Aging with my family: a grounded theory approach on the role of family when aging as foreign-born.

BACKGROUND: Research indicates that it is the quality of the closest relationships in the mixture of social relations that matters most for older adults. For older foreign-born, especially those who migrate late in life, the family is often the only socioeconomical resource they can lean on. This study aims to explore how older foreign-born perceive the role of family as they age. METHODS: The study design has a grounded theory approach. Data consist of individual open-ended interviews with 15 foreign-born informants aged between 60 and 85 years old who migrated to Sweden as adults from various parts of the world. RESULTS: The findings demonstrate that family was an essential part of the informants' lives as they lived for their families and their families lived for them. Family solidarity was described as a cultural heritage they took over from their original families and a cultural heritage they wished to pass on to their future generations. They found that this was what separated them as foreign-born from native-born. Memories of their parents reminded them of their biological, social, and cultural heritages. The intimate relationship with their spouses in a life course had served as a source of validation of their individual identities and promoted personal growth and self-esteem. The role as a loving and caring parent entailed a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction for the life lived. And now as grandparents, the role as a link between the family's historical heritage and the future generation entailed not only a sense of coherence as they aged but also hope and meaning beyond their own lives. CONCLUSIONS: The older foreign-born experienced life satisfaction as they aged with their families. Family meant community and solidarity. It was in the family that they found their distinct roles that had defined them. Family was an indispensable part of their social identity. The findings highlight the importance of older foreign-born being studied from a family and lifetime perspective.

Relationship between hukou conversion and psychological integration of rural older migrants: the mediating effect of accessibility to health resources.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the relationship between hukou conversion and the psychological integration of rural older migrants, exploring the mediating role of accessibility to health resources. METHODS: The 3,963 valid samples of rural older migrants included in the study were sourced from the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS). The study established a multiple linear regression model for estimation and utilized inverse probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) method to correct for the selection bias of hukou conversion. RESULTS: Compared to older migrants with rural hukou, merit-based (ß = 0.384, 95% CI: 0.265 to 0.504), family-based (ß = 0.371, 95% CI: 0.178 to 0.565) and policy-based (ß = 0.306, 95% CI: 0.124 to 0.487) converters have significantly higher psychological integration. These findings remain robust even after addressing the potential issue of endogenous selection bias using the IPWRA method. Bootstrap mediating effect tests indicate that hukou conversion can indirectly affect psychological integration through the mediator role of health resources accessibility. CONCLUSION: Accessibility of health resources mediates the association between hukou conversion and psychological integration. Policymakers should enhance the implementation of hukou conversion, strengthen the health resource guarantee system, and achieve a deeper psychological integration among rural older migrants.

Social support and economic conditions among older migrants in India: do distance, duration, and streams of migration play a role in later life?

BACKGROUND: Being older and having a migrant feature might cause a double risk of vulnerability in poor economic, social support, and health status at the place of destination. This study examines the association of migration on the social support and economic condition of older persons in India. METHODS: Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) wave-I (2017-2018) data with total samples of 66,156 older adults aged 45 + with 30,869 and 35,287 male and female samples, respectively, used in this study. Descriptive and bivariate analyses have been performed to examine the pattern of older migrants, and multinomial logistic regression analysis has been used to establish the associations between migration, social support, and economic condition. RESULTS: Over half (57.5%) of the population aged 45 + in India had migrant characteristics; 80% migrated before 25 years. Of all migrants, about 90% migrated within one state (Intrastate), and 9% migrated to another (Interstate). The association between social support and migration by distance and the adjusted result showed that immigrants were less likely to have medium [RRR = 0.56 (CI; 0.46-0.68)] and high [RRR = 0.39 (CI; 0.30-0.50)] social support. The interstate migrants were also less likely to have high [RRR = 0.90 (CI; 0.83-0.98)] social support. The migrants with 0-9 years of duration were less likely to have high social support, and the urban to rural stream migrants were more likely to have high social support. The association between economic status and migration by distance and the adjusted result showed that more affluent immigrants were likelier to have [RRR = 1.41 (CI; 1.14-1.73)] better economic conditions than affluent non-migrants. Migrants with 0-9-year duration and urban to rural stream were found to be likelier to have better economic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that distance, duration, and migration stream have a significant association with social support and economic conditions in later life. In exploring migration's effect on social and economic status, policymakers should prioritize migrants in their agenda to maintain socio-economic and social support for older persons in India to achieve the sustainable goal of active and healthy ageing.

Self-identified barriers to health services among migrants 50 years of age or older: population-based survey study of Russian speakers in Finland.

BACKGROUND: The compounded effect of a migratory background and ageing increases the risk of unequal medical treatment opportunities. The aim of this article is to investigate the social determinants of barriers to health services. METHODS: The study uses population-based survey data of Russian-speaking migrants (50 + years) residing in Finland (n = 1082, 57% of men, mean age 63 years). Multiple correspondence analysis was performed as a dimension reduction procedure on six barriers to health services. Multiple ordinary least-squares linear regression was used for the predicted score of the barriers as an outcome variable. RESULTS: Most of the sociodemographic characteristics were not associated with barriers to health services, except gender, as women tended to face more disadvantages. Migration-related factors, such as the need for interpreters for health services and experienced discrimination, were associated with an increased likelihood of reporting barriers to health services. Using the internet as a primary source of health information was associated with more access barriers to health services. CONCLUSIONS: Migrants 50 years of age or older face multiple barriers to health services. Given that the healthcare needs increase with age, addressing this issue becomes crucial, necessitating improved access to health services for older migrants.

Long-Term Care Use Among Older Migrants in the Netherlands: What to Expect in the Next Decade?

The number of older adults in the Netherlands is growing rapidly, and an increasing share of them is foreign-born. This may have implications for long-term care (LTC) demand. This study provides insights into older migrants' current and future use of LTC provisions under the Dutch long-term care act (LTCA). We distinguish three types of LTC and six groups of older migrants and analyze register data of all foreign-born older adults. Descriptive statistics for the 2016-2022 period and logistic regression analyses show considerable heterogeneity regarding the LTC-services used and the origin of care users. Most notably, Moroccan and Turkish older adults are least likely to use residential care and more likely to use personal care budgets. By combining our models' results with population projections, we project that older migrants' use of home-based care and personal budgets will increase rapidly in the next decade. Migrants with western and Surinamese origin will most often use LTC. Although the demand for residential care will rise less markedly, residential care will remain most used by older migrants under the LTCA. The rising demand for home-based care calls for policy efforts accommodating flexibility, room for differences, and grounds for establishing trustworthy relationships between all involved actors.

Migrants face Barriers to Obtaining Electronic Identification: A population-based Study Among Older Russian-speakers in Finland.

As digital technologies continue to transform health care and health systems, they will continue to have a lasting impact on health services. Many health and social care services have rapidly become 'digital by default'. The electronic identification (e-ID) technology is needed for secure authentication to digital services. Recent studies have shown that the 'digital divide' is prominent between ethnic minorities and the majority populations and between older and younger adults. Inequalities related to not having an e-ID, which is in many countries required to access digital health services, remain under-researched. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge of the use of digital services among older migrants. This study analyses general socio-demographic as well as migration specific factors that may be associated with not having an e-ID among older migrants. We used the Care, Health and Ageing of Russian-speaking Minority in Finland (CHARM) study, which is a nationally representative survey of community-dwelling Russian-speaking adults aged ≥ 50 years living in Finland (N = 1082, 57% men, mean age 63.2 years, standard deviation 8.4 years, response rate 36%). Our results showed that 21% of older Russian-speakers did not have an e-ID. Our regression analysis showed that older age and poorer economic situation were associated with a lower probability of having an e-ID. In addition, we found an association between not speaking local languages and not having an e-ID. This may relate to private banks regulating the requirements for obtaining the most common e-ID method, online banking ID. We argue that for individuals who are already in vulnerable positions, current e-ID practices might pose yet another obstacle to obtaining the health services they need and are entitled to.

How is grandparenting linked to life satisfaction among community-dwelling older migrants in Nanjing, China: The mediating role of loneliness and self-esteem.

Grandparenting is a crucial part of family child care. This study aims to examine the effect of grandparenting on the life satisfaction of community-dwelling older migrants, and attempts to explore the psychological mechanisms linking them. A total of 723 participants were recruited. The PROCESS Model 6 was used to complete the mediation analysis. The mediating effect was significant if the 95%CI did not contain zero. Results indicated that grandparenting was positively associated with migrants' life satisfaction (r=0.223, p<0.001). Loneliness and self-esteem significantly mediated this relationship, with mediating effects of 0.287 (95%CI: 0.072, 0.563) and 1.127 (95%CI: 0.648, 1.622), respectively. Grandparenting affects life satisfaction either directly, or indirectly by reducing loneliness and enhancing self-esteem.

The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam: cohort update 2019 and additional data collections.

The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) is a prospective cohort study of older adults in the Netherlands, initially based on a nationally representative sample of people aged 55-84 years. The study has been ongoing since 1992, and focuses on the determinants, trajectories and consequences of physical, cognitive, emotional and social functioning. Strengths of the LASA study include its multidisciplinary character, the availability of over 25 years of follow-up, and the cohort-sequential design that allows investigations of longitudinal changes, cohort differences and time trends in functioning. The findings from LASA have been reported in over 600 publications so far (see www.lasa-vu.nl). This article provides an update of the design of the LASA study and its methods, on the basis of recent developments. We describe additional data collections, such as additional nine-monthly measurements in-between the regular three-yearly waves that have been conducted among the oldest old during 2016-2019, and the inclusion of a cohort of older Turkish and Moroccan migrants.

The migrating mediators and the interaction associated with the use of essential public health services: a cross-sectional study in Chinese older migrants.

BACKGROUND: Despite the incremental implementation of the essential public health services (EPHS) during the last decade, the goal of EPHS's equalization is impossible to cannot be achieved without appropriate policies targeting older migrants. Therefore, this study aims to examine whether the supply side meets the needs of older migrants and to explore the relationships among health status, the use of health services, and diverse factors. METHODS: The data were derived from a national cross-sectional dataset (N = 11,161) of the 2015 Chinese Migrant Dynamic Monitoring Survey. Mediating effects analysis and moderating effects analysis were conducted to explore the interactions between physical status and the use of EPHS in older migrants such as physical examination, health record, and follow-up services. RESULTS: The use of physical examination, health record, and follow-up services were correlated with each other. Household income, migrating for employment, and migrating for offspring were negatively associated with the use of EPHS. A positive association was observed between the use of EPHS and willingness for long-stay. The mediating effects of household income, migrating for employment, migrating for offspring, and willingness for long-stay were observed on the relationship between physical status and the use of EPHS. The moderating effects of household income and migrating for employment were discovered. CONCLUSION: Public health policies that may be worthy of consideration include further enhancing the delivery capacity of primary health institutions, integrating professional clinical resources into the primary health system, and launching the target policies to improve the accessibility of EPHS in older migrants.

Relational ambivalence: Exploring the social and discursive dimensions of ambivalence-The case of Turkish aging labor migrants.

Many of Vienna's labor migrants who entered Austria as so-called "guest workers" together with their spouses long nurtured the dream of returning to their country of origin, at the latest when they retired. By then, however, returning became less than straightforward leading to ambivalence regarding questions of belonging/return and transnational mobility and late-life care. Based on rich qualitative data, in this article, I show that ambivalences are found in the complexity of migrants' narratives, particularly in the way they (1) reassess past choices, (2) negotiate feelings of belonging, and (3) assess future options for late life and care. I argue that the social dimension of ambivalence, which I term "relational ambivalence," is crucial to understanding the labor migrants' experiences, reflections, and choices. The analysis shows that ambivalence must be understood as a product of relationships rather than solely an individual experience. The concept of relational ambivalence captures these social and discursive dimensions of ambivalence. The article ultimately carves out the particularity of ambivalence in the general context of migration and in the specific context of Vienna's labor migrants, while accepting feelings of ambivalence or the simultaneity of different, opposing positions in one and the same person as a core human experience.

[Stronger feelings of loneliness among Moroccan and Turkish older adults in the Netherlands: A search for an explanation]. / Hogere eenzaamheid onder Marokkaanse en Turkse ouderen in Nederland: Op zoek naar een verklaring.

The prevalence of loneliness among Turkish- and Moroccan-Dutch older adults is higher than among Dutch older adults of non-migrant origin. Two explanations may account for this difference. (1) The meaning of the concept may differ, or there is differential item functioning. This might result in scores that not only differ in intensity but also in meaning across groups. (2) The position of older migrants is much more vulnerable than of non-migrant older people. Data from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam were used to examine support for both explanations. Feelings of loneliness are explored among 176 people born in Morocco and 235 people born in Turkey, aged 55-66 years, and living in urban areas. They migrated on average 35 years ago to the Netherlands. They are compared with a matched sample of 292 older people of Dutch origin. The psychometric properties of the loneliness scale are satisfying, although there is some differential item functioning. Older migrants have more frequent social contacts, but are at a disadvantage in other domains. Taking into account differences in social participation, satisfaction with their income, mastery and depressive symptoms, the difference between older migrants' and non-migrants' loneliness is reduced to more than half. Being an older migrant and belonging to a minority might further contribute to feelings of loneliness. Interventions should not be directed at stimulating social contact, but rather, for example, at enhancing the appreciation of their social status and at avoiding negative interpretations of the situation.

[The impact of neighbourhood-based work on helping older migrants gain access to care : Older migrants and neighbourhood-based work in care and social services]. / De impact van het wijkgerichte werken voor de toeleiding naar zorg van oudere migranten : Oudere migranten en het wijkgerichte werken in zorg en welzijn.

This article studies how older migrants gain access to care through neighbourhood-based forms of working. In the Netherlands, the neighbourhood is increasingly viewed as an ideal place to organize care and social services, close to citizens. To this end, municipalities are developing neighbourhood structures and facilities in which local providers cooperate. In our qualitative research we studied the developments in crafting practices relevant to access to care of older migrants in the city of Nijmegen, the Netherlands. In Nijmegen the new neighbourhood structures are only partly successful in helping older migrants gain access to care. Older migrants visit neighbourhood facilities not for the services these facilities provide, but because of the presence of care professionals who speak the same language, or share the same cultural background as do these older migrants. These caregivers are able to bridge the mental distance between the health care system and the lifeworld of older migrants. Relations also arise outside the neighbourhood structures, for instance at culture-specific day care facilities. To prevent too great a claim on professionals with a migration background, agreements between the city of Nijmegen and local providers to enhance cultural sensitivity should be better monitored.

[Health and wellbeing of older migrants in the Netherlands: A narrative literature review]. / Gezondheid en welbevinden van oudere migranten in Nederland: Een narratieve literatuurstudie.

In the past few years there has been a growing attention for older migrants, but the question of what we actually know about this group of people remains open. This article strives to fill this knowledge lacuna by presenting an overview of current research findings on health and wellbeing. In total 104 publications were taken into account in this literature review, including 69 articles published in (inter)national journals and 35 reports. The results show that a great deal of research is dedicated to the three largest groups of non-western migrants - Surinamese, Turkish and Moroccan older adults - and health-related themes such as health status and healthcare utilization and quality. Interest in the field of wellbeing is, on the other hand, still rather small. Furthermore, there seems to be little attention to diversity on the current research agenda, although prior research has shown relatively large differences between migrant groups. Based on this literature review, we conclude with a plea for more explanatory research, which goes beyond country of origin and socio-economic status.

Exploring older migrants' meaning-making of 'happiness': "The main thing is health. Young people might say otherwise."

PURPOSE: As our ageing population is growing and diversifying, it is important to gain insight into the well-being of older migrants. However, the meanings of happiness can vary cross-culturally. Therefore, prior to exploring older migrants' happiness, their meaning-making of "happiness" should be explored. This way, cultural or individual variations can be considered when analysing older migrants' happiness. Not only migration background but also age could influence the meaning of well-being. For example, the meaning of well-being can change as people grow older. Therefore, both migration background and age are considered in exploring older migrants' meaning-making of happiness. METHODS: To do so, in-depth interviews with older migrants (n = 22) from various ethnicities were conducted in which their meaning-making of happiness was questioned via a semi-structured interview guide. RESULTS: After analysing the results via thematic analysis, three overarching themes are discussed: (1) happiness associations, (2) happiness-pursuing strategies, and (3) happiness obstructions. The analysis then further focuses on the role of migration background and ageing on the meaning-making of happiness. CONCLUSIONS: Participants' meaning-making of happiness seems strongly imbued with age-related references. On the contrary, the impact of migration background is rather limited. To explain this difference, the value of incorporating participants' life course experiences emerged.

Prevalence, perceptions, and experiences of frailty among older migrants from Low- and Middle-Income Countries to High Income Countries: A mixed method systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is increasingly becoming a public health concern, especially among vulnerable populations. Older migrants from Low- and Middle-Income Countries to High Income Countries present with poorer health and are at increased risk of becoming frail. This review aims to explore the prevalence, perceptions, and experiences of frailty among older migrants from Low- and Middle-Income Countries to High Income Countries. METHODS: This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. Five electronic databases were comprehensively searched for relevant literature published from January 1, 2000, to April 30, 2023. Quality appraisal for the quantitative studies was done with the Joanna Brigg's critical appraisal tool for analytic cross-sectional studies, and the qualitative studies were assessed with the Critical Appraisal Skill Program tool for qualitative studies. RESULT: Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Frailty was assessed using modified versions of the Frailty Phenotype and Frailty Index. The prevalence of frailty using the Frailty Phenotype was 16.6 %, and 17 % to 61.9 % according to the Frailty Index. The perceptions and experiences of frailty were characterised by chronic ill-health and a review of healthy pre-migration and early migration lives. CONCLUSION: Despite the variation in frailty assessment methods, the high prevalence of frailty among older migrants was highlighted across the included studies. The perceptions and experiences of frailty reflect a state of resignation which can complicate the state of frailty. There is the need for ongoing research among migrant groups to identify their predisposition to frailty for early intervention.

Neighbourhood Ethnic Density, Local Language Skills, and Loneliness among Older Migrants-A Population-Based Study on Russian Speakers in Finland.

So far, little attention has been paid to contextual factors shaping loneliness and their interaction with individual characteristics. Moreover, the few existing studies have not included older migrants, identified as a group who are vulnerable to loneliness. This study examined the association between neighbourhood ethnic density (the proportion of own-group residents and the proportion of other ethnic residents in an area) and loneliness among older migrants. Furthermore, we investigated whether local language skills moderated this association. A population-based representative survey (The CHARM study, n = 1082, 57% men, mean age 63.2 years) and postal code area statistics were used to study Russian-speaking migrants aged 50 or older in Finland. The study design and data are hierarchical, with individuals nested in postcode areas. We accounted for this by estimating corresponding mixed models. We used a linear outcome specification and conducted logistic and ordinal robustness checks. After controlling for covariates, we found that ethnic density variables (measured as the proportion of Russian speakers and the proportion of other foreign speakers) were not associated with loneliness. Our interaction results showed that increased own-group ethnic density was associated with a higher level of loneliness among those with good local language skills but not among those with weaker skills. Good local language skills may indicate a stronger orientation towards the mainstream destination society and living in a neighbourhood with a higher concentration of own-language speakers may feel alienating for those who wish to be more included in mainstream society.

How does social integration work when older migrants obtain health services from community? Evidence from national database in China.

Background: The roles of community are often overlooked when studying the older migrants' health issues, and more importantly, the mediating effect of social integration on the health of older migrants were rarely investigated empirically. Methods: This study developed comprehensive index to explore this relationship. With data from the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey, the study first examined the potential linkage between community-based health services and the health of older migrants. Ordered logit regressions was carried to investigate whether the self-rated health of older migrants is related to health education and health records provided by community, then the Causal Stepwise Regression and bootstrap method was used to looked into the potential mediation effect. Results: The findings showed that older migrants with more community-based health education had higher self-rated health (ß = 0.038, SE = 0.009, p < 0.001). However, the community-based health records were not associated with older migrants' health. Moreover, higher levels of social integration were associated with community health education (ß = 0.142, SE = 0.014, p < 0.001), and social integration was positively associated with older migrants' health (ß = 0.039, SE = 0.002, p = 0.024), indicating the mediation role of social integration. Conclusion: The vital role of community-based health education in improving the health of older migrants was found, and social integration plays a mediating role.

Loneliness in Older Migrants: Exploring the Role of Cultural Differences in Their Loneliness Experience.

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND: The scientific literature suggests the necessity of studying loneliness from a broader social perspective. This article aims to broaden the research on loneliness in older migrants by exploring the role of cultural differences through the lens of the social environment (as measured in social capital, discrimination, and ageism) and social situation (as measured in relational mobility, childness, and marital status). Based on Hofstede's Individualism Index, older migrants involved in the BBC Loneliness Experiment (N = 2164) were classified into three groups: cultural migrants (i.e., from a collectivist to individualist culture) (N = 239), migrants with a similar culture (i.e., within an individualist culture) (N = 841), and ageing non-migrants (N = 1084). OBJECTIVES: The two main objectives were (1) to compare the levels of loneliness among these three groups, and (2) to unravel how different influencing factors, such as the social environment, social situation, coping strategies, and personal characteristics, are related to loneliness. METHODS: Bivariate analyses were performed to determine the differences in the loneliness, social environment, social situation, and personal characteristic variables between the groups, with adjusted p-values according to the Bonferroni correction to limit the potential for type I errors (α = 0.005). Multiple linear regressions were performed to unravel the relationships between loneliness and the different influencing factors, namely the social environment, social situation, coping strategies, and personal characteristics. RESULTS: The bivariate analyses show no significant difference in loneliness across the three groups. The multiple linear regressions demonstrate that the social environment (i.e., social capital, discrimination, and ageism) is significantly associated with loneliness. Social capital acts as a protective factor for cultural migrants (ß = -0.27, p < 0.005, 95% CI [-0.48, -0.05]), similar-culture migrants (ß = -0.13, p < 0.005, 95% CI [-0.25, -0.03]), and non-migrants (ß = -0.21, p < 0.001, 95% CI [-0.28, -0.12]). Discrimination and ageism are both risk factors for loneliness across the three groups. Social situation, as measured in married/cohabitation status and relational mobility, shows a significant association with loneliness in the non-migrants and similar-culture migrants but not the cultural migrants. In terms of individual resources for coping strategies, engagement in active coping is protective for all three groups. Non-coping, the unawareness of any coping strategies, is a risk factor, while passive coping shows no significant association. DISCUSSION: The results show that the structural factor of the social environment in which older migrants' find themselves, rather than their culture of origin, is more important for older migrants' feelings of loneliness in later life. A favorable social environment with high social capital and low levels of discrimination and ageism protects against loneliness in the ageing population across cultures. Practical implications for loneliness interventions for older migrants are put forward.

Conducting Empirical Research With Older Migrants: Methodological and Ethical Issues.

This special section brings together a set of four articles containing novel quantitative and qualitative research on older migrants in Europe. Detailed reporting and reflection is presented on fieldwork decisions and how certain challenges were tackled, and their implications. This introductory article aims to lay the groundwork for a better understanding and awareness of methodological and ethical challenges researchers face when designing and conducting empirical studies involving older migrants. Highlighted are the main methodological issues and ethical dilemmas we observe in studying older migrants, which can serve as a wake-up call for researchers to be more critical throughout the process. We end with a plea for more collaboration between researchers in the field of older migrants, by sharing their data despite potential methodological and ethical problems.

Diversity attitudes and sensitivity of employees and leaders in the German STEM-sector.

The increasing diversity of cultural backgrounds, migration status and age is shaping modern working life. Previous research demonstrated that the attitudes and competences of team members and leaders toward diversity play a crucial role in utilizing the potential of heterogeneous teams and preventing detrimental behavior and discrimination. But even though leaders appear to be key figures in the process of diversity management, their perception of diversity as well as related challenges and chances are poorly investigated. The current paper aims to contribute to the understanding of leaders' perspective on and role in diversity management building on a comparative analysis of two explorative qualitative studies with 16 employees and 22 leaders. The overall research questions are how employees and leaders perceive diversity of culture and age from their specific point of view, which experiences are likely to contribute to their opinion on and perception of diversity and in how far do employees and leaders differ in these aspects. Participants come from the German sector of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), which is the most internationalized and least psychologically investigated sector in Germany. The results show that employees are aware of the topic of diversity in general but have poor competences in dealing with diversity in their daily work life. This seems to be associated with a lack of experience with intercultural interaction and a lack of support from the respective organizations/leaders. We further found that individuals with a migration background do not show any signs of stereotype threat rather than expressing a feeling of being isolated from employees without a migration background. By comparing perspectives of leaders and employees, the current study contributes to the understanding of the processes underlying the experiences of inequalities of migrants and experiences of intercultural miscommunication and faultlines of people without migration background. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.