Tough and fatigue-resistant polymer networks by crack tip softening.

Soft materials fail by crack propagation under external loads. While fracture toughness of a soft material can be enhanced by orders of magnitude, its fatigue threshold remains insusceptible. In this work, we demonstrate a crack tip softening (CTS) concept to simultaneously improve the toughness and threshold of a single polymeric network. Polyacrylamide hydrogels have been selected as a model material. The polymer network is cured by two kinds of crosslinkers: a normal crosslinker and a light-degradable crosslinker. We characterize the pristine sample and light-treated sample by shear modulus, fracture toughness, fatigue threshold, and fractocohesive length. Notably, we apply light at the crack tip of a sample so that the light-sensitive crosslinkers degrade, resulting in a CTS sample with a softer and elastic crack tip. The pristine sample has a fracture toughness of 748.3 ± 15.19 J/m2 and a fatigue threshold of 9.3 J/m2. By comparison, the CTS sample has a fracture toughness of 2,774.6 ± 127.14 J/m2 and a fatigue threshold of 33.8 J/m2. Both fracture toughness and fatigue threshold have been enhanced by about four times. We attribute this simultaneous enhancement to stress de-concentration and elastic shielding at the crack tip. Different from the "fiber/matrix composite" concept and the "crystallization at the crack tip" concept, the CTS concept in the present work provides another option to simultaneously enhance the toughness and threshold, which improves the reliability of soft devices during applications.

Coherent perfect absorption from asymmetry transmissive Helmholtz resonator metamaterials.

We propose an asymmetry transmissive (AT) Helmholtz resonator metamaterial to interact with dual incidences of different polarizations from opposite directions to achieve coherent perfect absorption at a terahertz regime. More specifically, the proposed design will solely allow the x-polarized incidence tunnel into the Helmholtz resonator cavity array with roughly half the energy reflected. Meanwhile, the transmitted fields will be converted into the y-polarized counterparts so as to go out through the metamaterial and finally coherent canceled with the partially reflected fields of the other incidence. Our design, introducing the Helmholtz resonator array in the electromagnetics with an extension of the principle of polarization conversion under the coherent perfect absorption, should pave the way for the quest of building up more advanced wave trapping meta-devices for various applications in different disciplines.

Green nanopriming: responses of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seedlings to alfalfa extracts capped and light-induced silver nanoparticles.

The application of nanotechnology in agriculture can remarkably improve the cultivation and growth of crop plants. Many studies showed that nanoparticles (NPs) made plants grow more vigorously. Light can make NPs aggregated, leading to the reduction of the NPs toxicity. In addition, treatment with NPs had a "hormesis effect" on plants. In this study, light-induced silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by using the alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) extracts, and then the optimal synthetic condition was determined. Light-induced AgNPs were aggregated, spherical and pink, and they were coated with esters, phenols, acids, terpenes, amino acids and sugars, which were the compositions of alfalfa extracts. The concentration of free Ag+ was less than 2 % of the AgNPs concentration. Through nanopriming, Ag+ got into the seedlings and caused the impact of AgNPs on alfalfa. Compared with the control group, low concentration of light-induced AgNPs had a positive effect on the photosynthesis. It was also harmless to the leaf cells, and there was no elongation effect on shoots. Although high concentration of AgNPs was especially beneficial to root elongation, it had a slight toxic effect on seedlings due to the accumulation of silver. With the increase of AgNPs concentration, the content of silver in the seedlings increased and the silver enriched in plants was at the mg/kg level. Just as available research reported the toxicity of NPs can be reduced by using suitable synthesis and application methods, the present light induction, active material encapsulation and nanopriming minimized the toxicity of AgNPs to plants, enhancing the antioxidant enzyme system.

Effects of shade stress on turfgrasses morphophysiology and rhizosphere soil bacterial communities.

BACKGROUND: The shade represents one of the major environmental limitations for turfgrass growth. Shade influences plant growth and alters plant metabolism, yet little is known about how shade affects the structure of rhizosphere soil microbial communities and the role of soil microorganisms in plant shade responses. In this study, a glasshouse experiment was conducted to examine the impact of shade on the growth and photosynthetic capacity of two contrasting shade-tolerant turfgrasses, shade-tolerant dwarf lilyturf (Ophiopogon japonicus, OJ) and shade-intolerant perennial turf-type ryegrass (Lolium perenne, LP). We also examined soil-plant feedback effects on shade tolerance in the two turfgrass genotypes. The composition of the soil bacterial community was assayed using high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS: OJ maintained higher photosynthetic capacity and root growth than LP under shade stress, thus OJ was found to be more shade-tolerant than LP. Shade-intolerant LP responded better to both shade and soil microbes than shade-tolerant OJ. The shade and live soil decreased LP growth, but increased biomass allocation to shoots in the live soil. The plant shade response index of LP is higher in live soil than sterile soil, driven by weakened soil-plant feedback under shade stress. In contrast, there was no difference in these values for OJ under similar shade and soil treatments. Shade stress had little impact on the diversity of the OJ and the LP bacterial communities, but instead impacted their composition. The OJ soil bacterial communities were mostly composed of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. Further pairwise fitting analysis showed that a positive correlation of shade-tolerance in two turfgrasses and their bacterial community compositions. Several soil properties (NO3--N, NH4+-N, AK) showed a tight coupling with several major bacterial communities under shade stress. Moreover, OJ shared core bacterial taxa known to promote plant growth and confer tolerance to shade stress, which suggests common principles underpinning OJ-microbe interactions. CONCLUSION: Soil microorganisms mediate plant responses to shade stress via plant-soil feedback and shade-induced change in the rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure for OJ and LP plants. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding plant-soil interactions and their role in the mechanisms underlying shade tolerance in shade-tolerant turfgrasses.

Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and dose assessment of Cefquinome against Escherichia coli in black swans (Cygnus atratus).

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to investigate pharmacokinetics and dose regimens of cefquinome in black swans following intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration at a single dose of 2 mg/kg. The MICs of cefquinome against 49 Escherichia coli isolates from black swans were determined. Monte Carlo simulation was applied to conduct the dose regimen assessment and optimization of cefquinome against E. coli in black swans, and a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) cutoff was established for E. coli isolates obtained in this study. RESULTS: The PK parameters of T1/2α (0.31 h), T1/2ß (1.69 h) and ClB (0.13 L/kg·h) indicated a rapid distribution and elimination of cefquinome in black swans after IV administration. After IM injection, the corresponding PK parameters of T1/2Ka, T1/2Ke, Tmax, Cmax, and F were 0.12 h, 1.62 h, 0.39 h, 5.71 µg/mL and 74.2%, respectively. The MICs of cefquinome against black swans E. coli ranged from 0.03 to 8 µg/mL, with MIC50 and MIC90 of 0.06 and 0.5 µg/mL, respectively. The PK/PD cutoff of cefquinome against E. coli was determined to be 0.2 µg/mL. Monte Carlo simulation showed that the nominal dose regimen (2 mg/kg/24 h) could not achieve a satisfactory probability of target attainment (PTA) for %TMIC ≥ 50%, indicating a risk of treatment failure and the development of potential drug resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The current daily dosage of cefquinome when divided into 12-h interval (1 mg/kg/12 h) may be effective for the treatment of E. coli infections with an MIC ≤0.5 µg/mL.

Elimination kinetics of eugenol in grass carp in a simulated transportation setting.

BACKGROUND: Fish are vulnerable to stress from over-crowding during transportation and eugenol is the most common sedative used to minimize fish injury. The ADI value of 2.5 mg/kg is recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. The aim of this work was to study the elimination kinetics of eugenol following exposure of grass carp to a eugenol bath in a simulated transportation setting. RESULTS: Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (120 fish) were exposed for 24 h to a 10 mg/L eugenol bath. Sampling was performed during a 96 h period after the 24 h bath. Eight fish were sampled at each time point and muscle, plasma and liver concentrations of the drug were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The concentration-time data of eugenol in each tissue were analyzed using non-compartmental methods. The peak concentrations (Cmax) in plasma, muscle and liver were 7.68, 5.30 and 24.63 mg/kg and the elimination half-lives (t1/2ß) were 19.79, 10.27 and 55.28 h, respectively. The clearance (CL) values were 0.10, 0.44 and 0.04 L/h/kg and the areas under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-96h) were 91.54, 22.44, and 214.12 mg·h/L in plasma, muscle and liver, respectively. After a eugenol exposure bath, drug concentrations in muscle tissue of grass carp were below 1 mg/kg at 8 h and 0.1 mg/kg at 24 h. CONCLUSIONS: The drug concentrations in muscle tissue at 8 h were lower than the recommended ADI value.

Targeted inhibition of gut bacterial ß-glucuronidases by octyl gallate alleviates mycophenolate mofetil-induced gastrointestinal toxicity.

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a viable therapeutic option against various immune disorders as a chemotherapeutic agent. Nevertheless, its application has been undermined by the gastrotoxic metabolites (mycophenolic acid glucuronide, MPAG) produced by microbiome-associated ß-glucuronidase (ßGUS). Therefore, controlling microbiota-produced ßGUS underlines the potential strategy to improve MMF efficacy by overcoming the dosage limitation. In this study, the octyl gallate (OG) was identified with promising inhibitory activity on hydrolysis of PNPG in our high throughput screening based on a chemical collection of approximately 2000 natural products. Furthermore, OG was also found to inhibit a broad spectrum of BGUSs, including mini-Loop1, Loop 2, mini-Loop 2, and mini-Loop1,2. The further in vivo experiments demonstrated that administration of 20 mg/kg OG resulted in predominant reduction in the activity of BGUSs while displayed no impact on the overall fecal microbiome in mice. Furthermore, in the MMF-induced colitis model, the administration of OG at a dosage of 20 mg/kg effectively mitigated the gastrointestinal toxicity, and systematically reverted the colitis phenotypes. These findings indicate that the OG holds promising clinical potential for the prevention of MMF-induced gastrointestinal toxicity by inhibition of BGUSs and could be developed as a combinatorial therapy with MFF for better clinical outcomes.

Daily occupational exposure in swine farm alters human skin microbiota and antibiotic resistome.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global public health, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are widely distributed across humans, animals, and environment. Farming environments are emerging as a key research area for ARGs and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB). While the skin is an important reservoir of ARGs and ARB, transmission mechanisms between farming environments and human skin remain unclear. Previous studies confirmed that swine farm environmental exposures alter skin microbiome, but the timeline of these changes is ill defined. To improve understanding of these changes and to determine the specific time, we designed a cohort study of swine farm workers and students through collected skin and environmental samples to explore the impact of daily occupational exposure in swine farm on human skin microbiome. Results indicated that exposure to livestock-associated environments where microorganisms are richer than school environment can reshape the human skin microbiome and antibiotic resistome. Exposure of 5 h was sufficient to modify the microbiome and ARG structure in workers' skin by enriching microorganisms and ARGs. These changes were preserved once formed. Further analysis indicated that ARGs carried by host microorganisms may transfer between the environment with workers' skin and have the potential to expand to the general population using farm workers as an ARG vector. These results raised concerns about potential transmission of ARGs to the broader community. Therefore, it is necessary to take corresponding intervention measures in the production process to reduce the possibility of ARGs and ARB transmission.

CeO2NP priming enhances the seed vigor of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) under salt stress.

Soil salinization is a common environmental problem that seriously threatens crop yield and food security, especially through its impact on seed germination. Nanoparticle priming, an emerging seed treatment method, is receiving increasing attention in improving crop yield and stress resistance. This study used alfalfa seeds as materials to explore the potential benefits of cerium oxide nanoparticle (CeO2NP) priming to promote seed germination and improve salt tolerance. CeO2NPs at concentrations up to 500 mg/L were able to significantly alleviate salt stress in alfalfa seeds (200 mM), with 50 mg/L of CeO2NP having the best effect, significantly (P< 0.05) increasing germination potential (from 4.0% to 51.3%), germination rate (from 10.0% to 62.7%), root length (from 8.3 cm to 23.1 cm), and seedling length (from 9.8 cm to 13.7 cm). Priming treatment significantly (P< 0.05) increased seed water absorption by removing seed hardness and also reducing abscisic acid and jasmonic acid contents to relieve seed dormancy. CeO2NP priming increased α-amylase activity and osmoregulatory substance level, decreased reactive oxygen species and malonaldehyde contents and relative conductivity, and increased catalase enzyme activity. Seed priming regulated carotenoid, zeatin, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways, among other metabolic pathways, while CeO2NP priming additionally promoted the enrichment of α-linolenic acid and diterpenoid hormone metabolic pathways under salt stress. In addition, CeO2NPs enhanced α-amylase activity (by 6.55%) in vitro. The optimal tested concentration (50 mg/L) of CeO2NPs was able to improve the seed vigor, enhance the activity of α-amylase, regulate the osmotic level and endogenous hormone levels, and improve the salt tolerance of alfalfa seeds. This study demonstrates the efficacy of a simple seed treatment strategy that can improve crop stress resistance, which is of great importance for reducing agricultural costs and promoting sustainable agricultural development.

Iron nanoparticles induced the growth and physio-chemical changes in Kobresia capillifolia seedlings.

Iron nanoparticles (NPs) priming is known to affect the seed germination and seedling growth in many plants. However, whether it has an important role in stimulating the growth of perennial Qinghai-Tibet Plateau plants remains unclear. In this study, the effects of seed priming with different concentrations of nFe2O3 and FeCl3 (10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 mg L-1) on seed germination, plant growth, photosystem, antioxidant enzyme activities, root morphology, and biomass distribution of Kobresia capillifolia were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The results showed that compared with treatment materials, concentration had more significant effects on K. capillifolia development. There was no significant impact on germination rate were discovered under all treatments, but decreased the seed mildew rate at 100 mg L-1 nFe2O3. Compare with control, Fe-based priming significantly decreased root biomass. All Fe-based treatments increased rubisco activity of leaves, and significantly enhanced Pn at ranged from 10 to 100 mg L-1. Meanwhile, chlorophyll contents were decreased, the chloroplasts were swollen, and thylakoids were disorganized under all Fe treatments. Iron-based priming significantly enhanced SOD, POD, and CAT activities in Kobresia roots. In conclusion, the thick cuticle-covered seed coat of K. capillifolia postponed the penetration of FeNPs into seeds, so FeNPs priming had a weak impact on seed germination. The sustainable release of Fe ions from FeNPs and the uptake of Fe ions by roots affected the physiology, biochemistry and morphology of K. capillifolia. The findings of this study provide an in-depth understanding of how FeNPs impact the alpine meadow plant, K. capillifolia.

Selective CO2 electrolysis to CO using isolated antimony alloyed copper.

Renewable electricity-powered CO evolution from CO2 emissions is a promising first step in the sustainable production of commodity chemicals, but performing electrochemical CO2 reduction economically at scale is challenging since only noble metals, for example, gold and silver, have shown high performance for CO2-to-CO. Cu is a potential catalyst to achieve CO2 reduction to CO at the industrial scale, but the C-C coupling process on Cu significantly depletes CO* intermediates, thus limiting the CO evolution rate and producing many hydrocarbon and oxygenate mixtures. Herein, we tune the CO selectivity of Cu by alloying a second metal Sb into Cu, and report an antimony-copper single-atom alloy catalyst (Sb1Cu) of isolated Sb-Cu interfaces that catalyzes the efficient conversion of CO2-to-CO with a Faradaic efficiency over 95%. The partial current density reaches 452 mA cm-2 with approximately 91% CO Faradaic efficiency, and negligible C2+ products are observed. In situ spectroscopic measurements and theoretical simulations reason that the atomic Sb-Cu interface in Cu promotes CO2 adsorption/activation and weakens the binding strength of CO*, which ends up with enhanced CO selectivity and production rates.

Exposure to salinomycin dysregulates interplay between mitophagy and oxidative response to damage the porcine jejunal cells.

Salinomycin (SAL) has caused widespread pollution as a feed additive and growth promoter in livestock such as pigs, exerting a negative impact on public health. The toxicity mechanism of SAL has been widely studied in chickens, but the underlying mechanisms of SAL-induced toxicity to pigs and the ecosystem remain undefined. In this study, we explored the potential damage of SAL in IPEC-J2 cells to identify the effects of excessive SAL on the interplay between mitophagy and oxidative stress. The results showed that a concentration-dependent response was observed for SAL in altering cellular morphology and inducing cell death in IPEC-J2 cells, including the induction of cell cycle arrest and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Meanwhile, we found that excessive SAL led to oxidative damage by activating the Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1 pathway, accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) elevation and the reduction of antioxidant enzyme activity. We also found that PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy was activated by SAL exposure, particularly with mitochondrial membrane potential reduction. Interestingly, SAL-induced oxidative damages were prevented after the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) treatment, and mitophagy was alleviated following ROS scavenger (N-acetylcysteine, NAC) treatment. Overall, our findings showed that SAL stimulated oxidative stress and mitophagy in IPEC-J2 cells resulting in cellular injury, and there was a strong connection between SAL-induced oxidative stress and mitophagy. Targeting ROS/PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy and oxidative stress could be a novel protective mechanism in SAL-induced cell damage.

Phentolamine Significantly Enhances Macrolide Antibiotic Antibacterial Activity against MDR Gram-Negative Bacteria.

OBJECTIVES: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacterial infections have limited treatment options due to the impermeability of the outer membrane. New therapeutic strategies or agents are urgently needed, and combination therapies using existing antibiotics are a potentially effective means to treat these infections. In this study, we examined whether phentolamine can enhance the antibacterial activity of macrolide antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria and investigated its mechanism of action. METHODS: Synergistic effects between phentolamine and macrolide antibiotics were evaluated by checkerboard and time-kill assays and in vivo using a Galleria mellonella infection model. We utilized a combination of biochemical tests (outer membrane permeability, ATP synthesis, ΔpH gradient measurements, and EtBr accumulation assays) with scanning electron microscopy to clarify the mechanism of phentolamine enhancement of macrolide antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. RESULTS: In vitro tests of phentolamine combined with the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin indicated a synergistic action against E. coli test strains. The fractional concentration inhibitory indices (FICI) of 0.375 and 0.5 indicated a synergic effect that was consistent with kinetic time-kill assays. This synergy was also seen for Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Actinobacter baumannii but not Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Similarly, a phentolamine/erythromycin combination displayed significant synergistic effects in vivo in the G. mellonella model. Phentolamine added singly to bacterial cells also resulted in direct outer membrane damage and was able to dissipate and uncouple membrane proton motive force from ATP synthesis that, resulted in enhanced cytoplasmic antibiotic accumulation via reduced efflux pump activity. CONCLUSIONS: Phentolamine potentiates macrolide antibiotic activity via reducing efflux pump activity and direct damage to the outer membrane leaflet of Gram-negative bacteria both in vitro and in vivo.

Manipulating local coordination of copper single atom catalyst enables efficient CO2-to-CH4 conversion.

Electrochemical CO2 conversion to methane, powered by intermittent renewable electricity, provides an entrancing opportunity to both store renewable electric energy and utilize emitted CO2. Copper-based single atom catalysts are promising candidates to restrain C-C coupling, suggesting feasibility in further protonation of CO* to CHO* for methane production. In theoretical studies herein, we find that introducing boron atoms into the first coordination layer of Cu-N4 motif facilitates the binding of CO* and CHO* intermediates, which favors the generation of methane. Accordingly, we employ a co-doping strategy to fabricate B-doped Cu-Nx atomic configuration (Cu-NxBy), where Cu-N2B2 is resolved to be the dominant site. Compared with Cu-N4 motifs, as-synthesized B-doped Cu-Nx structure exhibits a superior performance towards methane production, showing a peak methane Faradaic efficiency of 73% at -1.46 V vs. RHE and a maximum methane partial current density of -462 mA cm-2 at -1.94 V vs. RHE. Extensional calculations utilizing two-dimensional reaction phase diagram analysis together with barrier calculation help to gain more insights into the reaction mechanism of Cu-N2B2 coordination structure.

Antimicrobial resistance, serotypes, and virulence factors of Streptococcus suis isolates from diseased pigs.

Streptococcus suis isolates from diseased pigs were examined for susceptibility to nine antimicrobials, possession of virulence-associated factors (VFs), and distribution of serotypes. The association between antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and serotypes as well as VFs was subsequently assessed. Among the isolates investigated, serotype 2 (66.04%) was mostly prevalent, followed by serotypes 1 (23.27%), 9 (1.26%), and 7 (0.63%), whereas 14 isolates were untypable by the polymerase chain reaction typing method used. Analysis with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed the isolates had diverse DNA macrorestriction patterns. The frequency of antimicrobial resistance among the S. suis isolates was higher than that reported from other countries. It is notable that multiple antimicrobial resistance (three or more antimicrobials) was observed with 98.73% of the S. suis isolates, and the dominant resistance phenotype was erythromycin-tilmicosin-clindamycin-chloramphenicol-levofloxacin-ceftiofur-kanamycin-tetracycline-penicillin (35.85%). The most prevalent VFs were those encoded by muramidase-released protein (61.64%), followed by suilysin (56.60%) and extracellular factor (46.54%). Presence of VFs and the possession of certain AMR phenotypes were significantly associated as determined by statistical analysis. Together, these findings indicate that the clinical S. suis isolates obtained from diseased pigs in China are genetically diverse, are resistant to multiple antibiotics of clinical importance, and carry known virulence factors.

Effects of Sheep Bone Collagen Peptide on Liver Lipid Deposition in Ovariectomized Rats.

Liver can be directly involved in the synthesis and decomposition of fatty acids. Liver lipid deposition is one of the most common chronic liver diseases. Estrogen deficiency can cause lipid deposition and energy metabolism disorders in the liver. Sheep bone collagen peptide (SBCP) has been shown to have estrogen-like effects in previous studies. And SBCP has high bioavailability, safety and non-toxic side effects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of SBCP on liver lipid deposition (LLD) caused by estrogen deficiency. Female Wistar rats were treated as follows (n=10): sham group: underwent peri-ovary fat removal operations, ovariectomized rats (model group), ovariectomized rats receiving SBCP treatments: SBCP high dose group (SBCP-H), SBCP medium dose group (SBCP-M) and SBCP low dose group (SBCP-L). After 8 wk, the model group demonstrated severe LLD and liver pathological changes, with increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and free fatty acid (FFA) levels (p<0.05). Additionally, the total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity (p<0.05), serum albumin-to-globulin (A/G) ratio (p<0.05), amount of butyric acid-producing bacteria and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content decreased. SBCP intervention could inhibit the occurrence of LLD and alleviate the liver histopathological damage induced by estrogen deficiency by relieving oxidative stress, preventing the loss of butyric acid-producing bacteria, and decreasing the abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri in the gut. The results suggested that SBCP could improve the LLD indecued by estrogen deficiency.

3D Printing Method for Tough Multifunctional Particle-Based Double-Network Hydrogels.

3D printing of hydrogels finds widespread applications in biomedicine and engineering. Artificial cartilages and heart valves, tissue regeneration and soft robots, require high mechanical performance of complex structures. Although many tough hydrogels have been developed, complicated synthesis processes hinder their fabrication in 3D printing. Here, a strategy is proposed to formulate hydrogel inks, which can be printed into various strong and tough particle-based double-network (P-DN) hydrogels of arbitrary shapes without any rheological modifiers. These hydrogel inks consist of microgels and a hydrogel precursor. The microgels are individual highly cross-linked networks. They are prepared by swelling dried microparticles in the hydrogel precursor that consists of monomers, initiators, and cross-linkers. Microgels regulate the rheological properties of the hydrogel ink and enable the direct printing. After printing and curing, the precursor forms a sparsely cross-linked network that integrates the microgels, leading to a P-DN hydrogel. The proposed hydrogel inks allow 3D printing of multifunctional hydrogel structures with high mechanical performance and strong adhesion to diverse materials. This strategy will open new avenues to fabricate multifunctional devices in tissue engineering and soft robotics.

Determination of macrocyclic lactone drug residues in animal muscle by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

A robust, credible, and practical multiresidue method based on liquid chromatography/tandem/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 9 macrocyclic lactone drugs (abamectin B1a, doramectin, erythromycin, ivermectin B1a, josamycin, kitasamycin, roxithromycin, tilmicosin, and tylosin A) in bovine, porcine, chicken, and sheep muscles. The drugs were extracted with acetonitrile, and the extracts were defatted with n-hexane and further cleaned up on a C18 solid-phase extraction cartridge. LC/MS/MS data acquisition was achieved by using the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, i.e., 2 transitions, to provide a high degree of sensitivity and repeatability. Matrix-matched standard calibration curves were used to achieve the best accuracy of the method by compensating for the matrix effect. The calibration graphs were linear (r > 0.998) from 10 to 1000 ng/mL for erythromycin, josamycin, kitasamycin, roxithromycin, tilmicosin, and tylosin, and from 5 to 250 ng/mL for abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin. The average recoveries of the 9 drugs were between 64.5 and 105%, calculated by using matrix-matched calibration, with relative standard deviation values ranging from 1.6 to 14%. The limits of detection were 0.1 microg/kg for erythromycin, josamycin, roxithromycin, and tylosin; 0.2 microg/kg for tilmicosin and kitasamycin; and 0.5 microg/kg for abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin. For confirmation, the MRM ratios for the 9 drug residues in the samples and the solvent were evaluated and found to be within the ratio criteria set by the guidelines of the European Union.

[Contamination Characteristics and Safety Risk Assessment of Perflurorinated Alkylated Substances in Aquatic Products from Guangzhou].

To investigate the contamination characteristics of PFASs in aquatic products, 254 samples belonging to 6 species, including fishes, crustaceans, cephalopods, etc., were collected from Guangzhou, and 23 PFASs were determined by UPLC-MS/MS. The total detection rates of the various sample species ranged from 93.5% to 100%, and the concentrations of PFASs were relatively higher in the fishes and crustaceans. 13 PFAS components were detected in the fish samples, but only 6 PFAS components were detected in haliotis samples, and obvious differences were observed among the different species sampled. PFOA and PFOS were the predominant pollutants, with detection rates of 75.6% and 76.8%. The concentrations of PFOS were in the range of 0.19-192.27 µg·kg-1, which were obviously higher than those of the other PFAS components, and their total contamination contribution factor reached the highest percentage of 35.15%. PFOS was a major contributing factor to the PFAS contamination of fishes, crustaceans, siphonopods, and processed products; however, the predominant pollutant in Haliotis samples was PFBA. The results of the risk assessment indicated that the concentrations of PFOA and PFOS would not give rise to timely harm to the consumers.