Generation of attosecond electron bunches of tunable duration and density by relativistic vortex lasers in near-critical density plasma.

Attosecond electron bunches have wide application prospects in free-electron laser injection, attosecond X/γ-ray generation, ultrafast physics, etc. Nowadays, there is one notable challenge in the generation of high-quality attosecond electron bunch, i.e., how to enhance the electron bunch density. Using theoretical analysis and three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, we discovered that a relativistic vortex laser pulse interacting with near-critical density plasma can not only effectively concentrate the attosecond electron bunches to over critical density, but also control the duration and density of the electron bunches by tuning the intensity and carrier-envelope phase of the drive laser. It is demonstrated that this method can efficiently produce attosecond electron bunches with a density up to 300 times of the original plasma density, peak divergence angle of less than 0.5 ∘, and duration of less than 67 attoseconds. Furthermore, by using near-critical density plasma instead of solid targets, our scheme is potential for the generation of high-repetition-frequency attosecond electron bunches, thus reducing the requirements for experiments, such as the beam alignment or target supporter.

Early-Time Harmonic Generation from a Single-Mode Perturbation Driven by X-Ray Ablation.

X-ray ablation dynamics of the planar foil with preimposed sinusoidal ripples is investigated at the SG 100 kJ Laser Facility. A significant fraction of the second harmonics is observed and identified at the beginning of the ablative drive when the amplitude of the perturbation is within the linear regime. With radiation-hydrodynamic simulations and a developed simple model, we can reveal that such a novel phenomenon is due to the fact that a sustained deformation of the ablation front is initiated since the ablation pressure is directed to the normal direction of the perturbation surface. We find that this deformation dominates the early-time perturbation evolution and results in a specific stage in addition to the traditional ablative Richtmyer-Meshkov instability phase. Our results can be applicable to various regions such as implosions in inertial confinement fusion and the dynamics of molecular clouds in astrophysics.

[Relationship between maternal and fetal ERAP-1 gene polymorphism and pre-eclampsia].

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the polymorphism of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP-1) gene and the occurrence of pre-eclampsia (PE). Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital from October 2018 to October 2021. A total of 51 PE pregnant women with onset gestational age<34 weeks were selected as the PE group, and 48 normal pregnant women during the same period were selected as the control group. Venous blood samples were collected from the pregnant women before delivery and umbilical cord within 5 minutes after delivery. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of ERAP-1 gene in the pregnant women and their fetus were detected by next-generation sequencing. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze all the SNP loci and alleles detected in the two groups, and the significant SNP were screened. Results: (1) A total of 13 target SNP loci of maternal ERAP-1 gene were selected by univariate analysis. Among them, the frequency distribution of genotypes at 96096828, 96121524, 96121715, 96122260 and 96122281 showed statistically significant differences between PE group and control group (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of PE in pregnant women with TC genotype at locus 96121524 was 2.002 times higher than those with TT genotype (95%CI: 0.687-5.831, P=0.020). (2) A total of 4 target SNP loci of ERAP-1 gene in fetal were selected by univariate analysis, and there was no statistical significance in gene polymorphism of the 4 loci between PE group and control group (all P>0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of PE in fetus with genotype AA at locus 96121406 was 0.236 times that of fetus with genotype GG (95%CI: 0.055-1.025, P=0.016). Conclusion: ERAP-1 gene with TC genotype at 96121524 in the mother and GG genotype at 96121406 in the fetus might be related to the incidence of PE.

[Analysis of early changes in lymphocyte subpopulations after liver transplantation and their correlation with clinical manifestations].

This study aimed to investigate the differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets among patients with different immune statuses in the early postoperative period after liver transplantation, as well as the dynamic changes during the early post-transplantation period. A retrospective study was conducted, selecting a total of 82 patients who underwent liver transplantation at the General Hospital of PLA Southern Theater Command from January, 2018 to December, 2023. Based on the patients' postoperative immune status, they were categorized into stable group (n=40), infection group (n=21), and rejection group (n=21). Peripheral blood samples of 2-3 ml were collected from patients at weeks 1 to 4 postoperatively, and flow cytometry was employed to measure the absolute values of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets. For metric data conforming to normal distribution and homogeneity of variance, multiple group comparisons were conducted using ANOVA and Bonferroni multiple comparisons; for non-normally distributed data, the Kruskal Wallis test was used. Friedman test was used to compare different time periods within 4 weeks after liver transplantation. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the absolute values of lymphocyte subsets among the three groups in the first week after liver transplantation (P>0.05); however, significant differences were observed in the absolute values of lymphocyte subsets among the three groups in the second, third, and fourth weeks postoperatively (P<0.05). In the second week, the rejection group showed significantly higher absolute counts of T cells, CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, NK cells, and B cells compared to the infection group (585.0 vs. 199.0; 324.0 vs.113.0; 188.0 vs.56.0; 57.0 vs.11.0; 145.0 vs.65.0 cells/µl), with statistically significant differences (Z=-3.972, P<0.001; Z=-3.590, P=0.001; Z=-3.978, P<0.001; Z=-3.072, P=0.006; Z=-2.472, P=0.040). In the third week, the rejection group showed significantly higher absolute counts of T cells, CD4+T cells, and CD8+T cells compared to the infection group (660.0 vs.216.0; 350.0 vs.123.0; 184.0 vs.76.0 cells/µl), with statistically significant differences (Z=-3.019, P=0.008; Z=-3.492, P=0.001; Z=-2.845, P=0.013). In the fourth week, the rejection group showed significantly higher absolute counts of T cells, CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, and B cells compared to the infection group (690.0 vs.273.0; 405.0 vs.168.0; 214.0 vs.96.0; 117.0 vs.48.0 cells/µl), with statistically significant differences (Z=-3.379, P=0.002; Z=-3.068, P=0.006; Z=-3.007, P=0.0086; Z=-2.330, P=0.020). Within 4 weeks after liver transplantation, the absolute values of T cells, CD8+T cells, and NK cells in the fourth week were higher than those in the first week, with statistically significant differences (Z=-3.825, P=0.001; Z=-3.466, P=0.003; Z=-3.526, P=0.003); however, the absolute values of B cells showed an overall decreasing trend, and were significantly lower in the fourth week than in the first and second weeks, with statistically significant differences (Z=3.705, P=0.001; Z=2.630, P=0.009). The changes in lymphocyte subset absolute values in the rejection group were more significant than those in the infection group, with T cells, CD4+T cells, and CD8+T cells showing significant increases in the second, third, and fourth weeks postoperatively compared with the first week, with statistically significant differences (Z=-3.466, P=0.003; Z=-4.661, P<0.001; Z=-5.020, P<0.001; Z=-2.749, P=0.036; Z=-4.422, P<0.001; Z=-4.542, P<0.001; Z=-3.466, P=0.003; Z=-3.765, P=0.001; Z=-4.482, P<0.001); NK cell absolute values in the third and fourth weeks postoperatively were significantly higher than those in the first week, with statistically significant differences (Z=-2.570, P=0.061; Z=-3.765, P=0.001). In summary, monitoring the differences and dynamic changes of lymphocyte subsets in patients after liver transplantation may have certain guiding significance for evaluating the immune function status of patients and adjusting treatment plans.

[Knowledge, attitude and practices of adult vaccine among the staff of vaccination units in Shandong Province].

In order to understand the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of vaccination against influenza, pneumonia, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes zoster (HZ), COVID-19, and hepatitis B among staff of vaccination units in Shandong Province, a sample survey was conducted among 797 staffs of adult vaccination units in 12 counties (cities and districts) of Shandong Province from August to September 2022. The results showed that the respondents had the highest total score of knowledge and attitude for the COVID-19 vaccine, with the M (Q1, Q3) of 23 (20, 25) and 10 (10, 10), respectively, and had the lowest score of knowledge and attitude for the herpes zoster vaccine, with the M (Q1, Q3) of 19 (15, 22) and 8 (8, 10), respectively. The vaccine-related knowledge point"vaccine applicable population"had the highest score, with the M (Q1,Q3) of 26 (23, 30). The "contraindications/adverse reactions" and "adverse reaction management" had the lowest score, with the M (Q1, Q3) of 24 (20, 29) and 24 (20, 28), respectively. About 89.71% of respondents received one adult vaccine within two years at least. The principal driver for vaccination of 53.58% of recipients was their understanding of vaccines, which was"it was necessary to receive the vaccine". About 66.00% of respondents who had not received any adult vaccine in the past two years had insufficient awareness of the necessity of vaccination and believed that they were in good health and did not need to receive it. In summary, the staff of adult vaccination units in Shandong Province have a poor understanding of the herpes zoster vaccine in terms of vaccines and a relatively poor understanding of"contraindications/adverse reaction and management"in adult vaccination knowledge points.

[Analysis of pollution status and influencing factors of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in household dust in five cities in northern China].

Objective: To investigate the pollution levels and influencing factors of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in household dust in five cities in northern China. Methods: Based on the "Chinese Indoor Environment and Health Surveillance" project carried out by the National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2018-2019, during the warm season (April 2018 to September 2018) and the cold season (November 2018 to March 2019), Lanzhou in Northwest China, Shijiazhuang in North China, Panjin in Northeast China, Luoyang in Central China, and Qingdao in East China were selected as the research sites. A total of 87 families were recruited to study residences in real-life scenarios. At the same time, dust samples were collected to detect the concentration of PBDEs. The level of household environmental indicators was measured, and the residential building characteristics and family behavior habits were collected through questionnaires. A total of 142 valid dust samples and 140 valid questionnaires were obtained. The differences in PBDE concentrations across seasons, wind zones, residential building characteristics, and family habits were analyzed. The exploratory factor analysis was performed to investigate the possible sources of PBDEs, and multivariate linear regression was used to explore the factors influencing PBDEs in household dust. Results: The M (Q1, Q3) of total PBDE concentrations in 142 household dust samples in five cities was 144.51 (106.61, 222.65) ng/g in the warm season and 145.10 (98.57, 180.65) ng/g in the cold season, respectively. There were seasonal differences in the concentration of ∑12PBDEs in Luoyang and Shijiazhuang (P<0.01). The concentration of BDE-71 was highest among PBDE homologues, followed by BDE-66 and BDE-47. Three factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis in the warm season, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 67.90%. The multivariate linear regression showed that the house completion less than ten years [ß (95%CI): 0.186 (0.013, 0.359)], infrequent home cooking [ß (95%CI):-0.342 (-0.570, -0.114)], and increased residential PM10 concentration [ß (95%CI): 0.001 (0.000, 0.002)] during the warm season, as well as the house far from driveway [ß (95%CI): 0.093 (0.013, 0.172)], house area less than 90 m2 [ß (95%CI):-0.138 (-0.264, -0.013)], and lower residential xylene concentration [ß (95%CI):-0.006 (-0.011, -0.001)] during the cold season might be related to the elevated concentrations of ∑12PBDEs in household dust. Conclusion: The pollution of PBDEs in household dust in five northern cities is at a medium to high level. Years of house completion, frequency of cooking at home, residential PM10 concentration, distance from house to driveway, house area, and residential xylene concentration may influence household PBDE concentrations.

[Emphasis on Post-ICU Syndrome].

With the development of technology and medicine, the mortality rate of intensive care unit (ICU) has declined significantly, and more and more professionals in the medical field are also aware that the disability rate of ICU survivors remains high. More than 70% of ICU survivors have Post-ICU Syndrome (PICS), which is mainly manifested by cognitive, physical, and mental dysfunction, which seriously affects the quality of life of survivors and their caregivers. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought a series of problems such as shortage of medical staff, restricted family visits, and lack of personalized care, which have brought unprecedented challenges to the prevention of PICS and the care of patients with severe COVID-19. In the future, the treatment of ICU patients should change from reducing short-term mortality to improving long-term quality of life of patients, from disease-centered to health-centered, and to practice " the health promotion, the prevention, the diagnosis, the control, the treatment, and the rehabilitation " six-in-one concept to promote comprehensive health care with pulmonary rehabilitation.

[Regional analysis of high risk factors of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy with organ or system impairment].

Objective: To explore the influencing factors of pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) with organ or system impairment in pregnant women, and to analyze and compare the differences of HDP subtypes in different regions of China. Methods: A total of 27 680 pregnant women with HDP with complete data from 161 hospitals in 24 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities were retrospectively collected from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018. According to their clinical manifestations, they were divided into hypertension group [a total of 10 308 cases, including 8 250 cases of gestational hypertension (GH), 2 058 cases of chronic hypertension during pregnancy] and hypertension with organ or system impairment group [17 372 cases, including 14 590 cases of pre-eclampsia (PE), 137 cases of eclampsia, 2 645 cases of chronic hypertension with PE]. The subtype distribution of HDP in East China (6 136 cases), North China (4 821 cases), Central China (3 502 cases), South China (8 371 cases), Northeast China (1 456 cases), Southwest China (2 158 cases) and Northwest China (1 236 cases) were analyzed. By comparing the differences of HDP subtypes and related risk factors in different regions, regional analysis of the risk factors of HDP pregnant women with organ or system impairment was conducted. Results: (1) The proportions of HDP pregnant women with organ or system impairment in Northeast China (79.05%, 1 151/1 456), Central China (68.42%, 2 396/3 502) and Northwest China (69.34%, 857/1 236) were higher than the national average (62.76%, 17 372/27 680); the proportions in North China (59.18%, 2 853/4 821), East China (60.85%, 3 734/6 136) and South China (59.56%, 4 986/8 371) were lower than the national average, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). (2) Univariate analysis showed that the proportions of primiparas, non-Han, non-urban household registration, irregular prenatal examination and PE history in the hypertension with organ or system impairment group were higher than those in the hypertension group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that primiparas, non-Han, non-urban household registration, irregular prenatal examination and PE history were independent risk factors for HDP pregnant women with organ or system impairment (all P<0.05). (3) Primipara: the rates of primipara in Northeast China, North China and Southwest China were higher than the national average level, while those in South China, Central China and Northwest China were lower than the national average level. Non-Han nationality: the rates of non-Han nationality in Northeast China, North China and Northwest China were higher than the national average, while those in East China, South China and Central China were lower than the national average. Non-urban household registration: the rates of non-urban household registration in Northeast China, North China, and Southwest China were lower than the national average, while those in East China, Central China were higher than the national average. Irregular prenatal examination: the rates of irregular prenatal examination in North China, South China and Southwest regions were lower than the national average level, while those in Northeast China, Central China and Northwest China were higher than the national average level. History of PE: the incidence rates of PE in Northeast China, North China, South China and Southwest China were lower than the national average level, while those in Central China and Northwest China were higher than the national average level. Conclusions: Primiparas, non-Han, non-urban household registration, irregular prenatal examination, and PE history are risk factors for HDP pregnant women with organ or system impairment. Patients in Northeast, Central and Northwest China have more risk factors, and are more likely to be accompanied by organ or system function damage. It is important to strengthen the management of pregnant women and reduce the occurrence of HDP.

[Preliminary study of PPARA regulate the ferroptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma to prevent disease deterioration].

To explore whether PPARA is involved in the process of ferroptosis in hepatoma cells, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPARA) was comprehensively analyzed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through public database and experimental data, including the expression, the functions and the potential roles of tumor progression. The research design is experimental research,data analysis based on bioinformatics and cell experiment. From January 2022 to August 2022, relevant cell experiments were conducted in the Basic Medical Laboratory of the General Hospital of the Southern Theatre of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. The expression and the correlation with clinicopathologic features of PPARA in HCC were analyzed by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. To study the protein expression of PPARA in HCC and normal tissues through the Human Protein Atlas (HPA). The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network between PPARA and the core factor of ferroptosis was constructed based on Search Tool for the Retrival of Interacting Genes/Protein (STRING) database, then, the correlation between PPARA and the core gene Glutamate-cysteine Ligase Catalytic Subunit (GCLC) was analyzed by Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). Assessed the expression of PPARA in HCC cell lines SK-HEP-1, SMMC-7721, MHCC-97H, BEL-7402 and normal liver cell L02 by Western Blot (WB) and the changes of PPARA expression after 48h treatment with ferroptosis inducer Erastin were observed. Single factor analysis of variance was used to compare the expression of PPARA between groups in GEPIA database. The expression of PPARA in GSE25097 and GSE112790 data was compared by rank sum test. Survival analysis was performed using time series test method. The difference of PPARA expression between clinical and pathological features was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The correlation between the expression of GCLC and PPARA was compared by the method of Spearman correlation. The expression of PPARA in cell lines was compared by paired T test. The results showed that the RNA and protein expression of PPARA in HCC was lower than that in normal tissues (P<0.05). PPARA alterations were correlated with patient clinicopathological features and prognosis (P<0.05). The PPI constructed by STRING database suggests that PPARA interact with the key factors of ferroptosis, such as NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2 (NFE2L2), Heme Oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), Tumor Protein P53 (TP53), GCLC, Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4), Citrate Synthase (CS), Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase (ALOX15) and Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long Chain Family Member 4 (ACSL4). Furthermore, the PPARA was significantly associated with GCLC validated via GEPIA database(R=0.6, P<0.05). The expression of PPARA increased after treatment with ferroptosis inducer Erastin for 48 h by WB. In conclusion, the expression of PPARA is lower in HCC with a poor prognosis. PPARA interacts with GCLC in regulating ferroptosis in HCC.

[Investigation and analysis on knowledge, attitude and behavior about adult vaccination of the residents in Shandong Province].

Objective: To understand the knowledge, attitude and behavior of adult residents on influenza, pneumococcus, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes zoster (HZ), COVID-19, hepatitis B and rabies vaccination in Shandong Province. Methods: From August to September 2022, a multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to investigate community-dwelling residents aged 18 years old and above in 12 counties (cities and districts) of Shandong Province. A questionnaire survey was used to collect the basic information of the respondents, such as knowledge, attitude and vaccination behavior of influenza, pneumococcus, HPV, HZ, COVID-19, hepatitis B and rabies vaccine. Analysis of variance was used to compare the differences in the respondents' knowledge and attitude scores of different vaccines. The Chi-square test was conducted to compare the differences in vaccination reasons among different characteristics, and a logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of vaccination behavior. Results: The median age (Q1, Q3) of the 2 754 respondents was 39 (29, 57) years ranging from 18 to 94 years, with a number of 1 234 (44.81%) males. The average score of the respondents' understanding of various knowledge about adult vaccines was less than 4 points, with the highest score for understanding which diseases can be prevented by adult vaccines. The average score of consent and necessity for adult vaccines to prevent diseases was greater than 3.6 points. In terms of knowledge demand and trust in information channels, there was a high level of trust in the recommendations of vaccination outpatient staff and clinical doctors [with scores of (4.15±0.79) and (4.02±0.80), respectively]. The highest demand for information on vaccination safety knowledge was (4.18±0.84) points. In recent two years, 52.11% of the population had been vaccinated with other vaccines in addition to the COVID-19 vaccine and rabies vaccine, and 45.44% of the population felt it was necessary to be vaccinated through media publicity. Women, age growth, high education level, and high-income level were the promoting factors for adopting vaccination behavior. Conclusion: Adult residents in Shandong Province have a basic understanding and supportive attitude towards vaccination, but the vaccination behavior rate is still relatively low, with significant differences in sex, age, education level, and income level. It is necessary to further increase efforts in the breadth and depth of adult vaccination promotion and education, as well as promotion strategies targeting different populations.

[Investigation and analysis on the establishment and operation of adult vaccination clinics in Shandong Province].

Objective: To understand the setting of adult vaccination clinics and the situation of adult vaccination in Shandong province, and provide the date basis for the construction and development of adult vaccination clinics in Shandong province. Methods: Multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling was used to survey the settings, personnel allocation, operation status, and adult vaccination status of child-adult vaccination clinics and adult vaccination clinics. A random sampling survey was conducted for hydrophobia vaccination clinics in 12 counties (cities, districts) of Shandong province. The settings and vaccination status of different types of adult vaccination clinics were compared and analyzed using analysis of variance or χ2-test. Results: Among the investigated counties (cities, districts), the child-adult vaccination clinics, the adult vaccination clinics, and the hydrophobia vaccination clinics accounted for 59.51%, 7.97% and 32.52%, respectively. The construction model could be divided into three models: child-adult vaccination clinic model, child-adult and hydrophobia vaccination clinic model, child-adult, adult and hydrophobia vaccination clinic model. The child-adult vaccination clinics had been set up for a long time (≥3 years accounted for 94.33%) and were set up by public primary medical institutions (public institutions accounted for 93.81% and primary institutions accounted for 92.78%). Each vaccination clinic was equipped with full-time and part-time staff of (3.19±3.01) and (3.72±4.32). The adult vaccination clinics had been set up for a short time (≥3 years accounted for 94.33%) and were set up by public/private primary/secondary medical institutions in urban areas (urban areas accounted for 100%, primary institutions accounted for 69.23%, and private institutions accounted for 57.69%). Each vaccination clinic was equipped with full-time and part-time staff of (2.46±2.87) and (3.08±3.53). The coverage of influenza vaccine (InfV), human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV) and hepatitis B vaccine (Hep B) reached 100%, 98.45% and 97.42% in children-adult vaccination clinics, and 88.46%, 84.62% and 73.08% in adult vaccination clinics, respectively. The hydrophobia vaccination clinics only provided rabies vaccine for human use (RabV) and tetanus vaccine (TV) vaccination simultaneously. A total of 819.8 thousand doses of adult vaccines were administered in 2021. The adult inoculation doses of RabV, lnfV and HPV accounted for 42.60%, 27.47% and 17.54% of the total inoculation doses, respectively. The inoculation doses of InfV, HPV and RabV accounted for 49.33%, 21.97% and 13.80% of child-adult vaccination clinics, respectively. The inoculation doses of HPV, HepB and RabV accounted for 49.36%, 15.40% and 14.71% of adult vaccination clinics, respectively. The proportion of RabV reached 94.44% in the hydrophobia vaccination clinics alone. Conclusion: Adult vaccination is at the initial stage in Shandong province. The children's vaccination clinic is mainly responsible for adult vaccination. The variety of adult vaccines is relatively concentrated, and the adult vaccination rate is lower. The construction and publicity of adult vaccination should be further strengthened.

[Analysis of adult vaccination in Shandong Province from 2018 to 2022].

Objective: To analyze the utilization of adult vaccination among people aged 18 and above in Shandong Province from 2018 to 2022. Methods: Data on vaccination units in 2022 and individual cases of vaccination information for people aged 18 and above were extracted from the Shandong Immunization Information System. A descriptive analysis was conducted on the distribution of adult vaccination units and adult vaccination varieties. The total vaccination amount and vaccination rate were calculated. Results: By the end of 2022, there were 3 948 vaccination units providing adult vaccination in Shandong Province, with 0.36 adult vaccination clinics per 10 000 people. Adult vaccination including RabV(rabies vaccine for human use), InfV(influenza vaccine), HPV(human papillomavirus), HepB(hepatitis B vaccine), PPV23(23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine), MenACYW135(meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine group ACYW135), MMR(measles, mumps and rubella combined attenuated live vaccine), HEV(hepatitise E vaccine), RZV(recombinant zoster vaccine), TV(tetanus vaccine) and HF(haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome vaccine) vaccines were administered, with a cumulative dose of 40.056 9 million and an average of 0.1 doses per person per year from 2018 to 2022. The top three vaccines were RabV, InfV and HPV, accounting for 31.48%, 22.57%, and 15.93% of the total vaccination amount, respectively. The annual vaccination dose for adults increased from 3.477 3 million in 2018 to 13.308 6 million in 2022, with an average annual growth rate of 56.55%. The cumulative 5-year doses of RabV and TV were 15.90 doses per 100 people and 0.21 doses per 100 people. The average annual vaccination rate of InfV was 2.28%. The cumulative full vaccination rates of HPV, HepB, PPV23 and RZV were 12.44%, 1.61%, 0.52% and 0.17%, respectively. The cumulative 5-year doses of RabV and TV were 29.19 doses per 100 people and 0.43 doses per 100 people in the age group of 20 to<30 years old. The vaccination rates of InfV and PPV23 were 9.08% and 1.27% in the age group of 70 to<80 years old. The vaccination rate of RZV was 0.11% in the age group of 50 to<60 years old. The HPV vaccination rate was 18.09% in the age group of 20 to<30 years old, and the HepB, MenACYW135, MMR and HEV vaccination rates were 6.21%, 9.55%, 2.65%, and 2.83% in the 18-19 age group, respectively. Conclusion: There are relatively few types of adult vaccination in Shandong Province, with narrow coverage and low vaccination rates.

[Feasibility analysis of adult vaccination in children's vaccination clinic in Shandong Province].

Objective: To investigate the operation of children's vaccination clinics in Shandong Province, simulate the efficiency of vaccination capacity utilization, and explore the feasibility of carrying out adult vaccination in children's vaccination clinics. Methods: Using the extreme hypothesis method to determine the maximum vaccination capacity of children's vaccination clinics. Based on on-site surveys, population, and vaccination rate data, simulation parameters were determined, and the simulation method was used to simulate the utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity in different scenarios of children's vaccination clinics. Results: There were 2 654 children's vaccination clinics by the end of 2021 in Shandong province. There was (6.93±4.02) staff per vaccination clinic, with an average opening day of (4.16±2.19) days per week. In the scenario of only vaccinating children, the utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity during the non-influenza vaccination season was only 30.74% and 14.07% in urban and rural vaccination clinics, respectively. During the influenza vaccination season, the utilization efficiency of the vaccination capacity of urban vaccination clinics reached 49.26% when the child influenza vaccination rate reached 20%. In the scenario of simultaneous vaccination of children and adults, the utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity during the non-influenza vaccination season was 41.48% and 18.52% in urban and rural vaccination clinics, respectively. During the influenza vaccination season, the utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity in urban vaccination clinics reached 51.47% when the influenza vaccination rate of the entire population reached 3%. The utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity in rural vaccination clinics reached 52.44% when the influenza vaccination rate of the entire population reached 20%. Conclusion: The accessibility of children's vaccination is good in Shandong province, and the utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity can meet the current vaccination needs of children and adults. The vaccination capacity in urban areas needs to be strengthened to meet the growing vaccination needs of children and adults in the future.

[Protective effect of anti-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis drug Pirfenidone and Sufenidone (SC1011) on pulmonary injury induced by tuberculosis in a mouse tuberculosis model].

Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of anti-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) marketed drug Pirfenidone and its clinical drug Sufenidone (SC1011) against lung injury in a mouse tuberculosis model. Methods: C57BL/6 mouse model of tuberculosis was established. A total of 75 C57BL/6 mice were infected with 1×107 CFU/ml H37Rv suspension by aerosol and randomly divided into untreated (n=9) group, isoniazid+rifampicin+pyrazinamide (HRZ) group (n=22), PFD+HRZ group (n=22), and SC1011+HRZ group (n=22). C57BL/6 mice were infected with H37Rv by aerosol for 6 weeks and then treated. Seven mice in each treatment group were weighed, sacrificed, dissected and observed for lung and spleen lesions at 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. HE staining and Masson staining were used to assess degree of lung injury and fibrosis, respectively. ELISA was used to assess the IFN-γ/TNF-α content in the serum of mice in each treatment group after 4 weeks of treatment. Hydroxyproline (HYP) content in lung tissue was measured by alkaline hydrolysis; meanwhile, CFU counts were used to assess the bacterial load in the lung and spleen of mice in each treatment group and the recurrence of spleen and lung tissue after 12 weeks of drug withdrawal. Results: At 8 weeks, the HYP content in the lung tissue was (630±58), (635±17), and (840±70) µg/mg in the PFD+HRZ, SC1011+HRZ, and HRZ treatment group, respectively (P<0.05).At 8 weeks, the proportion of Masson staining blue-stained area, that was, positive area, in lung tissue was 16.65%±1.82%, 10.01%±2.16%, and 21.36%±3.21%, respectively (F=27.11, P<0.001).The lung injury scores by HE staining at 8 weeks were (5.00±0.50), (5.00±0.47), and (6.89±0.99) points, respectively (F=19.81, P<0.001).The results of 4-week ELISA showed that the levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ in the serum of the SC1011+HRZ-treated group were lower than those of the HRZ-treated group (all P<0.05).The degree of lung injury and fibrosis in PFD+HRZ and SC1011+HRZ treatment groups were lower than those in HRZ treatment group (all P<0.001). The number of viable bacteria in the lung tissue of mice treated with PFD+HRZ, SC1011+HRZ, and HRZ for 4 weeks was lower than that of mice untreated [(1.82±0.10), (1.91±0.05), (1.79±0.17) vs. (5.27±0.07) lg(CFU+1)/ml, all P<0.05)]. And the aseptic transformation of the spleen of mice was achieved in each treatment group at 8 weeks of administration. After 12 weeks of drug withdrawal, the recurrence of lung infection in the SC1011+HRZ treatment group was 3/7 lower than 5/7 in the HRZ treatment group (P>0.05); the recurrence of spleen infection in the SC1011+HRZ treatment group was 1/7 lower than 5/7 in the HRZ treatment group (P>0.05).Pulmonary infection recurred more frequently in PFD+HRZ 6/7 versus HRZ 5/7 (P>0.05). Conclusions: PFD/SC1011, when combined with HRZ, reduced lung injury and reduced secondary fibrosis in pulmonary tuberculosis in C57BL/6 mice. SC1011 combined with HRZ has no significant short-term therapeutic effect on MTB, but may reduce its recurrence rate in long-term treatment, especially in reducing the recurrence rate of mouse spleen.

[Study on the related factors of antiviral treatment in previously reported hepatitis C patients based on the Andersen model].

Objective: To understand the basic characteristics of previously reported patients with hepatitis C and analyze the related factors affecting their antiviral treatment. Methods: A convenient sampling method was adopted. Patients who had been previously diagnosed with hepatitis C in the Wenshan Prefecture of Yunnan Province and Xuzhou City of Jiangsu Province were contacted by telephone for an interview study. The Andersen health service utilization behavior model and related literature were used to design the research framework for antiviral treatment in previously reported hepatitis C patients. A step-by-step multivariate regression analysis was used in previously reported hepatitis C patients treated with antiviral therapy. Results: A total of 483 hepatitis C patients, aged 51.73 ± 12.06 years, were investigated. The proportion of male, agricultural occupants who were registered permanent residents, farmers and migrant workers was 65.24%, 67.49%, and 58.18%, respectively. Han ethnicity (70.81%), married (77.02%), and junior high school and below educational level (82.61%) were the main ones. Multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed that married patients with hepatitis C (OR = 3.19, 95% CI: 1.93-5.25, compared with unmarried, divorced, and widowed patients) with high school education or above (OR = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.54-4.20, compared with patients with junior high school education or below) were more likely to receive antiviral treatment in the predisposition module. Patients with severe self-perceived hepatitis C in the need factor module (compared with patients with mild self-perceived disease, OR = 3.36, 95% CI: 2.09-5.40) were more likely to receive treatment. In the competency module, the family's per capita monthly income was more than 1,000 yuan (compared with patients with per capita monthly income below 1,000 yuan, OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.02-2.47), and the patients had a high level of awareness of hepatitis C knowledge (compared with patients with a low level of knowledge, OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.01-2.35), and the family members who knew the patient's infection status (compared with patients with an unknown infection status, OR = 4.59, 95% CI: 2.24-9.39) were more likely to receive antiviral treatment. Conclusion: Different income, educational, and marital statuses are related to antiviral treatment behavior in hepatitis C patients. Family support of hepatitis C patients receiving hepatitis C-related knowledge and their families knowing the infection status is more important in promoting the antiviral treatment of patients, suggesting that in the future, we should further strengthen the hepatitis C knowledge of hepatitis C patients, especially the family support of hepatitis C patients' families in treatment.

[Urodynamic and histological evaluation of cyclophosphamide-induced bladder pain syndrome in SD rats].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a model of bladder pain syndrome in SD rats by cyclophosphamide intraperitoneal injection, to evaluate the effectiveness of the model from the urodynamic and histological levels, to lay a zoological foundation for the clinical study of bladder pain syndrome, and to further guide clinical treatment. METHODS: Thirty-two 8-week-old SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, including acute test group, acute control group, chronic test group, and chronic control group, with 8 rats in each group. The acute test group received intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide 150 mg/kg immediately after the measurement of urodynamic data on the first day, and urodynamic examination was performed again 2 days later. After that, the rats were sacrificed to obtain bladder tissue. In the chronic test group, after measuring the baseline data of urodynamics on the first day, cyclophosphamide 75 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected on the first, fourth, and seventh days, and the rats were sacrificed after measuring the urodynamic data again on the eighth day to obtain bladder tissue. The acute control group and the chronic control group were injected with the same amount of normal saline during intraperitoneal injection, and the urodynamic testing time point were consistent with the corresponding test groups. Histopathological changes of the bladder were assessed by HE staining. RESULTS: In each acute and chronic group, there were no intragroup differences in baseline urodynamic levels between the test and control groups. The urodynamic maximum bladder volume was significantly reduced in the acute test group after administration(t=-2.961, P < 0.05), histologically, severe interstitial edema, obvious inflammatory cell infiltration, mucosal edema and submucosal hemorrhage, and partial urothelium were absent could be seen, which were consistent with acute cystitis performance. The urodynamic maximum bladder capacity was significantly reduced in the chronic test group after administration (t=-3.886, P < 0.05), and the bladder compliance was lower than that in the control group, but not significant, the histological manifestations were urothelial exfoliation, interstitial edema, submucosal hemorrhage, infiltration of inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes, and dense vascular distribution. CONCLUSION: In the acute test group, a single intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide could induce acute bladder inflammation in the rats. In the chronic test group, repeated injections of cyclophosphamide could induce histological changes in chronic inflammation of chronic bladder pain syndrome in the rats. But the bladder function was not significantly impaired.

[Study of incidence and economic burden of herpes zoster based on community investigation among the aged in Laiwu district, Jinan city, Shandong Province of China].

Objective: To understand the incidence and economic burden of herpes zoster among the aged in Laiwu district, Jinan city. Methods: Retrospective cohort study was conducted in 5 communities in Laiwu District, Jinan City from July to September, 2019. A total of 8 300 residents born before July 1, 1959 and aged ≥60 years old were included in the investigation. At the same time, an economic burden survey was carried out among 220 cases who developed herpes zoster after July 1, 2017. A questionnaire was used to collect information on incidence and economic burden of HZ, and comparisons were carried out about the incidence and economic burden of herpes zoster among older people with different characteristics. Results: The age of 8 300 subjects was (71.46±6.71) years old. Male and female accounted for 44.10% and 55.90%, respectively. The cumulative incidence of disease after the age of 60 was 73.61‰ among population aged ≥60 years old. The cumulative incidence was 28.03‰, 71.26‰, 86.09‰, 93.48‰ and 88.10‰ among population aged 60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79 and ≥80 years old,respectively. The average annual incidence of HZ was 9.49‰ and annual incidence was 7.59‰, 7.23‰, 8.43‰, 10.24‰ and 13.98‰ in 2014-2018, respectively. HZ cost was (2 626±667) RMB per patient with a median cost of 715 RMB (interquartile range 303-2 358) on 220 cases who developed disease after July 1, 2017. The cost of outpatient cases was (1 329±1 835) RMB per patient with a median cost of 560 RMB (interquartile range 300-1 320), and the cost of inpatient cases was (14 303±16 571) RMB per patient with a median cost of 8 190 RMB (interquartile range 4 368-15 160). Conclusion: The incidence of HZ is high among population aged≥60 years old, which could cause heavy economic burden for them.

Genome-wide selection signal analysis of Australian Boer goat reveals artificial selection imprinting on candidate genes related to muscle development.

As one of the best-known commercial goat breeds in the world, Boer goat has undergone long-term artificial selection for nearly 100 years, and its excellent growth rate and meat production performance have attracted considerable worldwide attention. Herein, we used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) called from the whole-genome sequencing data of 46 Australian Boer goats to detect polymorphisms and identify genomic regions related to muscle development in comparison with those of 81 non-specialized meat goat individuals from Europe, Africa, and Asia. A total of 13 795 202 SNPs were identified, and the whole-genome selective signal screen with a π ratio of nucleotide diversity (πcase /πcontrol ) and pairwise fixation index (FST ) was analyzed. Finally, we identified 1741 candidate selective windows based on the top 5% threshold of both parameters; here, 449 candidate genes were only found in 727 of these regions. A total of 433 genes out of the 449 genes obtained were annotated to 2729 gene ontology terms, of which 51 were directly linked to muscle development (e.g., muscle organ development, muscle cell differentiation) by 30 candidate genes (e.g., JAK2, KCNQ1, PDE5A, PDLIM5, TBX5). In addition, 246 signaling pathways were annotated by 178 genes, and two pathways related to muscle contraction, including vascular smooth muscle contraction (ADCY7, PRKCB, PLA2G4E, ROCK2) and cardiac muscle contraction (CACNA2D3, CASQ2, COX6B1), were identified. The results could improve the current understanding of the genetic effects of artificial selection on the muscle development of goat. More importantly, this study provides valuable candidate genes for future breeding of goats.

[Therapeutic effects of sacral neuromodulation on detrusor underactivity].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) on detrusor underactivity (DUA). METHODS: From December 2019 to April 2020, 6 patients with DUA who had been treated with SNM were assessed retrospectively. The average age was 58 years (46-65 years), with 3 males and 3 females. All the patients were diagnosed with DUA by urodynamics examination. Obstruction of bladder outlet was excluded through the cystoscopy. No patient had the history of neurological disease. All the patients were placed with the bladder colostomy tube before SNM. One female patient accepted the trans-urethral resection of bladder neck. Two male patients accepted the trans-urethral resection of prostate. All the 3 patients had no improvement of void symptom after the urethral operation. Before SNM, the average 24 h times of voiding was 23.8 (18-33), average volume of every voiding was 34.2 mL (10-50 mL), average residual volume was 421.7 mL (350-520 mL). The preoperative and postoperative 24 h urine frequency, average voided volume, and average residual urine volume were compared respectively. RESULTS: Totally 6 patients underwent SNM with stage Ⅰ procedure. The operation time for stage Ⅰ procedure was 62-135 min (average 90 min). After an average follow-up of two weeks, stage Ⅱ procedure was performed on responders. Four patients accepted stage Ⅱ procedure (conversion rate 66.7%), the other two patients refused the stage Ⅱ procedure because the urine frequency did not reach the satisfied level. But all the patients had the improvement of residual urine volume. For the 4 patients at the follow-up of 10-15 months, the improvement of void was still obvious. For the all patients after stage Ⅰ procedure, the average 24 h urine frequency reduced to 13.5 times (9-18 times, P < 0.001), the average voided volume increased to 192.5 mL (150-255 mL, P < 0.001), and the average residual urine volume reduced to 97.5 mL (60-145 mL, P < 0.001). No adverse events, such as wound infection or electrode translocation were detected during an average follow-up of 11.3 months. Only one of the 4 patients who received the stage Ⅱ procedure did the intermittent catheterization for one time each day. CONCLUSION: SNM provides a minimal invasive approach for the management of DUA.

[Comparative analysis of high risk factors between early-onset pre-eclampsia and late-onset pre-eclampsia].

Objective: To explore the difference of high-risk factors between early-onset and late-onset pre-eclampsia, and to further understand high-risk factors of pre-eclampsia. Methods: Clinical data of pre-eclampsia pregnant women in 160 medical institutions in China in 2018 were retrospectively analyzed, including 8 031 cases of early-onset pre-eclampsia and 12 969 cases of late-onset pre-eclampsia. The proportion of high-risk factors, different body mass index (BMI) and age stratification between early-onset group and late-onset group were compared. Results: (1) Univariate analysis of high-risk factors: the proportions of high-risk factors in early-onset group and late-onset group were compared, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Among them, the proportions of primipara and multiple pregnancy in early-onset group were lower than those in late-onset group, while the proportions of pregnant women with advanced age, irregular antenatal examination, obesity, family history of hypertension, pre-eclampsia, diabetes, kidney diseases, immune system diseases and assisted reproductive technology were higher than those in late-onset group. (2) Hierarchical analysis of BMI: the proportion of pregnant women with BMI≥24 kg/m2 in early-onset group [48.2% (2 828/5 872) vs 45.5% (4 177/9 181), respectively; P=0.001] and the proportion of pregnant women with BMI ≥28 kg/m2 in early-onset group [19.5% (1 143/5 872) vs 18.0% (1 656/9 181), respectively; P=0.028] were significantly higher than those in late-onset group. (3) Age stratification analysis: the proportion of pregnant women aged 35-39 years in the early-onset group [21.8% (1 748/8 023) vs 17.5% (2 110/12 068), respectively; P<0.01], the proportion of pregnant women 40-44 years old [6.8% (544/8 023) vs 5.4% (648/12 068), respectively; P<0.01], and the proportion of pregnant women ≥45 years old [0.7% (58/8 023) vs 0.5% (57/12 068), respectively; P=0.021] were significantly higher than those in the late-onset group. (4) Multivariate analysis: advanced age (≥35 years old), multiple pregnancy, irregular antenatal examination or transfer from other hospitals, family history of hypertension (including paternal, maternal and parental lines), previous history of pre-eclampsia, kidney diseases, immune system diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome) and assisted reproductive technology pregnancy were the risk factors affecting the severity of pre-eclampsia (all P<0.05). Conclusion: Pregnant women with high risk factors such as age ≥35 years old, BMI ≥24 kg/m2 before pregnancy, family history of hypertension, history of pre-eclampsia, chronic kidney diseases, immune diseases (mainly including systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome) and assisted reproductive technology are more likely to have early-onset pre-eclampsia.