Combination of high anti-SKI and low anti-TMED5 antibody levels is preferable prognostic factor in esophageal carcinoma.

Given that esophageal cancer is highly malignant, the discovery of novel prognostic markers is eagerly awaited. We performed serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning (SEREX) and identified SKI proto-oncogene protein and transmembrane p24 trafficking protein 5 (TMED5) as antigens recognized by serum IgG antibodies in patients with esophageal carcinoma. SKI and TMED5 proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified by affinity chromatography, and used as antigens. The serum anti-SKI antibody (s-SKI-Ab) and anti-TMED5 antibody (s-TMED5-Ab) levels were significantly higher in 192 patients with esophageal carcinoma than in 96 healthy donors. The presence of s-SKI-Abs and s-TMED5-Abs in the patients' sera was confirmed by western blotting. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the TMED5 protein was highly expressed in the cytoplasm and nuclear compartments of the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues, whereas the SKI protein was localized predominantly in the nuclei. Regarding the overall survival in 91 patients who underwent radical surgery, the s-SKI-Ab-positive and s-TMED5-Ab-negative statuses were significantly associated with a favorable prognosis. Additionally, the combination of s-SKI-Ab-positive and s-TMED5-Ab-negative cases showed an even clearer difference in overall survival as compared with that of s-SKI-Ab-negative and s-TMED5-Ab-positive cases. The s-SKI-Ab and s-TMED5-Ab biomarkers are useful for diagnosing esophageal carcinoma and distinguishing between favorable and poor prognoses.

Significance of Surgery for Resectable M1 Lymph Node Metastases Without Organ Metastasis in Esophageal Carcinoma in the Era of Neoadjuvant Treatment.

BACKGROUND: M1 esophageal carcinoma goes beyond localized disease and requires treatment with systemic therapy. M1 status is primarily divided into two categories: M1 lymph node metastasis and distant organ metastasis. Oligometastasis is defined as a state of limited metastatic disease, and surgery for oligometastasis of distant organs is reported to be beneficial in limited conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate resected cases of M1 lymph node metastases as the only metastatic site in stage IVB esophageal carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was a single-center retrospective cohort study. Patients with esophageal carcinoma who underwent esophagectomy with curative intent between April 2017 and December 2021 were examined. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was our standard therapy and administered in almost all cases. We hypothesized that four sites of metastatic M1LN (supraclavicular (no. 104), pretracheal (no. 106pre), posterior thoracic para-aortic (no. 112aoP), and abdominal para-aortic (no. 16a2lat) LNs) were potentially resectable M1LN (rM1LN) metastases with curative intent and compared the prognosis of patients with and without rM1LN metastasis. RESULTS: Six hundred eight-two patients were included in the study. Among these patients, 80 had rM1LN metastasis and received surgery for curative intent. Short-term safety outcomes were equivalent between patients with and without rM1LN metastases. After propensity score matching, there were no significant differences in overall survival between patients with and without rM1LN metastasis. Multivariate analyses revealed that the only independent prognostic factor was ypN status. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests the feasibility and favorable OS in the patients with resection of rM1LN metastasis.

Combined Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy Induction for Screening of Patients with Cervical Esophageal Carcinoma for Subsequent Local Treatment: A New Treatment Paradigm.

BACKGROUND: Definitive chemoradiotherapy is recommended as the primary treatment for cervical esophageal carcinoma (CEC). However, local control rates remain unsatisfactory for some patients. Therefore, in this study, we introduced a new treatment paradigm for individuals with CEC, customizing the choice between subsequent local treatments based on their response to induction chemotherapy and immunotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Induction treatment comprised two to four cycles of chemotherapy combined with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors. Patients achieving complete response (CR) or near CR after induction treatment underwent definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT), while those not achieving CR or near CR underwent surgical resection. RESULTS: Among the 40 eligible patients, 14 (35.0%) achieved a CR or near CR after induction treatment. Of the ten patients achieving a CR or near CR, one developed an esophageal fistula after dCRT (10.0%). Among the eight non-CR or non-near CR patients receiving chemoradiotherapy, six developed esophageal fistula (75.0%). Among the 26 patients who did not achieve CR or near CR after induction treatment, the 1-year cancer specific survival (CSS) rates were 93.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.815-1%] for the 18 patients in the surgery group, and 71.4% (95% CI 0.447-1%) for the 8 patients in the chemoradiotherapy group (p = 0.027). The overall laryngeal preservation rate was 85.0% (34/40), with a functional laryngeal preservation rate of 77.5% (31/40). CONCLUSION: The approach consisting of combined immunotherapy and chemotherapy successfully identified patients who were responding well to induction treatment and who were sensitive to radiotherapy, for chemoradiotherapy; thus, improving laryngeal preservation rates. In addition, it also identified patients with poor responses to induction treatment and radiotherapy, for timely surgery; hence, reducing radiotherapy complications and enhancing survival.

Epidemiological distribution of high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes and associated factors among patients with esophageal carcinoma at Bugando medical center in Mwanza, Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal carcinoma is a growing concern in regions that have a high incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection such as East Africa. HPV, particularly the high-risk genotypes, is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for esophageal carcinoma. We set out to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of high-risk HPV in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks with esophageal carcinoma at Bugando Medical Center, a tertiary referral hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania, East Africa. METHODS: A total of 118 esophageal carcinoma FFPE tissue blocks, collected from January 2021 to December 2022, were analyzed. Genomic DNA was extracted from these tissues, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect HPV using degenerate primers for the L1 region and type-specific primers for detecting HPV16, HPV18, and other high-risk HPV genotypes. Data were collected using questionnaires and factors associated with high-risk HPV genotypes were analyzed using STATA version 15 software. RESULTS: Of the 118 patients' samples investigated, the mean age was 58.3 ± 13.4 years with a range of 29-88 years. The majority of the tissue blocks were from male patients 81/118 (68.7%), and most of them were from patients residing in Mwanza region 44/118 (37.3%). Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) was the predominant histological type 107/118 (91.0%). Almost half of the tissue blocks 63/118 (53.3%) tested positive for high-risk HPV. Among these, HPV genotype 16 (HPV16) was the most common 41/63 (65.1%), followed by HPV genotype 18 (HPV18) 15/63 (23.8%), and the rest were other high-risk HPV genotypes detected by the degenerate primers 7/63 (11.1%). The factors associated with high-risk HPV genotypes were cigarette smoking (p-value < 0.001) and alcohol consumption (p-value < 0.001). CONCLUSION: A substantial number of esophageal carcinomas from Bugando Medical Center in Tanzania tested positive for HPV, with HPV genotype 16 being the most prevalent. This study also revealed a significant association between HPV status and cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. These findings provide important insights into the role of high-risk HPV in esophageal carcinoma in this region.

Metabolic subtypes and immune landscapes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: prognostic implications and potential for personalized therapies.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify metabolic subtypes in ESCA, explore their relationship with immune landscapes, and establish a metabolic index for accurate prognosis assessment. METHODS: Clinical, SNP, and RNA-seq data were collected from 80 ESCA patients from the TCGA database and RNA-seq data from the GSE19417 dataset. Metabolic genes associated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were selected, and k-means clustering was performed. Immune-related pathways, immune infiltration, and response to immunotherapy were predicted using bioinformatic algorithms. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to identify metabolic genes associated with co-expression modules. Lastly, cell culture and functional analysis were performed using patient tissue samples and ESCA cell lines to verify the identified genes and their roles. RESULTS: Molecular subtypes were identified based on the expression profiles of metabolic genes, and univariate survival analysis revealed 163 metabolic genes associated with ESCA prognosis. Consensus clustering analysis classified ESCA samples into three distinct subtypes, with MC1 showing the poorest prognosis and MC3 having the best prognosis. The subtypes also exhibited significant differences in immune cell infiltration, with MC3 showing the highest scores. Additionally, the MC3 subtype demonstrated the poorest response to immunotherapy, while the MC1 subtype was the most sensitive. WGCNA analysis identified gene modules associated with the metabolic index, with SLC5A1, NT5DC4, and MTHFD2 emerging as prognostic markers. Gene and protein expression analysis validated the upregulation of MTHFD2 in ESCA. MTHFD2 promotes the progression of ESCA and may be a potential therapeutic target for ESCA. CONCLUSION: The established metabolic index and identified metabolic genes offer potential for prognostic assessment and personalized therapeutic interventions for ESCA, underscoring the importance of targeting metabolism-immune interactions in ESCA. MTHFD2 promotes the progression of ESCA and may be a potential therapeutic target for ESCA.

NEDD4L mediates ITGB4 ubiquitination and degradation to suppress esophageal carcinoma progression.

The ubiquitination-mediated protein degradation exerts a vital role in the progression of multiple tumors. NEDD4L, which belongs to the E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 family, is related to tumor genesis, metastasis and drug resistance. However, the anti-tumor role of NEDD4L in esophageal carcinoma, and the potential specific recognition substrate remain unclear. Based on public esophageal carcinoma database and clinical sample data, it was discovered in this study that the expression of NEDD4L in esophageal carcinoma was apparently lower than that in atypical hyperplastic esophageal tissue and esophageal squamous epithelium. Besides, patients with high expression of NEDD4L in esophageal carcinoma tissue had longer progression-free survival than those with low expression. Experiments in vivo and in vitro also verified that NEDD4L suppressed the growth and metastasis of esophageal carcinoma. Based on co-immunoprecipitation and proteome analysis, the NEDD4L ubiquitination-degraded protein ITGB4 was obtained. In terms of the mechanism, the HECT domain of NEDD4L specifically bound to the Galx-ß domain of ITGB4, which modified the K915 site of ITGB4 in an ubiquitination manner, and promoted the ubiquitination degradation of ITGB4, thus suppressing the malignant phenotype of esophageal carcinoma.

Transhiatal bilateral cervical approach for mediastinoscopy-assisted esophagectomy: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The McKeown minimally invasive esophagectomy (McMIE) procedure has various limitations, including surgical contraindications and a high rate of postoperative pulmonary complications. A novel mediastinoscopic esophagectomy procedure was described in this study by using esophageal invagination and a transhiatal and bilateral cervical approach (EITHBC). METHODS: According to the mode of operation, a total of 259 patients were divided into two groups, among which 106 underwent EITHBC and 153 underwent McMIE. The number of lymph nodes dissected, intraoperative outcomes, and postoperative outcomes were compared between the two groups of patients. RESULTS: The results revealed that the average number of resected lymph node in the EITHBC group was significantly higher in the recL106 and TbL106 stations (recL106: 1.75 vs. 1.51, p = 0.016, TbL106: 1.53 vs. 1.19, p = 0.016) and significantly lower in the 107 stations (1. 74 vs. 2. 07, p < 0.001) than in the McMIE group. The intraoperative blood loss in the EITHBC group was significantly lower than that in the McMIE group (63.30 vs. 80.45 mL, p < 0.001). The incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications in the EITHBC group was lower than that in the McMIE group (14.15% vs. 27.45%, p = 0.008). The incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis in the EITHBC group was significantly higher than that in the McMIE group (26.41% vs. 10.46%, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Compared with the McMIE procedure, the EITHBC procedure has advantages in terms of removing the upper mediastinal lymph nodes and reducing postoperative pulmonary complications.

Tretinoin (2,4-difluoro-phenyl) triazole activates proapoptotic protein expression and targets NRP2 protein to inhibit esophageal carcinoma cell growth.

The present study investigated the effect of tretinoin (2,4-difluoro-phenyl) triazole (TDFPT) on the growth and proliferation of Kyse-270 and EC9706 esophageal carcinoma cells and explored the underlying mechanism. The results demonstrated that TDFPT treatment of Kyse-270 and EC9706 cells led to a dose-dependent reduction in cell proliferation. Colony formation was significantly (p < .05) reduced in Kyse-270 and EC9706 cells on treatment with various concentrations of TDFPT. In TDFPT-treated Kyse-270 and EC9706 cells, the expression of Bcl-2 protein showed a remarkable decrease, whereas the level of Bax protein was found to be higher compared with the control cells. Cell invasion showed a prominent decrease in Kyse-270 and EC9706 cells on treatment with TDFPT. Treatment with TDFPT led to a prominent suppression in the expression of MMP-9 and NRP2 in Kyse-270 and EC9706 cells. In silico studies using the AutoDock Vina and discovery studio software revealed that various confirmations of TDFPT bind to NRP2 protein with the affinity ranging from -8.6 to -6.1 kcal/mol. It was found that the TDFPT interacts with NRP2 protein by binding to alanine (ALA A:295), proline (PRO A:306), glutamine (GLN A:307), and isoleucine (ILE A:293) amino acid residues. In summary, TDFPT exposure suppresses esophageal carcinoma cell proliferation, inhibits colony formation ability, and activates apoptotic pathway. Thus, TDFPT acts as an effective antiproliferative agent for esophageal carcinoma cells and needs to be investigated further as chemotherapeutic molecule.

Using single-cell RNA sequencing and bulk RNA sequencing data to reveal a correlation between smoking and neutrophil activation in esophageal carcinoma patients.

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is considered as a major risk factor for esophageal carcinoma (ESCA) patients. Neutrophil activation plays a key role in cancer development and progression. However, the relationship between cigarette smoking and neutrophils in ESCA patients remained unclear. METHODS: Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk RNA sequencing data were obtained from public databases. Uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) was used to perform downscaling and clustering based on scRNA-seq data. The module genes associated with smoking in ESCA patients were filtered by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Using the "AUCell" package, the enrichment of different cell subpopulations and gene collections were assessed. "CellChat" and "CellphoneDB" were used to infer the probability and significance of ligand-receptor interactions between different cell subpopulations. RESULTS: WGCNA was performed to screened module genes associated with smoking in ESCA patients from MEdarkquosie, MEturquoise, and MEgreenyellow. Next, eight cell clusters were identified, and using the AUCell score, we determined that neutrophil clusters were more active in the gene modules associated with smoking in ESCA patients. Two neutrophil subtypes, Neutrophils 1 and Neutrophils 2, exhibited greater enrichment in inflammatory response regulation, intercellular adhesion, and regulation of T cell activation. Furthermore, we found that neutrophils may pass through AMPT-(ITGA5 + ITGB1) and ICAM1-AREG in order to promote the development of ESCA, and that the expression levels of the receptor genes insulin-degrading enzyme and ITGB1 were significantly and positively correlated with cigarette smoking per day. CONCLUSION: Combining smoking-related gene modules and scRNA-seq, the current findings revealed the heterogeneity of neutrophils in ESCA and a tumor-promoting role of neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment of smoking ESCA patients.

The influence of minimally invasive esophagectomy on wound infection in patients undergoing esophageal cancer surgery: A meta-analysis.

The impacts of minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) in comparison with open esophagectomy (OE) on postoperative complications, wound infections and hospital length of stay in patients with esophageal carcinoma (ESCA) using meta-analysis to provide reliable evidence for clinical practice. A search strategy was developed and computer searches were performed on Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Wanfang, China Biomedical Literature Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases for clinical studies that reported the effects of MIE in comparison with OE in patients with ESCA. The retrieval time was from their inception to October 2023. Two authors independently performed literature screening, and data extraction and literature quality evaluation were performed separately for the included studies. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 software. Overall, 26 studies with 2427 ESCA patients were included in this study, of which 1203 were in the MIE group and 1224 were in the OE group. The results showed that, compared with OE, ESCA patients who underwent MIE were less likely to develop postoperative wound infections (odds ratio [OR] = 0.31, 95% confidence intervals [CIs]: 0.20-0.49, p < 0.001) and complications (OR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.18-0.30, p < 0.001) and have a shorter hospital stay (standardized mean difference = -1.93, 95% CI: -2.38 to -1.48, p < 0.001). MIE has advantages over OE in terms of shorter hospital stay and reduced incidence of postoperative wound infections and complications.

Outcomes of definitive carbon-ion radiotherapy for cT1bN0M0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: A recent phase I/II study determined the optimal dose of definitive carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for cT1bN0M0 esophageal cancer. This study aimed to further confirm the efficacy and feasibility of the recommended dose fractionation of CIRT with long-term follow-up results in a larger sample size. METHODS: This single center retrospective study evaluated patients with cT1bN0M0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma treated with the recommended dose fractionation of 50.4 Gy relative biological effectiveness in 12 fractions, between 2012 and 2022. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients underwent CIRT at our hospital. Although eight (21.1%) patients were older than 80 years, 15 (39.5%) had high surgical risk, and seven (18.4%) were at high risk for chemotherapy, all patients underwent CIRT as scheduled. Grade 3 esophagitis occurred in eight (21.1%) patients and grade 3 pneumonia in one (2.6%) patient in this study, but no grade 4 adverse events occurred. The only grade 3 late adverse event was pneumonia in one patient (2.6%). The 5-year overall survival rate, local control rate, and disease-free survival rates were 76.6% (95% CI, 90.9-62.4), 74.9% (95% CI, 90.7-59.0), and 66.4% (95% CI, 83.3-49.5), respectively. Additionally, post CIRT recurrence was as follows: seven (18.4%) patients had recurrence in another part of the esophagus, three (7.9%) in the primary site, three (7.9%) in lymph nodes outside the irradiated area, and one (2.6%) patient had liver metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that CIRT using the recommended dose fractionation is feasible and effective for cT1bN0M0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Comparison of proton-based definitive chemoradiotherapy and surgery-based therapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a multi-center retrospective Japanese cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Proton-based, definitive chemoradiotherapy (P-CRT) for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) previously showed comparable survival outcomes with the surgery-based therapy, i.e., neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by esophagectomy (NAC-S), in a single-institutional study. This study aimed to validate this message in a Japanese multicenter study. METHODS: Eleven Japanese esophageal cancer specialty hospitals have participated. A total of 518 cases with clinical Stage I-IVA ESCC between 2010 and 2019, including 168 P-CRT and 350 NAC-S patients, were enrolled and long-term outcomes were evaluated. Propensity-score weighting analyses with overlap weighting for confounding adjustment were used. RESULTS: The 3-year overall survival (OS) of the P-CRT group was equivalent to the NAC-S group (74.8% vs. 72.7%, hazard ratio [HR]: 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.61-1.25). Although, the 3-year P-CRT group progression-free survival (PFS) was inferior to the NAC-S group (51.4% vs. 59.6%, HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.04-1.85), the progression P-CRT group cases showed better survival than the NAC-S group (HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.38-0.88), largely because of salvage surgery or endoscopic submucosal dissection for local progression. The survival advantage of P-CRT over NAC-S was more pronounced in the cT1-2 (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.29-1.26) and cStage I-II (HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.24-1.07) subgroups, although this trend was not evident in other populations, such as cT3-4 and cStage III-IVA. CONCLUSIONS: Proton-based CRT for ESCC showed equivalent OS to surgery-based therapy. Especially for patients with cT1-2 and cStage I-II disease, proton-based CRT has the potential to serve as a first-line treatment.

Transparency-enhancing technology allows the three-dimensional assessment of esophageal carcinoma obtained by endoscopic submucosal dissection.

BACKGROUND: Although much progress has been made in diagnosis of carcinomas, no established methods have been confirmed to elucidate their morphological features. METHODS: Three-dimensional structure of esophageal carcinomas was assessed using transparency-enhancing technology. Endoscopically resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was fluorescently stained, optically cleared using a transparency-enhancing reagent called LUCID, and visualized using laser scanning microscopy. The resulting microscope images were converted to virtual HE images for observation using ImageJ software. RESULTS: Microscopic observation and image editing enabled three-dimensional image reconstruction and conversion to virtual HE images. The structure of abnormal blood vessels in esophageal carcinoma recognized by endoscopy could be observed in the 3 dimensions. Squamous cell carcinoma and normal squamous epithelium could be distinguished in the virtual HE images. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that transparency-enhancing technology and virtual HE images may be feasible for clinical application and represent a novel histopathological method for evaluating endoscopically resected specimens.

Effectiveness and safety of combined nimotuzumab and S-1 chemotherapy with concurrent radiotherapy for locally advanced esophageal cancer in malnourished and elderly patients: A prospective phase II study.

Objective: Definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT) is the standard treatment for unresectable locally advanced esophageal cancer. However, this treatment is associated with substantial toxicity, and most malnourished or elderly patients are unable to complete this therapy. Therefore, there is a need for a more suitable radiotherapy combination regimen for this population. This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a combination regimen comprising chemotherapy with nimotuzumab and S-1 and concurrent radiotherapy for patients with fragile locally advanced esophageal cancer with a high Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002) score. Methods: Eligible patients with unresectable esophageal carcinoma who had an NRS-2002 score of 2 or higher were enrolled. They were treated with S-1 and nimotuzumab with concurrent radiotherapy, followed by surgery or definitive radiotherapy. The primary endpoint was the locoregional control (LRC) rate. Results: A total of 55 patients who met the study criteria were enrolled. After completion of treatment, surgery was performed in 15 patients and radiotherapy was continued in 40 patients. The median follow-up period was 33.3 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 31.4-35.1)] months. The LRC rate was 77.2% (95% CI, 66.6%-89.4%) at 1 year in the entire population. The overall survival (OS) rate and event-free survival (EFS) rate were 57.5% and 51.5% at 3 years, respectively. Surgery was associated with better LRC [hazard ratio (HR)=0.16; 95% CI, 0.04-0.70; P=0.015], OS (HR=0.19; 95% CI, 0.04-0.80; P=0.024), and EFS (HR=0.25; 95% CI, 0.08-0.75; P=0.013). Most adverse events were of grade 1 or 2, and no severe adverse events occurred. Conclusions: For malnourished or elderly patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer, radiotherapy combined with nimotuzumab and S-1 is effective and has a good safety profile.

Conditional relative survival in nonmetastatic esophagogastric cancer between 2006 and 2020: A population-based study.

Conditional relative survival (CRS) is useful for communicating prognosis to patients as it provides an estimate of the life expectancy after having survived a certain time after treatment. Our study estimates the 3-year relative survival conditional on having survived a certain period for patients with esophageal or gastric cancer. Patients with nonmetastatic esophageal or gastric cancer diagnosed between 2006 and 2020 treated with curative intent (resection with or without [neo]adjuvant therapy, or chemoradiotherapy) were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. CRS was calculated since resection or last day of chemoradiotherapy. The probability of surviving an additional 3 years (ie, 3-year CRS), if the patients survived 1, 3 and 5 years after diagnosis was 62%, 79%, 87% and 69%, 84%, 90% for esophageal and gastric cancer, respectively. The 3-year CRS after having survived 3 years for patients with esophageal cancer who underwent a resection (n = 12 204) was 91%, 88%, 77% and 60% for pathological Stage 0, I, II and III, and for patients with esophageal cancer who received chemoradiotherapy (n = 4158) was 51% and 66% for clinical Stage II and III, respectively. The 3-year CRS after having survived 3 years for patients with gastric cancer who underwent a resection (n = 6531) was 99%, 90%, 73% and 59% for pathological Stage 0, I, II and III, respectively. Despite poor prognosis of patients with esophageal or gastric cancer, life expectancy increases substantially after patients have survived several years after treatment. Our study provides valuable information for communication of prognosis to patients during follow-up after treatment.

A novel mitochondria-related gene signature in esophageal carcinoma: prognostic, immune, and therapeutic features.

Esophageal carcinoma (ESCA) is a common and lethal malignant tumor worldwide. The mitochondrial biomarkers were useful in finding significant prognostic gene modules associated with ESCA owing to the role of mitochondria in tumorigenesis and progression. In the present work, we obtained the transcriptome expression profiles and corresponding clinical information of ESCA from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Differential expressed genes (DEGs) were overlapped with 2030 mitochondria-related genes to get mitochondria-related DEGs. The univariate cox regression, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression, and multivariate cox regression were sequentially used to define the risk scoring model for mitochondria-related DEGs, and its prognostic value was verified in the external datasets GSE53624. Based on the risk score, ESCA patients were divided into high- and low-risk groups. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were performed to further investigate the difference between low- and high-risk groups at the gene pathway level. CIBERSORT was used to evaluate immune cell infiltration. The mutation difference between high- and low-risk groups was compared by using the R package "Maftools". Cellminer was used to assess the association between the risk scoring model and drug sensitivity. As the most important outcome of the study, a 6-gene risk scoring model (APOOL, HIGD1A, MAOB, BCAP31, SLC44A2, and CHPT1) was constructed from 306 mitochondria-related DEGs. Pathways including the "hippo signaling pathway" and "cell-cell junction" were enriched in the DEGs between high and low groups. According to CIBERSORT, samples with high-risk scores demonstrated a higher abundance of CD4+ T cells, NK cells, M0 and M2 macrophages, and a lower abundance of M1 macrophages. The immune cell marker genes were correlated with the risk score. In mutation analysis, the mutation rate of TP53 was significantly different between the high- and low-risk groups. Drugs with a strong correlation with the risk model were selected. In conclusion, we focused on the role of mitochondria-related genes in cancer development and proposed a prognostic signature for individualized integrative assessment.

NGS-based profiling identifies miRNAs and pathways dysregulated in cisplatin-resistant esophageal cancer cells.

Esophageal cancer (EC) incidence remains to be on a global rise supported by an unchanged recurrence and 5-year survival rate owing to the development of chemoresistance. Resistance to cisplatin, one of the majorly used chemotherapeutic drugs in EC, is a major nuisance. This study sheds light on miRNA dysregulation and its inverse relation with dysregulated mRNAs to guide pathways into the manifestation of cisplatin resistance in EC. A cisplatin-resistant version of an EC cell line was established and comparative profiling by NGS with the parental cell line was employed to identify dysregulation in miRNA and mRNA levels. Protein-protein interaction network analysis was done using Cytoscape, followed by Funrich pathway analysis. Furthermore, selective significant miRNAs were validated using qRT-PCR. miRNA-mRNA integrated analysis was carried out using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) tool. Expression of various established resistance markers supported the successful establishment of cisplatin-resistant cell line. Whole-cell small RNA sequencing and transcriptome sequencing identified 261 miRNAs and 1892 genes to be significantly differentially expressed (DE), respectively. Pathway analysis indicated enrichment of EMT signaling, supported by NOTCH, mTOR, TNF receptor, and PI3K-mediated AKT signaling pathways, in chemoresistant cells. Validation by qRT-PCR confirmed upregulation of miR-10a-5p, miR-618, miR-99a-5p, and miR-935 and downregulation of miR-335-3p, miR-205-5p, miR-944, miR-130a-3p, and miR-429 in resistant cells. Pathway analysis that followed IPA analysis indicated that the dysregulation of these miRNAs and their target genes may be instrumental in the development and regulation of chemoresistance via p53 signaling, xenobiotic metabolism, and NRF2-mediated oxidative stress. This study concludes the interplay between miRNA and mRNA as an important aspect and occurrence in guiding the regulation, acquisition, and maintenance of chemoresistance in esophageal cancer in vitro.

Kinesin family member 23 knockdown inhibits cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in esophageal carcinoma by inactivating the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway.

Kinesin family member 23 (KIF23) serves as a tumor-promoting gene with prognostic values in various tumors. However, the role of KIF23 in esophageal carcinoma (ESCA) progression is largely unknown. The overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GSE12452, GSE17351, and GSE20347 datasets were identified via GEO2R tool and Venn diagram software. KIF23 expression was analyzed using GSE12452, GSE17351, and GSE20347 datasets, GEPIA database, and qRT-PCR. Cell proliferation was assessed by CCK-8 and EdU incorporation assays. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analysis was performed to investigate the pathways associated with the regulatory mechanisms of KIF23 in ESCA. The expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, N-cadherin, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and alternation of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway were detected by western blot analysis. We identified two overlapping upregulated DEGs, among which KIF23 was selected for subsequent experiments. KIF23 was overexpressed in ESCA samples and cells, and knockdown of KIF23 retarded cell proliferation in ESCA cells. Besides, KIF23 knockdown suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in ESCA cells, as evidenced by the increase of E-cadherin expression and the reduction of vimentin, N-cadherin, and MMP-9 expression. GSEA analysis suggested that Wnt signaling pathway was the significant pathway related to KIF23. Moreover, we demonstrated that KIF23 silencing inhibited the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway in ESCA cells. Activation of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway by SKL2001 reversed the effects of KIF23 silencing on cell proliferation and EMT in ESCA cells. In conclusion, KIF23 knockdown inhibited the proliferation and EMT in ESCA cells through blockage of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway.

Caprin-1 plays a role in cell proliferation and Warburg metabolism of esophageal carcinoma by regulating METTL3 and WTAP.

BACKGROUND: Cytoplasmic activation/proliferation-associated protein-1 (Caprin-1) is implicated in cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis; however, its role in the development of esophageal carcinoma (ESCA) has not been examined. METHODS: Biological methods and data analysis were used to investigate the expression of Caprin-1 in ESCA tissue and cell lines. We comprehensively analyzed the mRNA expression and prognostic values, signalling pathways of CAPRIN1 in ESCA using public databases online. Biological functions of CAPRIN1 were performed by clorimetric growth assay, EdU staining, colony formation, flow cytometry, apoptosis analysis, Western blot, lactate detection assay, extracellular acidification rates. The underlying mechanism was determined via flow cytometric analysis, Western blot and rescue experiments. In addition, xenograft tumor model was constructed to verify the phenotypes upon CAPRIN1 silencing. RESULTS: Caprin-1 expression was significantly elevated in both ESCA tumor tissues and cell lines compared with that in normal adjacent tissues and fibroblasts. Increased CAPRIN1 mRNA expression was significantly associated with clinical prognosis and diagnostic accuracy. The GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis CAPRIN1 might be related to immune-related terms, protein binding processes, and metabolic pathways. A significant positive correlation was observed between high Caprin-1 protein levels and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.031), ki-67 (P = 0.023), and 18F- FDG PET/CT parameters (SUVmax (P = 0.002) and SUV mean (P = 0.005)) in 55 ESCA patients. At cut-off values of SUVmax 17.71 and SUVmean 10.14, 18F- FDG PET/CT imaging predicted Caprin-1 expression in ESCA samples with 70.8% sensitivity and 77.4% specificity. In vitro and in vivo assays showed that Caprin-1 knockdown affected ESCA tumor growth. Silencing Caprin-1 inhibited ESCA cell proliferation and glycolysis, and decreased the expression of methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) and Wilms' tumor 1-associating protein (WTAP). However, this effect could be partially reversed by the restoration of METTL3 and WTAP expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that Caprin-1 could serve as a prognostic biomarker and has an oncogenic role in ESCA.

Survival outcomes of esophageal cancer patients with recurrence after curative treatments.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about predictive factors for survival outcomes of esophageal carcinoma (EC) patients who developed recurrence after undergoing multimodal therapies. We aimed to investigate long-term outcomes and identify prognostic factors in patients with relapsed EC, focusing especially on those with oligometastasis (OM). METHODS: EC patients who developed recurrence after curative treatments (radical esophagectomy or definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT)) between 2010 and 2017 were reviewed. Multivariate Cox hazards models were applied to determine independent predictors of poor post-recurrence survival (PRS). RESULTS: In total, 178 patients were included. The median PRS was 12.9 months. Of the 178 patients, 98 had OM and 80 non-OM (NOM) disease. The survival outcomes of patients with OM were significantly better than those of patients with NOM (P < 0.01). Surgical treatments provided significantly better survival outcomes than CRT or chemo-/radiotherapy alone (3-year overall survival (OS); 78.1% vs. 42.5% vs. 28.9%, P < 0.01), mainly due to prolonging survival after the recurrence (3-year PRS 62.9% vs. 16.7% vs. 16.2%, P < 0.01). Multivariable analysis focusing on patients with OM revealed cStage III-IV disease (P < 0.01), high GPS at the time of recurrence (P = 0.02) and non-curative treatments (P < 0.01), to be independently associated with poor PRS. In contrast, in patients with NOM, no independent predictors for poor PRS were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The survival outcomes of patients with relapsed EC remain poor. Surgical treatments could provide survival benefits for patients with recurrent EC, especially for patients with OM.