Phylogeny and diversification of planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) based on a comprehensive molecular dataset and large taxon sampling.

Our understanding of the evolution of Fulgoromorpha (Insects, Hemiptera) has relied on molecular studies that have only considered either a limited number of taxa where all the families were not represented simultaneously, or a reduced number of genes.The absence of a global analysis comparing all the available data has thus led to significant biases in the analyzes, as evidenced by the incongruence of the results reported for planthopper phylogeny. Here we provide a phylogenetic and dating analysis of the Fulgoromorpha with a large sampling of 531 ingroup taxa, representing about 80% of the currently described suprageneric taxonomic diversity in this group. This study is based on most of the molecular sequences available to date and duly verified, for a set of nuclear and mitochondrial genes from a taxonomic sampling as complete as possible. The most significant results of our study are: (1) the unexpected paraphyly of Delphacidae whose Protodelphacida seem more related to Cixiidae than to other Delphacidae;(2) the group Meenoplidae-Kinnaridae recovered sister to the remaining Fulgoroidea families; (3) the early branching node of Tettigometridae sister of all the other families;(4) the Achilidae-Derbidae clade with Achilidae Plectoderini including Achilixiidae recovered as monophyletic as well as theFulgoridae-Dictyopharidae clade; and (5) the Tropiduchidae placed sister to the other so called 'higher' families (sec. Shcherbakov, 2006).Our divergence times analysis, calibrated with a set of duly verified fossils, suggests that the first diversification of planthoppers occurred in the Early Triassic around 240 Mya and those of the superfamilies Delphacoidea and Fulgoroidea in the Middle-Late Triassic around 210 Mya and 230 Mya, respectively. By the end of the Jurassic, all major planthopper lineages were originated, and all families, around 125 Mya, might havebeen driven in their distribution and evolution (in their first subfamilial divisions) by the geographical constraints of the Gondwanan break-up.Rapid evolutionary radiations occurred particularly in Fulgoridae around 125-130 Mya. Our results stress the importance of the good quality of the sequences used in the molecular analyzes and the primordial importance of a large sampling when analyzing the phylogeny of the group.

Assessment of color response and activity rhythms of the invasive black planthopper Ricania speculum (Walker, 1851) using sticky traps.

To be effective, management strategies of invasive alien species cannot ignore their spatiotemporal behavior particularly those exerting serious damages to human activities. The black planthopper Ricania speculum is an Asian insect that has been reported as an alien invasive species in Italy, where it threatens local plant diversity, including important crops. In our work, we analyzed the activity rhythms of this species through circular statistics and the efficiency of chromotropic traps to capture adult individuals. Captures were carried out in central Italy, where the black planthopper is showing a remarkable range expansion, after its first discovery in 2009. We observed that the species was mainly crepuscular, with a high intersexual activity overlap. Activity rhythms changed between July-August and September-October, with changing heliophany, but peaked at sunset and were the lowest in the second half of the night and early morning. The insects were mostly caught by green traps, particularly in September, which is the period of egg-laying inside the leaves; conversely, orange ones were avoided, and yellow ones captured proportionally to their local availability. Strategies for controlling this species should consider concentrating trapping effort during the activity peak, using green sticky traps to enhance the capture success of each trap, with the lowest impact over non-target species.

Planthopper (Hemiptera: Flatidae) parasitized by larval erythraeid mite (Trombidiformes: Erythraeidae)-a description of two new species from western Madagascar.

Descriptions of Dambullaeus adonis Makol et Moniuszko SP NOV: (Trombidiformes: Erythraeidae, Callidosomatinae) and Latois nigrolineata Swierczewski et Stroinski SP NOV: (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha, Flatidae) from Madagascar are provided. The first host record for ectoparasitic larvae of Dambullaeus Haitlinger, 2001 and the first evidence on host-parasite association between flatid adult and erythraeid larvae are given. Genus Dambullaeus, known exclusively from larvae and now comprising two species of Gondwanan distribution, is critically reappraised.

Two new species of the planthopper genus Usana Distant, 1906 (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Achilidae) from China.

Two new species of the achilid planthopper genus Usana Distant, 1906 (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Achilidae, Myconinae, Plectoderini), U.tongmaiensis Long & Huang, sp. nov. and U.rotalarius Long & Huang, sp. nov., are described and illustrated from Xizang and Chongqing. A key to all known species and a map of geographic distributions for Chinese taxa is provided.

Two new species of the bamboo-feeding planthopper genus Neobelocera Ding & Yang from China (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Delphacidae).

Two new species of the bamboo-feeding genus Neobelocera Ding & Yang, 1986, N.furcatasp. nov. and N.parvulasp. nov., are described and illustrated from China. A key based on the male genitalia is given to distinguish species of this genus and a map provided to show their geographic distribution. Habitus photos for adults and illustrations of male genitalia are also given.

A new species of the genus Dentatissus Chen, Zhang & Chang (Hemiptera, Fulgoroidea, Issidae) from the Korean Peninsula, with a key to the genus.

A new species of the family Issidae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoroidea), Dentatissuslongispinosussp. nov., is described from the Korean Peninsula. Morphological information is presented with photographs based on male and female specimens. A key to species of the genus Dentatissus is also provided.

Revision of the New Guinean genus Zophiuma (Hemiptera, Lophopidae).

The lophopid genus Zophiuma Fennah, 1955 is revised with two new species described, Z. gitauae sp. nov. and Z. torricelli sp. nov. and Z. doreyensis (Distant, 1906) is placed in synonymy with Z. pupillata (Stål, 1863). A key to the species for the genus, distribution map and the male genitalia illustrations are provided.

Two new bamboo-feeding species of the genus Kirbyana Distant, 1906 from China (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae).

Two new bamboo-feeding species of the cixiid planthopper genus Kirbyana Distant, 1906 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae: Eucarpiini), K. aspina Zhi & Chen, sp. nov. and K. furcata Zhi & Chen, sp. nov., are described and illustrated from southern China. A key to all known species and a map of their geographic distributions are provided.

Taxonomic study of the genus Unkanodes (Hemiptera, Fulgoroidea, Delphacidae) from Pakistan, with description of a new species.

Unkanodes (Kwonianella) malamjabbensissp. nov. (Hemiptera, Delphacidae) is described and illustrated and U. latespinosa (Dlabola, 1957) is newly recorded from Malamjabbah, Swat, Pakistan. These two species represent the first records of the genus Unkanodes Fennah, 1956 from Pakistan. A key to the world's species of the genus Unkanodes is provided.

A new species of the genus Kodaianellissus Wang, Bourgoin amp; Zhang (Hemiptera: Issidae) with morphological and molecular data.

Kodaianellissus gibbusis sp. nov. is described from Rawlakot, Azad Jammu Kashmir (Pakistan), which is first record of the genus Kodaianellissus Wang, Bourgoin Zhang, 2017 from the country. Morphological characters including male genitalia structure are described and illustrated. A checklist and key to all species of Kodaianellissus are provided. A molecular analysis with morphological characters indicates its placement into the Kodaianellissus.

A revision of the planthopper genus Chionomus Fennah (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Delphacidae).

The planthopper genus Chionomus Fennah, 1971 (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Delphacidae) currently includes three Neotropical species, removed from the polyphyletic genus Delphacodes Fieber, 1866. Morphological and molecular evidence further redefine Chionomus to include ten additional species (eight species removed from Delphacodes, two described as new, viz. Chionomus dolonus n. sp. and C. herkos n. sp.), with another four species synonymized. Phylogenetic analyses of morphological and molecular sequence data of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase I provide support for the monophyly of Chionomus. We use a mixed model Bayesian optimality criterion to define phylogenetic relationships among Chionomus and support paraphyly of the original definition of Chionomus (with respect to Delphacodes) and monophyly of the revised genus.

Derbid Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Derbidae) Associated with Coconut and Oil Palm in Brazil.

We present surveys of derbid planthoppers associated with coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) collected in Northeastern (Sergipe) and North (Pará and Roraima) Brazil. The surveys were intended to contribute to our knowledge of possible vectors of phytoplasmas or other phloem-restricted plant pathogens. Eight derbid taxa were found, two in the subfamily Cedusinae, tribe Cedusini (Cedusa yipara Kramer and C. yowza Kramer) and six in the subfamily Derbinae, tribe Cenchreini: Herpis sp., Persis pugnax Stål, Omolicna anastomosa (Caldwell), O. nigripennis (Caldwell), and two new species in the genus Agoo Bahder & Bartlett are described here. Genus-level features between Omolicna and Agoo are discussed and a key to the species of Agoo is provided.

Taxonomic study of the genus Malaxa Melichar, with descriptions of two new species from China (Hemiptera, Fulgoroidea, Delphacidae).

Two new species of the delphacid genusMalaxa Melichar, 1914, M.hamuliferum sp. nov. and M.tricuspis sp. nov., are described and illustrated from southwest China (Yunnan and Hainan), providing the genus with eleven species in total. A key is provided to distinguish the seven Chinese species in the genus.

A new genus and species of cixiid planthopper (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea) from the Reserva Privada el Silencio de Los Angeles Cloud Forest in Costa Rica.

Myxia belinda gen. et sp. nov. is established for a new taxon of Cixiidae in the tribe Oecleini collected from palms in Costa Rica. The new taxon was discovered while surveying palms for potential phytoplasma vectors. Placement in a new genus is supported by a 1,383 bp sequence of 18S that differs by 2.77% from Haplaxius, 5.20% from Myndus taffini, and 2.80% from Nymphomyndus caribbea. Intrageneric variation for 18S was found to be approximately 0.5% to 0.6% within Haplaxius. Generic level differences within the Oecleini for COI ranged from 15% to 17% with the novel taxon differing by about 16% from other genera. The new genus is most similar in appearance to Haplaxius but possesses striking sexual dimorphism, and the aedeagus is only partially surrounded by the phallobase (versus entirely enveloped in Haplaxius). The discovery of a novel taxon of cixiid on palms that is similar to Haplaxius is important because of the role that Haplaxius crudus plays in phytoplasma transmission in palm agro- and natural ecosystems.

Two new species of the bamboo-feeding planthopper genus Arcofacies Muir (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Delphacidae) from China.

Two new species of the bamboo-feeding genus Arcofacies Muir, A. longispinus sp. nov. and A. varius sp. nov., are described and illustrated from southwest China (Yunnan). A checklist to the species of Arcofacies is provided as well as a key for the Chinese species.

New genus and species of Delphacini (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) from a salt marsh in northern Chile.

Salinesia atacamensis gen. et sp. nov. is described from a coastal wetland of Atacama Region, Chile. It is characterized by the small size (males < 2 mm), dorsal side concolorous, with lateral carinae of pronotum reaching hind margin, armature of male pygofer narrow and not produced, phallus curved ventrad, and abdominal segment X of male without processes.

Pseudoamycle polylepisae gen. et sp. nov., a fulgorid from the highlands of Northern Chile (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae).

Pseudoamycle polylepisae gen. et sp. nov. is described from northernmost Chile (Arica and Parinacota Region). It is characterized by the small and brown body, head with no preocular flange, cephalic process porrect and dorsoventrally compressed, dorsal surface from lateral view not angulate at level of eyes, eyes round, tegmina concolorous and vein MP of tegmen pectinate. The new taxon was found to be associated with Polyepis rugulosa Bitter (Rosaceae).

Fieber's unpublished colour plates allow reassessing some of his Cixius species (Insecta: Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae).

Franz Xaver Fieber was a leading Hemiptera taxonomist in the 19th century. The recent discovery of his unpublished drawings that go along with the original handwritten manuscript allow a reassessment of species descriptions from this century. In addition, we present an alphabet of Fieber's handwriting. We give an overview on the Cixiidae species he had described and reassess the status of the species names Cixius brachycranus Scott, 1870, Cixius intermedius Scott, 1870, Cixius pinicola Fieber, 1876, Tachycixius venustulus (Germar, 1830) and Tachycixius distinctus (Signoret, 1865). T. venustulus and T. distinctus are regarded as valid species. The synonymy of C. pinicola with T. venustulus is invalidated and C. pinicola is placed in synonymy with T. distinctus.

New genus and species of brachypterous planthopper of the tribe Elicini (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Tropiduchidae) from Chile.

Selamorpha variegata gen. et sp. nov. is described from Coquimbo Region, Chile. It is characterized by the body dorsally saddle-shaped, brachypterous, tegmina with moderate reticulation, metope elongate, and terga caudally elevated. The new taxon is the second genus of Elicini in Chile and the third of South America. It was found associated with Calceolaria polifolia Hook. (Calceolariaceae).

A new species of the genus Euxaldar Fennah, 1978 from China (Hemiptera, Fulgoroidea, Issidae).

A new species Euxaldarguangxiensis sp. n. is described and illustrated from southeastern China. The generic characteristics are redefined. A checklist and key to the species of the genus Euxaldar are provided.