Physician resource planning in Canada: the need for a stronger behavioural foundation.

An effective solution to the problem of access to physician services in Canada must extend beyond an over-exclusive focus on the number of providers to consider the behaviour of physicians in greater depth. The amount of labour and associated services supplied by physicians depends importantly on their attitudes regarding work, on practice and non-practice income opportunities, and on the policy environment in which they practise. Hence, the amount of labour supplied by a given stock of physicians can change over time. Only by considering the full range of factors that affect the labour supply of physicians can we effectively plan for physician resources.

The West African medical staff and the administration of Imperial tropical medicine, 1902-14.

Established in 1902, the West African Medical Staff (WAMS) brought together the six medical departments of British West Africa. Its formation also followed the foundation of schools of tropical medicine in London and Liverpool. While the 'white' dominions were at the centre of Joseph Chamberlain's ambitions of erecting a system of imperial preference, the tropical colonies were increasingly tethered to the future security and prosperity of Greater Britain. Therefore, politicians and businessmen considered the WAMS and the new tropical medicine important first steps for making Britain's West African possessions healthier and more profitable regions of the empire. However, rather than realising these goals, significant structural barriers, and the self-interest and conservatism this helped breed among medical officers, made the application of even the most basic public health measures extremely challenging. Like many policies emanating from Whitehall during this period, what made the WAMS and the new tropical medicine thoroughly imperial was nothing accomplished in practice, but the hopes and aspirations placed in them.

Local leadership in public health: the role of the medical officer of health in Britain, 1872-1974.

The recent policy focus in British public health on the importance of local action invites consideration of historical precedent. The role and achievements of the medical officer of health (MOH), the local government official charged with public health responsibilities, is discussed. The gradual accretion of duties is traced in the first section: the mid-Victorian concern with urban sanitation; the preventive strategies adopted after the bacteriological revolution; the extension of personal health services in the early 20th century; and the more diminished role under the National Health Service (NHS), when infectious diseases retreated. The historical verdicts passed on the MOsH are reviewed in the second section. The leading role of the MOsH in the late 19th-century mortality decline has been reasserted, and although there is some justification in the argument that in the 20th century public health lost its focus, it is important to recall that the extension of personal health services under MOH direction signified a major extension of access to care. Similarly, the charge that MOsH did not redefine their role in the period before their final demise in 1974 is not entirely justified. The emphasis of the NHS on curative rather than preventive medicine, and the economic constraints on local authority health service expansion limited their room for manoeuvre. The history of local leadership in public health may offer some enduring lessons. These include the importance of monitoring local population health, acting as a public interface between medicine and the community, facilitating joined-up working and confronting vested interests.

[Patients' complaints against medical staff: a modern phenomenon?]. / Plaintes de patients a l'encontre des soignants : un phénomène moderne?

According to the National Archives (Eure-et-Loir, France) which are prior to 1790, the study of legal medical cases does show complaints of patients against medical staff and particularly against surgeons. The three main complaints were negligence, carelessness, or simply ignorance. The grounds for complaining decreased as Medicine became more and more based on new scientific data available for common people.

The identity, legal status and origin of the Roman army's medical staff in the imperial age.

More than a hundred epigraphic documents on different writing materials refer to medical staff in the Roman army. This paper focuses on the identity, legal status and origin of the Roman army medical staff--a topic which until now has hardly been studied. Various titles were conferred to a large number of medical staff in every unit of the Roman army; the doctors (medici) were the most numerous and had different ranks and status. The onomastic study of the inscriptions reveals a large proportion of Roman citizens in the military medical service. Most of them are ingenui with a Latin name, but freedmen with a Greek origin are frequently attested, though less so than among civilian doctors. These results dispel some misconceptions such as the Greek origin of most military doctors, which can be explained by the legal requirements of the recruitment into the Roman army.

Juan Guiteras Gener y Carlos de la Torre Huerta. Dos científicos nacidos en la Calle Río de la ciudad de Matanzas / Juan Guiteras Gener y Carlos de la Torre Huerta. Two scientifics born on Río Street, city of Matanzas

La vida de personalidades científicas es parte de la historia de las ciencias. En Cuba se ha postulado la existencia de una ciencia nacional desde la colonia. La dirección fundamental de la existencia personal está influida por experiencias de los primeros años, dadas por el ambiente en que se desarrolla la personalidad. Las condiciones en determinados momentos históricos permiten el desarrollo de personalidades destacadas, lo que pudiera contraponerse a coincidencias históricas. En la década de 1850 vieron la luz en la calle Rio, en Matanzas, dos figuras trascendentales: los doctores Carlos de la Torre Huerta y Juan Guiteras Gener destacados, en malacología y zoología el primero, y en patología médica, entomología y salud pública el segundo. Se exponen elementos comunes entre ambos, como cercanía en momento y lugar de nacimiento, estudios en el colegio "La Empresa", ser hijos de profesores del mismo; estar titulados en medicina y tener conocimientos en ciencias naturales y pedagógicas, entre otros que influyeron en sus actitudes y logros (AU).

The life of scientific personalities is part of the history of the sciences. The existence of a national science has been postulated in Cuba since the colonial period. The main direction of the personal existence is influenced by the experience of the first years, given by the environment in which the personality develops. The conditions in different historical moments allow the development of outstanding personalities, a phenomena that could be in opposition to historical coincidences. In the decade of 1850, two transcendental figures were born on Rio Street, in Matanzas: the doctors Carlos de la Torre y Huerta y Juan Guiteras Gener, both distinguished, in malacology and zoology the first, and in medical pathology, entomology and public health the second. Several commons elements of both of them are exposed, like nearness of birth date and place, studies in the college "La Empresa", being sons of professors of the same college, being graduated as doctors, and having knowledge on natural and pedagogical sciences, among others factors that influenced their attitudes and achievements (AU).

Enrique Florencio Lluria Despau, ilustre médico e investigador social matancero / Enrique Florencio Lluria Despau, a Matanzasan illustrious physician and social researcher

Este ejemplar hombre de ciencias, nació en la ciudad de Matanzas en 1863 y falleció en 1925. A pesar de ser uno de los primeros materialistas cubanos, este ilustre matancero es poco conocido y prácticamente ha quedado en el olvido. Con esta síntesis biográfica los autores pretendieron resaltar la figura del médico y sociólogo cubano que logró importantes descubrimientos científicos en la especialidad de Urología (AU).

This representative man of sciences, was born in the city of Matanzas 1n 1863 and died in 1925. Although he was one of the first Cuban materialists, this representative Matanzas citizen is little known and has practically been forgotten. With this biographical synthesis the authors pretended to highlight the figure of the Cuban physician and sociologist who made important scientific discoveries in the specialty of Urology (AU).

Leandro Lantigua Bayón: paradigma de la profesión médica cubana / Leandro Lantigua Bayón: paradigm of the Cuban medical profession

La desatención médica fue característica general de los mal llamados gobiernos democráticos de la Cuba anterior a 1959. Colón no estaba ajeno a esta situación que vivía el país, por lo que representantes de los que sí cuidaban con honor la salud de nuestro pueblo, no podían faltar como dignos ejemplos revolucionarios. En este contexto histórico comienza a trabajar en esta localidad el Dr. Leandro Lantigua Bayón en el año 1951, identificado plenamente con el carácter científico de su profesión y nunca al margen de los problemas que agobiaban a su pueblo, manteniendo ambos principios siempre unidos. Tras el triunfo revolucionario se convierte en el Profesor de Cirugía de este municipio. Su experiencia la trasmite a gran parte de los cirujanos que hoy laboran en esta provincia. Los actuales médicos y especialmente los cirujanos colombinos defienden con orgullo los postulados que legara tras las horas de trabajo bajo su tutela. Precisamente dar a conocer la vida de este gran médico es el objetivo de nuestro trabajo (AU).

The medical neglect was a general characteristic of the so-called democratic governments of Cuba prior to 1959. Columbus was not unaware of this situation that the country was living in, so that representatives of those who did honorably care for the health of our people could not Lack as worthy revolutionary examples. In this historical context, Dr. Leandro Lantigua Bayón began working in this area in 1951, fully identified with the scientific nature of his profession and never apart from the problems that overwhelmed his people, keeping both principles always united. After the revolutionary triumph he becomes the Professor of Surgery of this municipality. His experience transmits it to many of the surgeons who work in this province today. The current doctors and especially the Colombian surgeons defend with pride the postulates that he would leave behind the hours of work under his guardianship. To make known the life of this great doctor is the objective of our work (AU).

Juan Guiteras Gener y Carlos de la Torre Huerta. Dos científicos nacidos en la Calle Río de la ciudad de Matanzas / Juan Guiteras Gener y Carlos de la Torre Huerta. Two scientifics born on Río Street, city of Matanzas

La vida de personalidades científicas es parte de la historia de las ciencias. En Cuba se ha postulado la existencia de una ciencia nacional desde la colonia. La dirección fundamental de la existencia personal está influida por experiencias de los primeros años, dadas por el ambiente en que se desarrolla la personalidad. Las condiciones en determinados momentos históricos permiten el desarrollo de personalidades destacadas, lo que pudiera contraponerse a coincidencias históricas. En la década de 1850 vieron la luz en la calle Rio, en Matanzas, dos figuras trascendentales: los doctores Carlos de la Torre Huerta y Juan Guiteras Gener destacados, en malacología y zoología el primero, y en patología médica, entomología y salud pública el segundo. Se exponen elementos comunes entre ambos, como cercanía en momento y lugar de nacimiento, estudios en el colegio "La Empresa", ser hijos de profesores del mismo; estar titulados en medicina y tener conocimientos en ciencias naturales y pedagógicas, entre otros que influyeron en sus actitudes y logros (AU).

The life of scientific personalities is part of the history of the sciences. The existence of a national science has been postulated in Cuba since the colonial period. The main direction of the personal existence is influenced by the experience of the first years, given by the environment in which the personality develops. The conditions in different historical moments allow the development of outstanding personalities, a phenomena that could be in opposition to historical coincidences. In the decade of 1850, two transcendental figures were born on Rio Street, in Matanzas: the doctors Carlos de la Torre y Huerta y Juan Guiteras Gener, both distinguished, in malacology and zoology the first, and in medical pathology, entomology and public health the second. Several commons elements of both of them are exposed, like nearness of birth date and place, studies in the college "La Empresa", being sons of professors of the same college, being graduated as doctors, and having knowledge on natural and pedagogical sciences, among others factors that influenced their attitudes and achievements (AU).

Enrique Florencio Lluria Despau, ilustre médico e investigador social matancero / Enrique Florencio Lluria Despau, a Matanzasan illustrious physician and social researcher

Este ejemplar hombre de ciencias, nació en la ciudad de Matanzas en 1863 y falleció en 1925. A pesar de ser uno de los primeros materialistas cubanos, este ilustre matancero es poco conocido y prácticamente ha quedado en el olvido. Con esta síntesis biográfica los autores pretendieron resaltar la figura del médico y sociólogo cubano que logró importantes descubrimientos científicos en la especialidad de Urología (AU).

This representative man of sciences, was born in the city of Matanzas 1n 1863 and died in 1925. Although he was one of the first Cuban materialists, this representative Matanzas citizen is little known and has practically been forgotten. With this biographical synthesis the authors pretended to highlight the figure of the Cuban physician and sociologist who made important scientific discoveries in the specialty of Urology (AU).

Leandro Lantigua Bayón: paradigma de la profesión médica cubana / Leandro Lantigua Bayón: paradigm of the Cuban medical profession

La desatención médica fue característica general de los mal llamados gobiernos democráticos de la Cuba anterior a 1959. Colón no estaba ajeno a esta situación que vivía el país, por lo que representantes de los que sí cuidaban con honor la salud de nuestro pueblo, no podían faltar como dignos ejemplos revolucionarios. En este contexto histórico comienza a trabajar en esta localidad el Dr. Leandro Lantigua Bayón en el año 1951, identificado plenamente con el carácter científico de su profesión y nunca al margen de los problemas que agobiaban a su pueblo, manteniendo ambos principios siempre unidos. Tras el triunfo revolucionario se convierte en el Profesor de Cirugía de este municipio. Su experiencia la trasmite a gran parte de los cirujanos que hoy laboran en esta provincia. Los actuales médicos y especialmente los cirujanos colombinos defienden con orgullo los postulados que legara tras las horas de trabajo bajo su tutela. Precisamente dar a conocer la vida de este gran médico es el objetivo de nuestro trabajo (AU).

The medical neglect was a general characteristic of the so-called democratic governments of Cuba prior to 1959. Columbus was not unaware of this situation that the country was living in, so that representatives of those who did honorably care for the health of our people could not Lack as worthy revolutionary examples. In this historical context, Dr. Leandro Lantigua Bayón began working in this area in 1951, fully identified with the scientific nature of his profession and never apart from the problems that overwhelmed his people, keeping both principles always united. After the revolutionary triumph he becomes the Professor of Surgery of this municipality. His experience transmits it to many of the surgeons who work in this province today. The current doctors and especially the Colombian surgeons defend with pride the postulates that he would leave behind the hours of work under his guardianship. To make known the life of this great doctor is the objective of our work (AU).

Remembranza de Santiago Ramón y Cajal, más allá del Nobel / Recollection of Santiago Ramón y Cajal beyond the Nobel

Nacido en Petilla de Aragón, España, Santiago Ramón y Cajal posiblemente sea, por el volumen significativo y trascendencia de su obra, el más relevante neurocientífico de la historia. En conmemoración a la celebración en 2016 de la tercera jornada científica de la cátedra Santiago Ramón y Cajal, es objetivo de este trabajo rendir tributo al histólogo, patólogo, y neurocientífico. Se recogen de manera historiográfica momentos trascendentales de la vida y obra del sabio español, relacionados con su intensa labor investigativa, que lo llevaron al planteamiento de la teoría neuronal, la obtención del premio Nobel, la trascendencia de sus descubrimientos, así como los principales momentos de su estancia en Cuba (AU).

Born in Petilla de Aragón, Spain, Santiago Ramón y Cajal is probably, the most relevant neuroscientist of the history, due to the significant volume and transcendence of his work. Commemorating the celebration of the third scientific event of the Cathedra Santiago Ramón y Cajal in 2016, the aim of this work is rendering homage to the outstanding histologist, pathologist and neuroscientist. In a historiographical way, some significant moments of the Spanish scholar's life and work are mentioned here, related to its intense research work that lead him to postulate the neuronal theory and obtaining the Nobel prize; the transcendence of his discoveries and the main moments of his staying in Cuba are also brought about (AU).

Remembranza de Santiago Ramón y Cajal, más allá del Nobel / Recollection of Santiago Ramón y Cajal beyond the Nobel

Nacido en Petilla de Aragón, España, Santiago Ramón y Cajal posiblemente sea, por el volumen significativo y trascendencia de su obra, el más relevante neurocientífico de la historia. En conmemoración a la celebración en 2016 de la tercera jornada científica de la cátedra Santiago Ramón y Cajal, es objetivo de este trabajo rendir tributo al histólogo, patólogo, y neurocientífico. Se recogen de manera historiográfica momentos trascendentales de la vida y obra del sabio español, relacionados con su intensa labor investigativa, que lo llevaron al planteamiento de la teoría neuronal, la obtención del premio Nobel, la trascendencia de sus descubrimientos, así como los principales momentos de su estancia en Cuba (AU).

Born in Petilla de Aragón, Spain, Santiago Ramón y Cajal is probably, the most relevant neuroscientist of the history, due to the significant volume and transcendence of his work. Commemorating the celebration of the third scientific event of the Cathedra Santiago Ramón y Cajal in 2016, the aim of this work is rendering homage to the outstanding histologist, pathologist and neuroscientist. In a historiographical way, some significant moments of the Spanish scholar's life and work are mentioned here, related to its intense research work that lead him to postulate the neuronal theory and obtaining the Nobel prize; the transcendence of his discoveries and the main moments of his staying in Cuba are also brought about (AU).

Comentarios sobre dos cartas escritas por médicos generales mambises / Comments on two letters written by rebel general doctors

En noviembre de 1956 los médicos generales mambises Eugenio Molinet Amorós y Daniel Gispert García, escribieron sendas cartas dirigidas al investigador histórico Luis Felipe Le Roy Gálvez. Las epístolas, que este mes están cumpliendo 60 años, fueron publicadas originalmente en una separata de la Revista de la Biblioteca Nacional y reproducidas en los Cuadernos de Historia de la Salud Pública. En el presente artículo se cotejan ambas versiones y se demuestra que existieron errores en su transcripción, aunque estos no modifican el contenido esencial de los textos; asimismo, se evidencian las causas que motivaron a los doctores a corresponder por escrito al historiador Le Roy, y se expone que ninguno había firmado la acusación contra Máximo Zertucha Ojeda, el último médico de Antonio Maceo, que apareció publicada en el periódico La Lucha, el 27 de enero de 1899. Finalmente, se aportan elementos convincentes que demuestran que el doctor Zertucha no debe ser enjuiciado como culpable por la muerte del Titán de Bronce(AU)

On November, 1956 the rebel general doctors Eugenio Molinet Amorós and Daniel Gispert García, wrote two letters directed to the historical investigator Luis Felipe Le Roy Gálvez. The letters that this month are 60 years, were originally published in an offprint of the National Library Journal and reproduced in the Notebooks of History of the Public Health. In this work both versions are compared and it is demonstrated that errors existed in their transcriptions, although they don't modify the essential content of the texts; also, the causes that motivated the doctors to correspond in writing the historian Le Roy are evidenced, and it is exposed that none had signed the accusation against Máximo Zertucha Ojeda, Antonio Maceo's last doctor that was published in the newspaper "La Lucha", on January 27, 1899. Finally, convincing elements that demonstrate that doctor Zertucha should not be prosecuted as guilty for the Titan de Bronce´s death are provided(AU)