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Objective To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of oleanolic acid(OA)on kidneys in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Methods A total of 35 Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were enrolled in this study.25 SD rats were randomly selected to establish T2DM model,after modeling,20 rats remained and divided into T2DM group(n=6),low-dose oleanolic acid group(LOA,n=6)and high-dose oleanolic acid group(HOA,n=8).And ten rats were selected as normal control group(NC,n=10).The biochemical indicators,24 h urine volume and 24 h urinary microalbumin(UAlb)were compared among the four groups.Renal lipid deposition was evaluated by Oil red O staining.The protein expressions of Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK),p-AMPK and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 α(PGC-1 α)were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with the NC group,the levels of 24 h urine volume,fasting blood glucose(FPG),serum total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),serum creatinine(Scr),serum uric acid(SUA)and 24 hUAlb were increased(P<0.05),while the body weight,high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),p-AMPK and PGC-1α were decrease in the T2DM group(P<0.05).Compared with the T2DM group,the expressions of HDL-C,p-AMPK and PGC-1α were increased(P<0.05),while the levels of 24 h urine volume,FPG,TG,TC and LDL-C,Scr,SUA and 24 hUAlb were decreased in the LOA and HOA groups(P<0.05).Compared with LOA group,the expressions of HDL-C,p-AMPK and PGC-1α were increased(P<0.05),while the levels of 24 h urine volume,FPG,TG,TC,LDL-C,Scr,SUA and 24 h UAlb were decreased in the HOA group(P<0.05).Compared with the NC group,a large number of red-stained lipid droplets were deposited in the renal tubular epithelial cells in the T2DM group.Compared with the T2DM group,the lipid droplet deposition was reduced in the LOA and HOA groups,and the improvement was more significant in the HOA group.Conclusion OA can alleviate renal injury in T2DM rats,which may be linked to activation of AMPK/PGC-1α pathway.
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Objectives To assess the plasma levels of acyl ghrelin (AG) and dys-acyl ghrelin (DG) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hemodialysis (HD) patients and analyze their relationships with different stages of CKD and hemodialysis. Methods Forty-six CKD stage 1-5 patients and 15 hemodialysis patients were enrolled into the study. Body weight, height, hemoglobin, biochemical parameters, inflammatory parameters, preprandial, postprandial and 3 hours after hemodialysis plasma AG and DG levels were measured. Appetite and food intake were assessed. Body mass index (BMI), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were calculated. Results There were no significant differences in BMI, SGA, appetite, food intake and malnutrition among CKD patients of different stages. eGFR was declining with the progression of CKD stages and patients received a three-week hemodi-alysis. Compared with that in CKD stage 1-2 patients, the level of preprandial and postprandial DG was remarkably increased in stage 3-5 patients (P 0.05);levels of DG decreased slightly postprandially and were markedly decreased by hemodialysis (P<0.01), even lower than those seen postprandially in CKD stage 1-2;Both preprandial and postprandial DG were negatively correlated with serum albumin levels (r=-0.64, P < 0.05; r=-0.59, P < 0.05), while there was no correlation between AG and serum albumin levels. Conclusions There is a strong and independent correlation of DG with CKD stage. Postprandial suppression of ghrelin is impaired with reduced renal function. Hemodialysis removes DG but not AG.
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The effect of oxymatrine on high-fructose-feeding induced insulin resistance and liver steatosis in rats was observed and the underlying mechanism in improving the hepatic lipid metabolism was explored.The results demonstrated that high fructose feeding decreased the glucose tolerance and increased hepatic lipid accumulation in rats,while oxymatrine could improve glucose tolerance and alleviate hepatic steatosis in rats.High fructose feeding stimulated the protein expressions of key lipid-synthesis enzymes,which were decreased by oxymatrine intervention.Both high fructose feeding and oxymatrine intervention had no significant effect on protein expressions of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation enzymes.
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Objective To study the relationship of bladder residual urine volume and renal function and urinary tract infection in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH). Methods Eighty-one BPH eases from September 2005 to September 2008 were studied retrospectively. All the cases were divided into group A (53 cases, the residual urine volume <60 ml), group B (18 cases, the residual urine volume 60-200 ml),and group C (10 cases, the residual urine volume 200 ml). Blood urea nitrogen(BUN), serum ereatinine (Cr) and urine bacterial culture were observed. Results The BUN and serum Cr in group A, B and C were (5.90 ± 3.01) mmol/L, (90.13 ± 25.08)μmol/L, (7.85±3.53) mmol/L, (128.36 ±30.25) μmol/L and (10.57 ± 4.01)mmol/L, (152.11 ± 36.68) μmol/L, respectively. The BUN and serum Cr in group C were higher than those in group A and B (P < 0.01 or < 0.05). And there was significant difference between group A and group B (P< 0.05). The incidence of urinary tract infection in group A ,B and C was 28.3%(15/53), 44.4%(8/18), 50.0%(5/10), respectively. There was significant difference between group A and group B, C (P < 0.05). But there was no significant difference between group B and group C (P 0.05). Eacherichia was the main bacteria in urinary tract infection. Conclusion The increase of bladder residual urine volume in patients with BPH enhances renal failure and urinary tract infection.