging of affected myocardium after AMI. This study demonstrates ongoing fibroblast activation in a delayed phase after AMI and generates hypotheses for future studies while aiming for a better understanding of myocardial remodeling following ischemic tissue damage.

Prognostic Implications of 68Ga-FAPI-46 PET/CT-Derived Parameters on Overall Survival in Various Types of Solid Tumors.

Tumoral fibroblast activation protein expression is associated with proliferation and angiogenesis and can be visualized by PET/CT. We examined the prognostic value of [68Ga]Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) (68Ga-FAPI)-46 PET/CT for different tumor entities in patients enrolled in 2 prospective imaging studies (NCT05160051, n = 30; NCT04571086, n = 115). Methods: Within 4 wk, 145 patients underwent 68Ga-FAPI-46 and [18F]FDG (18F-FDG) PET/CT. The association between overall survival (OS) and sex, age, tumor entity, total lesion number, highest SUVmax, and the presence of each nodal, visceral, and bone metastasis was tested using univariate Cox regression analysis. Multivariate analyses were performed for prognostic factors with P values of less than 0.05. Results: In the univariate analysis, shorter OS was associated with total lesion number and the presence of nodal, visceral, and bone metastases on 68Ga-FAPI-46 PET/CT (hazard ratio [HR], 1.06, 2.18, 1.69, and 2.05; P < 0.01, < 0.01, = 0.04, and = 0.02, respectively) and 18F-FDG PET/CT (HR, 1.05, 2.31, 1.76, and 2.30; P < 0.01, < 0.01, = 0.03, and < 0.01, respectively) and with SUVmax on 68Ga-FAPI-46 PET/CT (HR, 1.03; P = 0.03). In the multivariate analysis, total lesion number on 68Ga-FAPI-46 PET/CT was an independent risk factor for shorter OS (HR, 1.05; P = 0.02). In patients with pancreatic cancer, shorter OS was associated with total lesion number on 68Ga-FAPI-46 PET/CT (HR, 1.09; P < 0.01) and bone metastases on 18F-FDG PET/CT (HR, 31.39; P < 0.01) in the univariate analysis and with total lesion number on 68Ga-FAPI-46 PET/CT (HR, 1.07; P = 0.04) in the multivariate analyses. In breast cancer, total lesion number on 68Ga-FAPI-46 PET/CT (HR, 1.07; P = 0.02), as well as bone metastases on 18F-FDG PET/CT (HR, 9.64; P = 0.04), was associated with shorter OS in the univariate analysis. The multivariate analysis did not reveal significant prognostic factors. In thoracic cancer (lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma), the univariate and multivariate analyses did not reveal significant prognostic factors. Conclusion: Disease extent on 68Ga-FAPI-46 PET/CT is a predictor of short OS and may aid in future risk stratification by playing a supplemental role alongside 18F-FDG PET/CT.

Fibroblast Activation Protein α-Directed Imaging and Therapy of Solitary Fibrous Tumor.

Fibroblast activation protein α (FAPα) is expressed at high levels in several types of tumors. Here, we report the expression pattern of FAPα in solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) and its potential use as a radiotheranostic target. Methods: We analyzed FAPα messenger RNA and protein expression in biopsy samples from SFT patients using immunohistochemistry and multiplexed immunofluorescence. Tracer uptake and detection efficacy were assessed in patients undergoing clinical 68Ga-FAPα inhibitor (FAPI)-46 PET,18F-FDG PET, and contrast-enhanced CT. 90Y-FAPI-46 radioligand therapy was offered to eligible patients with progressive SFT. Results: Among 813 patients and 126 tumor entities analyzed from the prospective observational MASTER program of the German Cancer Consortium, SFT (n = 34) had the highest median FAPα messenger RNA expression. Protein expression was confirmed in tumor biopsies from 29 of 38 SFT patients (76%) in an independent cohort. Most cases showed intermediate to high FAPα expression by immunohistochemistry (24/38 samples, 63%), which was located primarily on the tumor cell surface. Nineteen patients who underwent 68Ga-FAPI-46 PET imaging demonstrated significantly increased tumor uptake, with an SUVmax of 13.2 (interquartile range [IQR], 10.2), and an improved mean detection efficacy of 94.5% (SEM, 4.2%), as compared with 18F-FDG PET (SUVmax, 3.2 [IQR, 3.1]; detection efficacy, 77.3% [SEM, 5.5%]). Eleven patients received a total of 34 cycles (median, 3 cycles [IQR, 2 cycles]) of 90Y-FAPI-46 radioligand therapy, which resulted in disease control in 9 patients (82%). Median progression-free survival was 227 d (IQR, 220 d). Conclusion: FAPα is highly expressed by SFT and may serve as a target for imaging and therapy. Further studies are warranted to define the role of FAPα-directed theranostics in the care of SFT patients.

Correction: Pacelli et al. Fully Automated, High-Dose Radiosynthesis of [18F]PARPi. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15, 865.

Corentin Warnier, Thibault Gendron, Muhammad Otabashi, Charles Vriamont and Alex Jackson were not included as authors in the original publication [...].

Demonstration of the Early Cardiac Bioavailability of a Non-Specific Cell-Targeted Peptide Using Radionuclide-Based Imaging In Vivo.

The cardiac bioavailability of peptide drugs that inhibit harmful intracellular protein-protein interactions in cardiovascular diseases remains a challenging task in drug development. This study investigates whether a non-specific cell-targeted peptide drug is available in a timely manner at its intended biological destination, the heart, using a combined stepwise nuclear molecular imaging approach. An octapeptide (heart8P) was covalently coupled with the trans-activator of transcription (TAT) protein transduction domain residues 48-59 of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (TAT-heart8P) for efficient internalization into mammalian cells. The pharmacokinetics of TAT-heart8P were evaluated in dogs and rats. The cellular internalization of TAT-heart8P-Cy(5.5) was examined on cardiomyocytes. The real-time cardiac delivery of 68Ga-NODAGA-TAT-heart8P was tested in mice under physiological and pathological conditions. Pharmacokinetic studies of TAT-heart8P in dogs and rats revealed a fast blood clearance, high tissue distribution, and high extraction by the liver. TAT-heart-8P-Cy(5.5) was rapidly internalized in mouse and human cardiomyocytes. Correspondingly, organ uptake of hydrophilic 68Ga-NODAGA-TAT-heart8P occurred rapidly after injection with an initial cardiac bioavailability already 10 min post-injection. The saturable cardiac uptake was revailed by the pre-injection of the unlabeled compound. The cardiac uptake of 68Ga-NODAGA-TAT-heart8P did not change in a model of cell membrane toxicity. This study provides a sequential stepwise workflow to evaluate the cardiac delivery of a hydrophilic, non-specific cell-targeting peptide. 68Ga-NODAGA-TAT-heart8P showed rapid accumulation in the target tissue early after injection. The implementation of PET/CT radionuclide-based imaging methodology as a means to assess effective and temporal cardiac uptake represents a useful and critical application in drug development and pharmacological research and can be extended to the evaluation of comparable drug candidates.

Quantification performance of silicon photomultiplier-based PET for small 18F-, 68Ga- and 124I-avid lesions in the context of radionuclide therapy planning.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate conditions for reliable quantification of sub-centimeter lesions with low18F,68Ga, and124I uptake using a silicon photomultiplier-based PET/CT system. METHODS: A small tumor phantom was investigated under challenging but clinically realistic conditions resembling prostate and thyroid cancer lymph node metastases (6 spheres with 3.7-9.7 mm in diameter, 9 different activity concentrations ranging from about 0.25-25 kBq/mL, and a signal-to-background ratio of 20). Radionuclides with different positron branching ratios and prompt gamma coincidence contributions were investigated. Maximum-, contour-, and oversize-based partial volume effect (PVE) correction approaches were applied. Detection and quantification performance were estimated, considering a ±30 % deviation between imaged-derived and true activity concentrations as acceptable. A standard and a prolonged acquisition time and two image reconstruction algorithms (time-of-flight with/without point spread function modelling) were analyzed. Clinical data were evaluated to assess agreement of PVE-correction approaches indicating lesion quantification validity. RESULTS: The smallest 3.7-mm sphere was not visible. If the lesions were clearly observed, quantification was, except for a few cases, acceptable using contour- or oversized-based PVE-corrections. Quantification accuracy did not substantially differ between 18F, 68Ga, and 124I. No systematic differences between the analyzed reconstruction algorithms or shorter and larger acquisition times were observed. In the clinical evaluation of 20 lesions, an excellent statistical agreement between oversize- and contour-based PVE-corrections was observed. CONCLUSIONS: At the lower end of size (<10 mm) and activity concentration ranges of lymph-node metastases, quantification with reasonable accuracy is possible for 18F, 68Ga, and 124I, possibly allowing pre-therapeutic lesion dosimetry and individualized radionuclide therapy planning.

Fully Automated, High-Dose Radiosynthesis of [18F]PARPi.

[18F]PARPi is currently undergoing clinical trials as a PET tracer for many applications. However, only manual radiosynthesis was reported; this has several drawbacks, including an increased risk of contamination from the operator, and the need to limit the starting activity. The automation of the previously reported protocol for [18F]PARPi synthesis is challenging, as it requires transferring microvolumes of reagents, which many platforms cannot accommodate. We report a revised, high yield, and automated protocol for the radiosynthesis of [18F]PARPi, with final doses of over 20 GBq.

68Ga-FAPI as a Diagnostic Tool in Sarcoma: Data from the 68Ga-FAPI PET Prospective Observational Trial.

Bone and soft-tissue sarcomas express fibroblast activation protein (FAP) on tumor cells and associated fibroblasts. Therefore, FAP is a promising therapeutic and diagnostic target. Novel radiolabeled FAP inhibitors (e.g., 68Ga-FAPI-46) have shown high tumor uptake on PET in sarcoma patients. Here, we report the endpoints of the 68Ga-FAPI PET prospective observational trial. Methods: Forty-seven patients with bone or soft-tissue sarcomas undergoing clinical 68Ga-FAPI PET were eligible for enrollment into the 68Ga-FAPI PET observational trial. Of these patients, 43 also underwent 18F-FDG PET. The primary study endpoint was the association between 68Ga-FAPI PET uptake intensity and histopathologic FAP expression analyzed with Spearman r correlation. Secondary endpoints were detection rate, positive predictive value (PPV), interreader reproducibility, and change in management. Datasets were interpreted by 2 masked readers. Results: The primary endpoint was met, and the association between 68Ga-FAPI PET uptake intensity and histopathologic FAP expression was significant (Spearman r = 0.43; P = 0.03). By histopathologic validation, PPV was 1.00 (95% CI, 0.87-1.00) on a per-patient and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.84-1.00) on a per-region basis. In cases with histopathologic validation, 27 of 28 (96%) confirmed patients and 32 of 34 (94%) confirmed regions were PET-positive, resulting in an SE of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.82-1.00) on a per-patient and 0.94 (95% CI, 0.80-0.99) on a per-region basis. The detection rate on a per-patient basis in 68Ga-FAPI and 18F-FDG PET was 76.6% and 81.4%, respectively. In 8 (18.6%) patients, 68Ga-FAPI PET resulted in an upstaging compared with 18F-FDG PET. 68Ga-FAPI PET readers showed substantial to almost perfect agreement for the defined regions (Fleiss κ: primary κ = 0.78, local nodal κ = 0.54, distant nodal κ = 0.91, lung κ = 0.86, bone κ = 0.69, and other κ = 0.65). Clinical management changed in 13 (30%) patients after 68Ga-FAPI PET. Conclusion: We confirm an association between tumoral 68Ga-FAPI PET uptake intensity and histopathologic FAP expression in sarcoma patients. Further, with masked readings and independent histopathologic validation, 68Ga-FAPI PET had a high PPV and sensitivity for sarcoma staging.

Pitfalls and Common Findings in 68Ga-FAPI PET: A Pictorial Analysis.

Fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) PET/CT is a new tool in the diagnostic workup of cancer. With a growing volume of applications, pitfalls and common findings need to be considered for 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT image interpretation. The aim of this study was to summarize common findings and report pitfalls in 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT. Methods: Ninety-one patients underwent whole-body PET/CT with either FAPI-04 (n = 25) or FAPI-46 (n = 66). Findings were rated in a consensus session of 2 experienced readers. Pitfalls and common findings were defined as focal or localized uptake above the background level and categorized as unspecific or nonmalignant and grouped into degenerative, muscular, scarring/wound-healing, uterine, mammary gland, and head-and-neck findings. The frequency of findings was reported on a per-patient and per-group basis, and SUVmax, SUVmean, and SUVpeak were measured. Results: Non-tumor-specific uptake was found in 81.3% of patients. The most frequent finding was uptake in degenerative lesions (51.6%), with a mean SUVmax of 7.7 ± 2.9, and head-and-neck findings (45.1%). Except for the salivary glands, the uptake values did not differ between 10 and 60 min after injection in most findings. Uterine uptake was found in most women (66.7%), with a mean SUVmax of 12.2 ± 7.3, and uptake correlated negatively with age (SUVmax, r = -0.6, P < 0.01; SUVpeak, r = -0.57, P < 0.01; SUVmean, r = -0.58, P < 0.01). Conclusion: Pitfalls include non-tumor-specific 68Ga-FAPI uptake in degenerative lesions, muscle, the head and neck, scarring, the mammary glands, or the uterus. Here, we summarize the findings to help readers avoid common mistakes at centers introducing 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT.

Administration Routes for SSTR-/PSMA- and FAP-Directed Theranostic Radioligands in Mice.

The NETTER-1, VISION, and TheraP trials proved the efficacy of repeat intravenous application of small radioligands. Application by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or oral routes is an important alternative and may yield comparable or favorable organ and tumor radioligand uptake. Here, we assessed organ and tumor biodistribution for various radioligand application routes in healthy mice and models of cancer expressing somatostatin receptor (SSTR), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), and fibroblast activation protein (FAP). Methods: Healthy and tumor-bearing male C57BL/6 or NOD SCID γ-mice, respectively, were administered a mean of 6.0 ± 0.5 MBq of 68Ga-DOTATOC (RM1-SSTR allograft), 5.3 ± 0.3 MBq of 68Ga-PSMA11 (RM1-PSMA allograft), or 4.8 ± 0.2 MBq of 68Ga-FAPI46 (HT1080-FAP xenograft) by intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or oral routes. In vivo PET images and ex vivo biodistribution in tumor, organs, and the injection site were assessed up to 5 h after injection. Healthy mice were monitored for up to 7 d after the last scan for signs of stress or adverse reactions. Results: After intravenous, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous radioligand administration, average residual activity at the injection site was less than 17 percentage injected activity per gram (%IA/g) at 1 h after injection, less than 10 %IA/g at 2 h after injection, and no more than 4 %IA/g at 4 h after injection for all radioligands. After oral administration, at least 50 %IA/g remained within the intestines until 4 h after injection. Biodistribution in organs of healthy mice was nearly equivalent after intravenous, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous application at 1 h after injection and all subsequent time points (≤1 %IA/g for liver, blood, and bone marrow; 11.2 ± 1.4 %IA/g for kidneys). In models for SSTR-, PSMA- and FAP-expressing cancer, tumor uptake was increased or equivalent for intraperitoneal/subcutaneous versus intravenous injection at 5 h after injection (ex vivo): SSTR, 7.2 ± 1.0 %IA/g (P = 0.0197)/6.5 ± 1.3 %IA/g (P = 0.0827) versus 2.9 ± 0.3 %IA/g, respectively; PSMA, 3.4 ± 0.8 %IA/g (P = 0.9954)/3.9 ± 0.8 %IA/g (P = 0.8343) versus 3.3 ± 0.7% IA/g, respectively; FAP, 1.1 ± 0.1 %IA/g (P = 0.9805)/1.1 ± 0.1 %IA/g (P = 0.7446) versus 1.0 ± 0.2 %IA/g, respectively. Conclusion: In healthy mice, biodistribution of small theranostic ligands after intraperitoneal/subcutaneous application is nearly equivalent to that after intravenous injection. Subcutaneous administration resulted in the highest absolute SSTR tumor and tumor-to-organ uptake as compared with the intravenous route, warranting further clinical assessment.

Silicon-photomultiplier-based PET/CT reduces the minimum detectable activity of iodine-124.

The radioiodine isotope pair 124I/131I is used in a theranostic approach for patient-specific treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. Lesion detectability is notably higher for 124I PET (positron emission tomography) than for 131I gamma camera imaging but can be limited for small and low uptake lesions. The recently introduced silicon-photomultiplier-based (SiPM-based) PET/CT (computed tomography) systems outperform previous-generation systems in detector sensitivity, coincidence time resolution, and spatial resolution. Hence, SiPM-based PET/CT shows an improved detectability, particularly for small lesions. In this study, we compare the size-dependant minimum detectable 124I activity (MDA) between the SiPM-based Biograph Vision and the previous-generation Biograph mCT PET/CT systems and we attempt to predict the response to 131I radioiodine therapy of lesions additionally identified on the SiPM-based system. A tumour phantom mimicking challenging conditions (derived from published patient data) was used; i.e., 6 small spheres (diameter of 3.7-9.7 mm), 9 low activity concentrations (0.25-25 kBq/mL), and a very low signal-to-background ratio (20:1). List-mode emission data (single-bed position) were divided into frames of 4, 8, 16, and 30 min. Images were reconstructed with ordinary Poisson ordered-subsets expectation maximization (OSEM), additional time-of-flight (OSEM-TOF) or TOF and point spread function modelling (OSEM-TOF+PSF). The signal-to-noise ratio and the MDA were determined. Absorbed dose estimations were performed to assess possible treatment response to high-activity 131I radioiodine therapy. The signal-to-noise ratio and the MDA were improved from the mCT to the Vision, from OSEM to OSEM-TOF and from OSEM-TOF to OSEM-TOF+PSF reconstructed images, and from shorter to longer emission times. The overall mean MDA ratio of the Vision to the mCT was 0.52 ± 0.18. The absorbed dose estimations indicate that lesions ≥ 6.5 mm with expected response to radioiodine therapy would be detectable on both systems at 4-min emission time. Additional smaller lesions of therapeutic relevance could be detected when using a SiPM-based PET system at clinically reasonable emission times. This study demonstrates that additional lesions with predicted response to 131I radioiodine therapy can be detected. Further clinical evaluation is warranted to evaluate if negative 124I PET scans on a SiPM-based system can be sufficient to preclude patients from blind radioiodine therapy.

Visualization of Fibroblast Activation After Myocardial Infarction Using 68Ga-FAPI PET.

AIMS: The aim of this retrospective analysis was to examine the pattern of cardiac 68Ga-fibroblast-activation protein-α inhibitor (FAPI) uptake in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) using PET and to investigate its association with results of coronary angiography. We correlated FAPI uptake with biomarkers of myocardial damage including left ventricular function. METHODS AND RESULTS: A cohort of 10 patients with no history of coronary artery disease underwent PET 18 ± 20.6 days after AMI (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [n = 5] and non-ST-segment elevation infarction [n = 5]), respectively. SUVmax, SUVmean, and SUVpeak of localized tracer uptake were calculated; tracer uptake volume was reported as fibroblast activation volume (FAV), with imaging data being correlated with clinical parameters. Focal FAPI uptake was observed in all patients. Average uptake at 10 minutes postinjection was 8.9 ± 4.4 (SUVmax), 7.6 ± 4.0 (SUVpeak), and 5.3 ± 2.8 (SUVmean), respectively. Affected myocardium showed a partial to complete match between tracer uptake and confirmed culprit lesion by coronary angiography in 44.4% and 55.6% of patients, respectively. A strong correlation between FAV and peak creatine kinase level (r = 0.90, P < 0.01) and inverse correlation of FAV with left ventricular function (r = -0.69, P < 0.05) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis demonstrates in vivo visualization of fibroblast activation after AMI. The uptake area showed a very good agreement with the affected coronary territory. A strong correlation of the de novo established parameter FAV with left ventricular function and peak creatine kinase was observed. This imaging modality may provide important insights into mechanisms of structural remodeling after AMI at an early stage.