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1.
Proc Biol Sci ; 290(2011): 20231914, 2023 Nov 29.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37964520

RESUMEN

Convergent evolution is widely regarded as a signature of adaptation. However, testing the adaptive consequences of convergent phenotypes is challenging, making it difficult to exclude non-adaptive explanations for convergence. Here, we combined feather reflectance spectra and phenotypic trajectory analyses with visual and thermoregulatory modelling to test the adaptive significance of dark plumage in songbirds of the California Channel Islands. By evolving dark dorsal plumage, island birds are generally less conspicuous to visual-hunting raptors in the island environment than mainland birds. Dark dorsal plumage also reduces the energetic demands associated with maintaining homeothermy in the cool island climate. We also found an unexpected pattern of convergence, wherein the most divergent island populations evolved greater reflectance of near-infrared radiation. However, our heat flux models indicate that elevated near-infrared reflectance is not adaptive. Analysis of feather microstructure suggests that mainland-island differences are related to coloration of feather barbs and barbules rather than their structure. Our results indicate that adaptive and non-adaptive mechanisms interact to drive plumage evolution in this system. This study sheds light on the mechanisms driving the association between dark colour and wet, cold environments across the tree of life, especially in island birds.


Asunto(s)
Pájaros Cantores , Animales , Pájaros Cantores/genética , Plumas , Fenotipo , Regulación de la Temperatura Corporal , Islas Anglonormandas , Pigmentación/genética , Islas
2.
Mol Ecol ; 32(15): 4151-4164, 2023 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37212171

RESUMEN

With continued global change, recovery of species listed under the Endangered Species Act is increasingly challenging. One rare success was the recovery and delisting of the Channel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis) after 90%-99% population declines in the 1990s. While their demographic recovery was marked, less is known about their genetic recovery. To address genetic changes, we conducted the first multi-individual and population-level direct genetic comparison of samples collected before and after the recent bottlenecks. Using whole-exome sequencing, we found that already genetically depauperate populations were further degraded by the 1990s declines and remain low, particularly on San Miguel and Santa Rosa Islands, which underwent the most severe bottlenecks. The two other islands that experienced recent bottlenecks (Santa Cruz, and Santa Catalina islands) showed mixed results based on multiple metrics of genetic diversity. Previous island fox genomics studies showed low genetic diversity before the declines and no change after the demographic recovery, thus this is the first study to show a decrease in genetic diversity over time in U. littoralis. Additionally, we found that divergence between populations consistently increased over time, complicating prospects for using inter-island translocation as a conservation tool. The Santa Catalina subspecies is now federally listed as threatened, yet other de-listed subspecies are still recovering genetic variation which may limit their ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. This study further demonstrates that species conservation is more complex than population size and that some island fox populations are not yet 'out of the woods'.


Asunto(s)
Zorros , Genómica , Animales , Zorros/genética , Especies en Peligro de Extinción , Densidad de Población , Islas Anglonormandas , Variación Genética/genética
3.
J Fish Biol ; 103(5): 1226-1231, 2023 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37455251

RESUMEN

Juvenile white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) typically aggregate along coastal beaches; however, high levels of recruitment and shifting oceanographic conditions may be causing habitat use expansions. Telemetry data indicate increased habitat use at the Northern Channel Islands (California, USA) by juvenile white shark that may be in response to increased population density at aggregation locations, or anomalous oceanographic events that impact habitat use or expand available habitat. Findings illustrate the need for long-term movement monitoring and understanding drivers of habitat use shifts and expansion to improve ecosystem management.


Asunto(s)
Ecosistema , Tiburones , Animales , Tiburones/fisiología , Densidad de Población , Telemetría , Islas Anglonormandas
4.
Mol Ecol ; 31(2): 603-619, 2022 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34704295

RESUMEN

Disentangling the effects of neutral and adaptive processes in maintaining phenotypic variation across environmental gradients is challenging in natural populations. Song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) on the California Channel Islands occupy a pronounced east-west climate gradient within a small spatial scale, providing a unique opportunity to examine the interaction of genetic isolation (reduced gene flow) and the environment (selection) in driving variation. We used reduced representation genomic libraries to infer the role of neutral processes (drift and restricted gene flow) and divergent selection in driving variation in thermoregulatory traits with an emphasis on the mechanisms that maintain bill divergence among islands. Analyses of 22,029 neutral SNPs confirm distinct population structure by island with restricted gene flow and relatively large effective population sizes, suggesting bill differences are probably not a product of genetic drift. Instead, we found strong support for local adaptation using 3294 SNPs in differentiation-based and environmental association analyses coupled with genome-wide association tests. Specifically, we identified several putatively adaptive and candidate loci in or near genes involved in bill development pathways (e.g., BMP, CaM, Wnt), confirming the highly complex and polygenic architecture underlying bill morphology. Furthermore, we found divergence in genes associated with other thermoregulatory traits (i.e., feather structure, plumage colour, and physiology). Collectively, these results suggest strong divergent selection across an island archipelago results in genomic changes in a suite of traits associated with climate adaptation over small spatial scales. Future research should move beyond studying univariate traits to better understand multidimensional responses to complex environmental conditions.


Asunto(s)
Flujo Génico , Gorriones , Animales , Islas Anglonormandas , Genética de Población , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Selección Genética , Gorriones/genética
5.
J Hum Evol ; 152: 102939, 2021 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33517134

RESUMEN

Thirteen permanent fully erupted teeth were excavated at the Paleolithic site of La Cotte de St Brelade in Jersey in 1910 and 1911. These were all found in the same location, on a ledge behind a hearth in a Mousterian occupation level. They were originally identified as being Neanderthal. A fragment of occipital bone was found in a separate locality in a later season. Recent dating of adjacent sediments gives a probable age of <48 ka. The purpose of this article is to provide an updated description of the morphology of this material and consider its likely taxonomic assignment from comparison with Neanderthal and Homo sapiens samples. One of the original teeth has been lost, and we identify one as nonhominin. At least two adult individuals are represented. Cervix shape and the absence of common Neanderthal traits in several teeth suggest affinities with H. sapiens in both individuals, while crown and root dimensions and root morphology of all the teeth are entirely consistent with a Neanderthal attribution, pointing toward a possible shared Neanderthal and H. sapiens ancestry (the likely date of this material corresponds with the time in which both Neanderthals and H. sapiens were present in Europe). The occipital fragment is stratigraphically more recent and does not exhibit any diagnostic Neanderthal features.


Asunto(s)
Fósiles/anatomía & histología , Hombre de Neandertal/anatomía & histología , Diente/anatomía & histología , Animales , Evolución Biológica , Islas Anglonormandas , Femenino , Paleodontología
6.
J Zoo Wildl Med ; 50(1): 266-269, 2019 03 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31120689

RESUMEN

Livingstone's fruit bats (Pteropus livingstonii) are critically endangered and a captive population has been established as part of the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Action Plan. The largest colony, in Jersey Zoo, was sampled for staphylococcal carriage and at infection sites, as disease associated with staphylococci had previously been found. Staphylococci were cultured from swabs from 44 bats (skin, oropharynx, mouth ejecta, skin lesions) and from their enclosure. The isolates were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry; antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion and screening for mecA and mecC. Seventeen species of coagulase-negative staphylococci including Staphylococcus xylosus, S. kloosii, S. nepalensis, and S. simiae were isolated. Staphylococcus aureus was identified from both carriage and lesional sites. These findings suggest S. nepalensis may be part of the normal carriage flora of bats. Antimicrobial resistance rates were low and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was not identified. Sampling of mouth ejecta for staphylococci may provide results representative for carriage sites.


Asunto(s)
Quirópteros , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Microbiología Ambiental , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/veterinaria , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Islas Anglonormandas , Microbiota , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/fisiología
7.
Am J Primatol ; 79(12)2017 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29095510

RESUMEN

This is the first study analyzing genetic diversity in captive individuals of the endangered black lion tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysopygus, and also comparing genetic diversity parameters between wild populations and captive groups using the same set of molecular markers. We evaluated genetic diversity and differentiation for the Brazilian and European captive groups and a wild population through 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers. The genetic diversity levels were similar among Brazilian captive, European captive and wild animals from the National Forest of Capão Bonito. Expected heterozygosity showed values ranging from 0.403 to 0.462, and significant differences were not observed among the populations. Different allele frequencies were observed among the groups, which showed the presence of distinct private alleles. The PCoA analysis evidenced three main clusters suggesting that the captive Brazilian and European groups are markedly differentiated both from one another and from the wild population of Capão Bonito. Likewise, the most likely number of genetic clusters (K) revealed by Structure was three. Such a structure is probably the result of the strength of drift and non-random reproduction in these small and isolated groups. Despite this differentiation, all groups still have similar genetic diversity levels, comparable to other callitrichids. The data obtained herein are important to increasing knowledge of the genetics of tamarins and supporting breeding programs to prevent loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding depression.


Asunto(s)
Especies en Peligro de Extinción , Variación Genética , Leontopithecus/genética , Animales , Animales Salvajes/genética , Animales de Zoológico/genética , Brasil , Islas Anglonormandas , Femenino , Francia , Masculino
8.
Nurs Manag (Harrow) ; 24(2): 26-29, 2017 Apr 27.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28446098

RESUMEN

Mentors are vital for supporting nursing students' learning in practice, but increasing demands on registered nurses can make this a challenging part of their role. This article describes how a new education team in Jersey used the World Café approach to working with mentors on a mentor update day. It explains how the café environment helped mentors to share ideas, develop opportunities to support students' learning in practice areas, increase interdepartmental working and increased communication between the education department and mentors.


Asunto(s)
Procesos de Grupo , Mentores , Estudiantes de Enfermería , Islas Anglonormandas , Humanos , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud
9.
Clin Exp Dermatol ; 38(3): 239-43, 2013 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22998572

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Previous studies looking at rates of malignant melanoma (MM) and nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in the UK have documented one of the highest rates in the southwest of England; however, the incidence of these tumours in Guernsey and Jersey, two of the Channel Islands, has not previously been reported. AIMS: To determine the incidence of cutaneous MM and NMSC in the Channel Islands. METHODS: Data for the period 2005-2009 were obtained from clinical and histopathological records for all MMs excised in the Channel Islands, and from the South-west Cancer Registry for MMs excised in the southwest of England and for NMSCs in both areas. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASRs) per 100,000 of the population in the Channel Islands were compared with those with the southwest of England, the UK and the rest of Europe where available. The MM characteristics of the Channel Islands were then compared with the southwest of England using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). RESULTS: The ASR/100,000 for cutaneous MM for 2005-2009 was 30 for the Channel Islands (31.3 for Jersey, 28.2 for Guernsey), 20.3 for the southwest of England, and 15.6 for the UK. Comparison with the rest of Europe indicated that the incidence of MM in the Channel Islands is one of the highest in Europe. The highest incidence of MM was in the over 65 years age group on both Guernsey and Jersey, and when divided into 5-year age bands, the 70-74 years age group had the highest rate. This suggests that this particular age group may have previously received greater exposure to some environmental factor that promotes MM development. The ASR/100,000 for NMSC was also higher for the Channel Islands (263.3) than for the southwest of England (174.6) for 2005-2009, and for the UK in 2009 (104.9). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that the Channel Islands have a high incidence of skin cancer (both MM and NMSC). In addition, the data show that the ASRs in older people in this population group differ from those in mainland UK, showing higher rates in the over 65 years age group.


Asunto(s)
Melanoma/epidemiología , Neoplasias Cutáneas/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Anciano , Islas Anglonormandas/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven
10.
PLoS One ; 18(12): e0290039, 2023.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38060498

RESUMEN

The local expression of ocean acidification may depend on local oceanographic features in addition to global forcings. Our objective is to provide a baseline of pH behavior at Santa Catalina Island, situated within the unique oceanographic characteristics of the Southern California Bight, and to gain insight into ocean acidification at the island. Measurements of the upper water column (to 30-m depth) of pH, temperature, conductivity, chlorophyll and dissolved oxygen at Santa Catalina were made from a fixed mooring and by profiling the water column from a boat and on Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA). The average pH (8.095 at 18-m depth) was found to be higher than that reported off the nearby mainland and the Northern Channel Islands. The higher value is thought to result from both downwelling produced by internal waves as well as less upwelling at the island compared to other locations. Large modulations in pH at depth corresponded to advection of gradients by internal waves. Within the accuracy of the sensors there was no seasonal dependence detected at near-surface, nor a pH signal associated with the sub-surface chlorophyll and oxygen maxima. We conclude that marine life living at depths affected by internal waves experience significant variation in pH.


Asunto(s)
Agua de Mar , Agua , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Clorofila , Islas Anglonormandas
11.
PeerJ ; 11: e14793, 2023.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36915664

RESUMEN

The beetle fauna of the California Channel Islands is here enumerated for the first time in over 120 years. We provide an annotated checklist documenting species-by-island diversity from an exhaustive literature review and analysis of a compiled dataset of 26,609 digitized specimen records to which were added over 3,000 individual specimen determinations. We report 825 unique species from 514 genera and 71 families (including 17 new family records) comprising 1,829 species-by-island records. Species totals for each island are as follows: Anacapa (74); San Clemente (197); San Miguel (138); San Nicolas (146); Santa Barbara (64); Santa Catalina (370); Santa Cruz (503); and Santa Rosa (337). This represents the largest list of species published to date for any taxonomic group of animals on the Channel Islands; despite this, we consider the checklist to be preliminary. We present evidence that both inventory and taxonomic efforts on Channel Islands beetles are far from complete. Rarefaction estimates indicate there are at least several hundred more species of beetles yet to be recorded from the islands. Despite the incomplete nature of existing records, we found that species diversity is highly correlated with island area. We report 56 species which are putatively geographically restricted (endemic) to the Channel Islands, with two additional species of questionable endemic status. We also report 52 species from the islands which do not natively occur in the southern California region.


Asunto(s)
Escarabajos , Poríferos , Animales , California , Islas Anglonormandas , Lista de Verificación
12.
Euro Surveill ; 16(42)2011 Oct 20.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22027377

RESUMEN

In July 2011, a Vibrio alginolyticus infection was diagnosed in a woman from Guernsey in the Channel Islands, British Isles after sea bathing and application of a natural seaweed dressing to a pre-existing leg wound. Microbiological investigation confirmed Vibrio in the wound and the species of seaweed used for the dressing. The washing of open wounds in seawater and use of unsterilised seaweed dressings should be discouraged, particularly in individuals with underlying risk conditions.


Asunto(s)
Vibriosis/etiología , Vibrio alginolyticus , Infección de Heridas/etiología , Anciano , Islas Anglonormandas , Femenino , Humanos
13.
Zoonoses Public Health ; 68(7): 849-853, 2021 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34028194

RESUMEN

Sin Nombre virus (SNV) is a zoonotic virus that is highly pathogenic to humans. The deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, is the primary host of SNV, and SNV prevalence in P. maniculatus is an important indicator of human disease risk. Because the California Channel Islands contain permanent human settlements, receive hundreds of thousands of visitors each year, and can have extremely high densities of P. maniculatus, surveillance for SNV in island P. maniculatus is important for understanding the human risk of zoonotic disease. Despite the importance of surveillance on these heavily utilized islands, SNV prevalence (i.e. the proportion of P. maniculatus that test positive to antibodies to SNV) has not been examined in the last 13-27 years. We present data on 1,610 mice sampled for four consecutive years (2014-2017) on five of the California Channel Islands: East Anacapa, Santa Barbara, Santa Catalina, San Nicolas, and San Clemente. Despite historical data indicating SNV-positive mice on San Clemente and Santa Catalina, we detected no SNV-positive mice on these islands, suggesting very low prevalence or possible loss of SNV. Islands historically free of SNV (East Anacapa, Santa Barbara, and San Nicolas) remained free of SNV, suggesting that rates of pathogen introduction from other islands and/or the mainland are low. Although continued surveillance is warranted to determine whether SNV establishes on these islands, our work helps inform current human disease risk in these locations and suggests that SNV prevalence on these islands is currently very low.


Asunto(s)
Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus , Enfermedades de los Roedores , Virus Sin Nombre , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Islas Anglonormandas , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/epidemiología , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/veterinaria , Ratones , Peromyscus , Prevalencia , Enfermedades de los Roedores/epidemiología
14.
J Environ Radioact ; 223-224: 106381, 2020 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32912704

RESUMEN

The Channel Islands are located in the Normand-Breton Gulf (NBG), in the mid-part of the English Channel (France, Normandy). In the northern part, off Cap La Hague, controlled amounts of radioactive liquid waste are discharged by the ORANO La Hague nuclear fuel reprocessing plant (RP). Radionuclides were monitored in the NBG to assess the dispersion of radioactive discharges from the RP in the marine environment. The temporal and spatial distribution of the data are consistent with the history of the discharges, with most gamma emitter radionuclide environmental levels being close to or below the current limits of detection. A clear fingerprint of H-3, C-14 and I-129 radionuclides discharged from the RP is measured. The hydrodynamics in the NBG do not yield a simple gradient with linear distance from the outfall of the RP. Modelling tools were used to understand how radioactive discharges spread from the source of input. Dispersion patterns clearly illustrate the different behaviours of soluble and non-soluble radionuclides. The study indicated that the footprint of radioactive liquid discharges by French nuclear facilities was still measurable in species collected from the NBG for the mostly dissolved radionuclides. The less conservative ones, with a high affinity for suspended matter, are potentially influenced by old releases. These pathways could be investigated by dedicated hydrodynamic dispersion models. Overall, in the Channel Islands the levels are low and consistent with the general decrease in liquid radionuclide discharges by the RP since the 1990s.


Asunto(s)
Monitoreo de Radiación , Radiactividad , Islas Anglonormandas , Radioisótopos de Yodo , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Agua/análisis
15.
PLoS One ; 15(1): e0224060, 2020.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31945056

RESUMEN

De facto marine protected areas (DFMPAs) are regions of the ocean where human activity is restricted for reasons other than conservation. Although DFMPAs are widespread globally, their potential role in the protection of marine habitats, species, and ecosystems has not been well studied. In 2012 and 2013, we conducted remotely operated vehicle (ROV) surveys of marine communities at a military DFMPA closed to all civilian access since 2010 and an adjacent fished reference site at San Clemente Island, the southernmost of California's Channel Islands. We used data extracted from ROV imagery to compare density and biomass of focal species, as well as biodiversity and community composition, between the two sites. Generalized linear modeling indicated that both density and biomass of California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) were significantly higher inside the DFMPA. Biomass of ocean whitefish (Caulolatilus princeps) was also significantly higher inside the DFMPA. However, species richness and Shannon-Weaver diversity were not significantly higher inside the DFMPA, and overall fish community composition did not differ significantly between sites. Demonstrable differences between the DFMPA and fished site for two highly sought-after species hint at early potential benefits of protection, though the lack of differences in the broader community suggests that a longer trajectory of recovery may be required for other species. A more comprehensive understanding of the potential conservation benefits of DFMPAs is important in the context of marine spatial planning and global marine conservation objectives.


Asunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Ecosistema , Perciformes/fisiología , Animales , California , Islas Anglonormandas , Peces/fisiología , Cadena Alimentaria , Actividades Humanas , Humanos , Islas , Densidad de Población
16.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis ; 11(3): 101405, 2020 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32046929

RESUMEN

The Channel Islands are British Crown dependencies located in the English Channel to the west of the Normandy coast in northern France. Whilst there have been studies investigating tick occurrence and distribution in different habitats on the mainland of the UK and in France, the Channel Islands have been relatively understudied. As such, little is known about whether the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus, is present, and whether there is a potential risk of Lyme borreliosis on the Channel Islands. To ascertain the presence of I. ricinus on the three largest islands in the archipelago: Jersey, Guernsey and Alderney, surveys of ticks questing in the vegetation and ticks feeding on hosts were undertaken during April and May 2016. Across all three islands, the highest numbers of ticks were found in woodland habitats. Ixodes ricinus was the predominant questing tick species found on Jersey, and Ixodes ventalloi the most common questing tick species on Alderney and Guernsey, with little or no evidence of questing I. ricinus on either island. During field studies on small mammals, I. ricinus was the predominant tick species feeding on Jersey bank voles (Myodes glareolus caesarius), with Ixodes hexagonus the most common species infesting hedgehogs on Guernsey. We propose that the greater diversity of small mammals on Jersey may be important in supporting immature stages of I. ricinus, in contrast to Guernsey and Alderney. Morphological identification of tick species was confirmed by PCR sequencing based on amplification of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit one (cox1) gene (COI DNA barcoding). To date, there have been few records of human tick bites in the Channel Islands, suggesting that the current risk from tick-borne disease may be low, but continued reporting of any human tick bites, along with reporting of cases of Lyme borreliosis will be important for continued assessment of the impact of tick-borne diseases in the Channel Islands.


Asunto(s)
Distribución Animal , Ixodes/fisiología , Salud Pública , Animales , Islas Anglonormandas , Ecosistema , Femenino , Humanos , Ixodes/crecimiento & desarrollo , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Larva/fisiología , Masculino , Ninfa/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ninfa/fisiología
17.
PLoS One ; 15(5): e0232705, 2020.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32421723

RESUMEN

Disease transmission and epidemic prevention are top conservation concerns for wildlife managers, especially for small, isolated populations. Previous studies have shown that the course of an epidemic within a heterogeneous host population is strongly influenced by whether pathogens are introduced to regions of relatively high or low host densities. This raises the question of how disease monitoring and vaccination programs are influenced by spatial heterogeneity in host distributions. We addressed this question by modeling vaccination and monitoring strategies for the Channel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis), which has a history of substantial population decline due to introduced disease. We simulated various strategies to detect and prevent epidemics of rabies and canine distemper using a spatially explicit model, which was parameterized from field studies. Increasing sentinel monitoring frequency, and to a lesser degree, the number of monitored sentinels from 50 to 150 radio collared animals, reduced the time to epidemic detection and percentage of the fox population infected at the time of detection for both pathogens. Fox density at the location of pathogen introduction had little influence on the time to detection, but a large influence on how many foxes had become infected by the detection day, especially when sentinels were monitored relatively infrequently. The efficacy of different vaccination strategies was heavily influenced by local host density at the site of pathogen entry. Generally, creating a vaccine firewall far away from the site of pathogen entry was the least effective strategy. A firewall close to the site of pathogen entry was generally more effective than a random distribution of vaccinated animals when pathogens entered regions of high host density, but not when pathogens entered regions of low host density. These results highlight the importance of considering host densities at likely locations of pathogen invasion when designing disease management plans.


Asunto(s)
Moquillo/epidemiología , Epidemias/prevención & control , Epidemias/veterinaria , Zorros/virología , Rabia/epidemiología , Vigilancia de Guardia , Vacunación , Animales , Islas Anglonormandas/epidemiología , Simulación por Computador , Moquillo/diagnóstico , Moquillo/inmunología , Moquillo/prevención & control , Geografía , Fenómenos de Retorno al Lugar Habitual , Rabia/diagnóstico , Rabia/inmunología , Rabia/prevención & control
18.
Nutr Health ; 20(2): 91-105, 2009.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19835106

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: To clarify the nature of the relationship between: food deprivation and undernutrition during pre- and postnatal development; and cholesterol levels in later life, this study examined the relationship between birth weight (as a marker of prenatal nutrition) and cholesterol levels among 396 Guernsey islanders (born in 1923-1937), 87 of whom (22%) had been exposed to food deprivation as children, adolescents or young adults (i.e. to postnatal undernutrition) during the 1940-45 German occupation of the Channel Islands, and 309 of whom (78%) had left or been evacuated from the islands before the occupation began. METHODS: Three sets of multiple regression models were used to investigate: Model A - the relationship between birth weight and cholesterol levels; Model B - the relationship between postnatal exposure to the occupation and cholesterol levels; and Model C - any interaction between birth weight, postnatal exposure to the occupation and cholesterol levels. Model A and Model B also tested for any interactions between: birth weight/occupation exposure and sex; and birth weight/occupation exposure and parish of residence at birth (as a marker of parish of residence during the occupation and related variation in the severity of food deprivation). RESULTS: Before (and after) adjusting for potential confounders, no statistically significant relationships were observed between either birth weight (before adjustment: 0.09 mmol/l per kg increase, 95% CI: -0.30, 0.16; after adjustment: 0.08 mmol/l per kg increase, 95%CI: -0.17, 0.34) or exposure to the occupation (before adjustment: 0.01 mmol/l for exposed group, 95%CI: -0.24, 0.27; after adjustment: 0.04 mmol/l for exposed group, 95%CI: -0.26, 0.33) and cholesterol levels in later life. There was also little evidence of significant relationships between birth weight, exposure to the occupation and cholesterol levels in later life when Model A and Model B were stratified by sex or parish of residence at birth, although there was a significant positive relationship between birth weight and cholesterol levels in women (0.44 mmol/l per kg increase, 95%CI: 0.07, 0.81). CONCLUSIONS: These analyses provide little support for the theory that birth weight is inversely related to cholesterol levels in later life. and do not offer any evidence in support of a relationship between undernutrition in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood and cholesterol levels in later life. However, further research may determine whether undernutrition at different stages of the life-course may influence cholesterol levels in later life.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos de la Nutrición del Niño/epidemiología , Colesterol/sangre , Hipercolesterolemia/epidemiología , Desnutrición/epidemiología , Segunda Guerra Mundial , Adolescente , Peso al Nacer , Islas Anglonormandas , Niño , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Niño/sangre , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Alemania , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/sangre , Masculino , Desnutrición/sangre , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fenómenos Fisiológicos de la Nutrición , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Distribución por Sexo , Reino Unido , Adulto Joven
19.
BMC Public Health ; 8: 303, 2008 Sep 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18764932

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: To clarify the nature of the relationship between food deprivation/undernutrition during pre- and postnatal development and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in later life, this study examined the relationship between birth weight (as a marker of prenatal nutrition) and the incidence of hospital admissions for CVD from 1997-2005 amongst 873 Guernsey islanders (born in 1923-1937), 225 of whom had been exposed to food deprivation as children, adolescents or young adults (i.e. postnatal undernutrition) during the 1940-45 German occupation of the Channel Islands, and 648 of whom had left or been evacuated from the islands before the occupation began. METHODS: Three sets of Cox regression models were used to investigate (A) the relationship between birth weight and CVD, (B) the relationship between postnatal exposure to the occupation and CVD and (C) any interaction between birth weight, postnatal exposure to the occupation and CVD. These models also tested for any interactions between birth weight and sex, and postnatal exposure to the occupation and parish of residence at birth (as a marker of parish residence during the occupation and related variation in the severity of food deprivation). RESULTS: The first set of models (A) found no relationship between birth weight and CVD even after adjustment for potential confounders (hazard ratio (HR) per kg increase in birth weight: 1.12; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.70-1.78), and there was no significant interaction between birth weight and sex (p=0.60). The second set of models (B) found a significant relationship between postnatal exposure to the occupation and CVD after adjustment for potential confounders (HR for exposed vs. unexposed group: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.54-4.13), as well as a significant interaction between postnatal exposure to the occupation and parish of residence at birth (p=0.01), such that those born in urban parishes (where food deprivation was worst) had a greater HR for CVD than those born in rural parishes. The third model (C) found no interaction between birth weight and exposure to the occupation (p=0.43). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the levels of postnatal undernutrition experienced by children, adolescents and young adults exposed to food deprivation during the 1940-45 occupation of the Channel Islands were a more important determinant of CVD in later life than the levels of prenatal undernutrition experienced in utero prior to the occupation.


Asunto(s)
Tasa de Natalidad , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Desnutrición/complicaciones , Admisión del Paciente/tendencias , Segunda Guerra Mundial , Adolescente , Islas Anglonormandas/epidemiología , Niño , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Desnutrición/epidemiología , Desnutrición/historia , Evaluación Nutricional , Admisión del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , Atención Posnatal , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales
20.
Dis Aquat Organ ; 81(1): 5-11, 2008 Aug 19.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18828559

RESUMEN

Salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen that has been isolated from free-ranging marine mammals throughout the world, with animals in the Channel Islands of California (USA) showing the highest prevalence. The goal of this study was to determine prevalence, antimicrobial sensitivity and genetic similarity using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of Salmonella in several non-domestic animal species on San Miguel and San Nicolas Islands. Fecal samples were collected from 90 California sea lion Zalophus californianus pups, 30 northern elephant seal Mirounga angustirostris pups and 87 western gulls Larus occidentalis in the Channel Islands and 59 adult male sea lions in Puget Sound, WA (USA). Salmonella were isolated, identified and serotyped, followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PFGE. Of the California sea lion pups that were sampled on the islands, 21% (n = 19) were positive for Salmonella, whereas no adults males in Puget Sound were positive. Of the northern elephant seal pups sampled, 87% (n = 26) were harboring Salmonella. Only 9% (n = 8) of western gulls were shedding Salmonella, with one of these gulls harboring the only antimicrobial resistant isolate. The serotypes found in these animals were Enteritidis, Montevideo, Newport, Reading, and Saint Paul. The only serotype that showed variation on PFGE was Newport. The pinnipeds of the Channel Islands harbor Salmonella at a higher prevalence than pinnipeds from other geographic areas observed in previous studies. Researchers and veterinarians should exercise increased caution when working with these animals due to the zoonotic potential of Salmonella.


Asunto(s)
Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Salmonella/clasificación , Leones Marinos , Phocidae , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Islas Anglonormandas , Charadriiformes/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Heces/microbiología , Masculino , Prevalencia , Salmonella/efectos de los fármacos , Serotipificación
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