Functionalization of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-based nano-architectures using a naphthalimide derivative and their fluorescent, dyeing and antimicrobial properties on wool fibers.

Novel naphthalimide-poly(amidoamine) dendrimer fluorescent dyes were synthesized, and their structures were identified and confirmed using different characterization methods such as Fourier transform infrared, (1) H NMR, (13) C NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, elemental analysis and UV-vis spectroscopy. The spectrophotometric studies demonstrated absorption maxima (λmax ) and extinction coefficient (εmax ) values in the ranges of 429-438 nm and 25,635-88,618 L/mol/cm, respectively. The dyeing, fastness and antimicrobial properties of dyed wool fibers were examined. Colorimetric measurements demonstrated a greenish-yellow hue with remarkable fluorescence intensity on dyed wool. Although the fastness properties of naphthalimide dye on wool fibers were poor/moderate, color fastness was appreciably improved through modification of the dye using dendrimers. The results revealed that the newly synthesized dyes are potent antimicrobial agents on wool fibers. Overall, it was deduced that poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers could be exploited as a promising tool in tailoring the different properties of naphthalimide dyes, being suitable for dyeing and antimicrobial finishing agents for wool fibers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Recombinant expression and molecular engineering of the keratinase from Brevibacillus parabrevis for dehairing performance.

Keratinase is capable of distinctive degradation of keratin, which provides an eco-friendly approach for keratin waste management towards sustainable development. In this study, the recombinant keratinase (KERBP) from Brevibacillus parabrevis was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified KERBP had the specific activity of 6005.3 U/mg. It showed remarkable tolerance to various surfactants and also no collagenolytic activity. However, the moderate thermal stability limited its further application. Thus, protein engineering was further adopted to improve its stability. The variants of T218S, S236C and N181D were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and combinatorial mutagenesis. Compared with the wild type, the t1/2 at 60 °C for the variants T218S, S236C and N181D were 3.05-, 1.18- and 1-fold increase, respectively. Moreover, the double variants N181D-T218S and N181D-S236C significantly improved thermostability with 5.1 and 2.9 °C increase of T50, and prolonging t1/2 at 60 °C with 4.09 and 1.54-fold, respectively. And the catalytic efficiency of the T218S and N181D-T218S variants was also significantly improved. Furthermore, the keratinase displayed favorable ability to dehair wool from skin within 7 h, which showed potential in leather dehairing. Our work contributes to a further insight into the thermostability of keratinase and offers a promising alternative for industrial leather application.

Dyeing wool and cotton fibres with acidic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower.

The focus of this work is to extract a natural dye for colouring camel wool as a substitute for synthetic dyes used in the Sadu House of Kuwait. Their target is to keep the tradition of tent and rug production natural in all its manifestations. Therefore, our task was to find an abundant source that provides a colour preferably red to purple. Hibiscus rosa sinensis (HRS) is an abundantly available plant in Kuwait that was explored for extraction of the red dye to colour camel wool permanently. The powdered petals of red flowers of HRS was extracted with 5% acetic acid which yielded a deep red colour that showed a great potential for woollen fibre dyeing. The use of mordants like alum and some metal salts manifested a wide range of fixed colours which intensified at 85 °C. The colours produced had excellent fastness and was accepted by the Sadu House.

Correlations between growth and wool quality traits of genetically divergent Australian lambs in response to canola or flaxseed oil supplementation.

The correlations between growth and wool traits in response to canola and flaxseed oil supplementation were evaluated in Australian prime lambs. Sixty dual-purpose prime lambs including purebred Merino and crossbred lambs were allocated to one of five treatments of lucerne hay basal diet supplemented with isocaloric and isonitrogenous wheat-based pellets. Treatments were: no oil inclusion (Control); 2.5% canola oil; 5% canola oil; 2.5% flaxseed oil and 5% flaxseed oil, with lamb groups balanced by breed and gender. Each lamb was daily supplemented with 1kg of pellets and had free access to lucerne hay and water throughout the 7-week feeding trial, after a 3-week adaptation. Individual animal basal and supplementary pellet feed intakes were recorded daily, while body conformation traits, body condition scores and liveweights were measured on days 0, 21, 35 and 49. The lambs were dye-banded on the mid-side and shorn before commencing the feeding trial and mid-side wool samples were collected from the same dye-banded area of each lamb at the end of the experiment. Correlations between wool quality traits and lamb performance were non-significant (P>0.05). Oil supplementation had no detrimental effect on lamb growth and wool quality traits (P > 0.05). Gender significantly affected wither height gain and fibre diameter. There were significant interactions between oil supplementation and lamb breed on chest girth. The correlations between clean fleece yield (CFY) and other wool quality traits were moderate ranging from 0.29 to 0.55. Moderate to high correlations between fibre diameter (FD) and other wool quality traits were detected (0.46-0.99) with the strongest relationship between FD and wool spinning fineness (SF). The relationship between CFY and wool comfort factor (CF) were positive, while negative relationships between CFY and the others were observed. A combination of 5% oil supplementation and genetics is an effective and strategic management tool for enhancing feed efficiency and growth performance without negative effects on wool quality in dual-purpose lamb production. This is a good outcome for dual-purpose sheep farmers. It essentially means the absorbed nutrients in supplemented lambs yielded good growth performance without any detrimental impact on wool quality; a win-win case of nutrient partitioning into the synthesis of muscle and wool without compromising either traits.

Analysis of lecithin treatment effects on the structural transformation of wool fiber using vibrational spectroscopy.

The keratin macromolecule in wool fiber may be found in α-helix or ß-sheet conformations besides a disordered portion. The physical and chemical treatments may cause transformations between α-helix and ß-sheet conformations. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of lecithin treatment on the wool fiber using the micro-Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Characteristic bands found in the FTIR spectra of wool fibers including the amide A, amide B and amide I-III, which are assigned to the peptide bonds of wool keratin and arise from the amide bonds that link the amino acids. The lecithin treatment didn't affect the peak position of amide bands and only slightly influenced their intensity. It means that the lecithin treatment didn't change the chemical structure of wool fibers. The amide I and III regions, CC skeletal vibration region, and SS bonds vibration regions were analyzed with the Raman microscope. The results indicated the peak area of α-conformation increased gradually by lecithin treatment of the wool fiber, while the peak area of ß-conformation decreased. Therefore, it seems that lecithin treatment of the wool fiber resulted in transformation of ß-sheet to α-helix.

Effect of discarded keratin-based biocomposite hydrogels on the wound healing process in vivo.

Biocompatible keratin-based hydrogels prepared by electron beam irradiation (EBI) were examined in wound healing. As the EBI dose increased to 60 kGy, the tensile strength of the hydrogels increased, while the percentage of elongation of the hydrogels decreased. After 7 days, the dehydrated wool-based hydrogels show the highest mechanical properties (the % elongation of 1341 and the tensile strength of 6030 g/cm(2) at an EBI dose of 30 kGy). Excision wound models were used to evaluate the effects of human hair-based hydrogels and wool-based hydrogels on various phases of healing. On post-wounding days 7 and 14, wounds treated with either human hair-based or wool-based hydrogels were greatly reduced in size compared to wounds that received other treatments, although the hydrocolloid wound dressing-treated wound also showed a pronounced reduction in size compared to an open wound as measured by a histological assay. On the 14th postoperative day, the cellular appearances were similar in the hydrocolloid wound dressing and wool-based hydrogel-treated wounds, and collagen fibers were substituted with fibroblasts and mixed with fibroblasts in the dermis. Furthermore, the wound treated with a human hair-based hydrogel showed almost complete epithelial regeneration, with the maturation of immature connective tissue and hair follicles and formation of a sebaceous gland.

Body growth, carcass composition, and endocrine changes in lambs chronically treated with recombinantly derived insulin-like growth factor-I.

Castrate yearling male sheep were treated for 8 weeks with either 50 micrograms/kg body wt/8 hourly sc insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) (n = 10) or with saline (n = 9). IGF-I treatment increased plasma IGF-I from 235 +/- 17 to 347 +/- 16 ng/ml (P less than 0.001). There was a gradual divergence in body wt (P less than 0.10) between treatment groups. Food intake did not change significantly. The weight of the spleen corrected for body wt increased by 40% (P less than 0.001) and there was a marginal increase in adjusted kidney wt (P less than 0.1). There was no effect of IGF-I on carcass weight or dimensions, or on long bone length, although the weight per unit length of the tibia (P less than 0.05) and femur (P less than 0.10) were increased. There was no effect on wool growth. Plasma IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) were quantified by ligand blot analysis. In the IGF-I treated group, IGFBP-1 showed a transient increase (P less than 0.05) at day 3 but was similar in both groups at day 55 of treatment. IGFBP-2 was suppressed (P less than 0.05) by day 55 and IGFBP-3 and 4 did not change. Plasma glucose was elevated (P less than 0.05) and plasma insulin was suppressed (P less than 0.01) from 280 +/- 32 pg/ml to 124 +/- 30.4 pg/ml, plasma urea (P less than 0.01) and creatinine (P less than 0.05) were reduced in the IGF-I treated group. The somatogenic effect of IGF-I in this study was minimal suggesting that in the well fed animal with an intact somatotropic axis IGF-I treatment at doses which double plasma IGF-I does not enhance somatic growth performance. However, the marked splenomegaly shows the sensitivity of splenic growth to systemic IGF-I. The suppression of insulin with chronic IGF-I treatment was accompanied by hyperglycaemia--this may explain in part the lack of a significant anabolic response and may limit the utility of IGF-I therapy unless higher doses with insulin-like effects are used.

Inhibition of DNA synthesis in dermal tissue of merino sheep treated with depilatory doses of mouse epidermal growth factor.

Two groups of three Merino wethers were infused intravenously with either 0.12 mg mouse epidermal growth factor (mEGF)/kg fleece-free body weight or 0.9% (w/v) NaCl over 24 h. Sheep treated with mEGF rejected food during treatment but feed intake was kept equal for both groups. Wool growth and plasma concentrations of mEGF were measured during the experiment. Pieces of skin taken from the wool-growing regions of the body were incubated with radioactive thymidine in order to measure its rate of incorporation into DNA. The skin was then divided at about the level of the sebaceous glands into sections that contained the upper dermis and epidermis (E sections) and those containing the generative wool-follicle bulbs (D sections). No mEGF was detected in the controls whereas mean levels of about 35 micrograms mEGF/1 plasma were detected during the last 4 h of infusion in the protein-treated group. After infusion, wool growth was reduced by about 20% of the mean pretreatment level in the controls and no shedding of wool fibre was evident. In the mEGF-treated sheep, on the other hand, wool growth was depressed by 75-95% of the mean pretreatment level and the fleeces were almost completely cast in all three of the animals, leaving them nude on the wool-growing regions of the body. Wool growth was restored to its pretreatment level in this group about 1 month after infusion. The D sections of skin contributed 50-60% of skin wet weight in controls throughout the experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha on the function of wool follicles in culture.

The development of a procedure to culture wool follicles from Merino sheep in serum-free conditions has enabled us to investigate the actions of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) on follicle function, including fibre growth. Follicles grown in the absence of growth factors maintained their anagen morphology for 6 days as determined by light microscopy. During this time they incorporated [3H]thymidine into the DNA of the bulb matrix and outer root sheath (ORS) cells and produced fibre keratins as detected by immunohistochemistry. In the presence of EGF and TGF alpha, fibre production ceased after 4 days, as it does following the administration of EGF in vivo. Cessation of fibre growth was not accompanied by regression of the follicle bulb which occurs in vivo. Follicle length growth did not differ significantly from controls and cells in the bulb continued to proliferate. Usually, the structure of the dermal papillae resembled that in control follicles, which was also in marked contrast to changes reported in vivo. In EGF- and TGF alpha-treated follicles, [3H]thymidine continued to be incorporated into DNA of the ORS and bulb after fibre growth ceased. Although wool keratin synthesis ceased, cytokeratins of the epidermis and ORS continued to be produced in the bulb as detected by immunochemistry. These bulb cells were also positive for the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction indicating the presence of glycogen, a normal component of ORS cells. The observations that cell proliferation continued in the bulb, that glycogen was present and that soft keratins were expressed in these cells suggest that the bulb cell population was induced to differentiate into an ORS phenotype by EGF and TGF alpha.

Chronic treatment with long-acting bromocriptine does not affect duration of the breeding season, voluntary food intake, body weight, or wool growth in the Scottish blackface ewe.

The aim of this study was to determine whether suppression of the seasonal increase in prolactin concentrations by chronic treatment with the dopamine agonist bromocriptine would affect onset of anoestrus, voluntary food intake, body weight, and wool growth in a seasonal breed of sheep. Groups of eight Scottish Blackface ewes were injected i.m. each week with either the vehicle (Group A) or 2.0 mg (Group B), 6.0 mg (Group C), or 18.0 mg (Group D) of bromocriptine in a long-acting formulation, commencing on 18 January and terminating on 25 July (midwinter to midsummer in the northern hemisphere). Immediately before the bromocriptine injection, blood samples were taken for progesterone and prolactin determination. Voluntary food intakes were measured daily, and body weights were recorded every fortnight. Estimates of wool growth were made by weighing wool clipped from a measured area of skin once a month. Treatment had no effect on onset of anoestrus, voluntary food intake, body weight, or wool growth. Plasma prolactin concentrations increased significantly in all groups during the treatment period. From January to April, all doses of bromocriptine significantly reduced prolactin concentrations but later in the study (May and June) prolactin was significantly suppressed in Group D only, although even in this group prolactin concentrations increased between March and June. Pituitary prolactin content, measured at the end of the study in July, was also suppressed by bromocriptine. The gradual increase in prolactin concentrations in ewes receiving chronic bromocriptine was further investigated by treating a fifth group of ewes (Group E) with 18.0 mg of long-acting bromocriptine each week, commencing on 20 June.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of Psoroptes ovis infection and its control with an ivermectin controlled-release capsule on growing sheep. 2. Evaluation of wool production and leather value.

To evaluate the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of an ivermectin controlled-release capsule (IVM-CRC) on the productivity of growing sheep infested with Psoroptes ovis 24 male and 24 female Merino landrace lambs, 5-6 months old and weighing 21.2-35.0 kg, were used. Sixteen replicates of three animals were formed based on sex and Day 0 body weight. Within each replicate animals were randomly allocated to one of three groups: untreated control; IVM-CRC on Day 0; IVM-CRC on Day 84. For treatment an IVM-CRC for sheep weighing 20-45 kg was used which is designed to deliver ivermectin at a minimum dose of 20 microg/kg/day for 100 days. The lambs were infested with 50-60 P. ovis mites each on days 14 and 21. The animals were shorn on Day 126. After slaughter on Day 127 the quality of the leather produced from their skins was evaluated. The IVM-CRC treatment on Day 0 prevented the establishment of P. ovis. All untreated lambs became infested. The lambs treated with an IVM-CRC on Day 84 became mite-free from Day 112 onwards. The lambs which were treated on Day 0 had significantly (p<0.05) greater clean fleece weight (1.5 kg) and fleece yield (52.1%) than the untreated controls (0.9 kg and 34.1%, respectively) or than lambs treated on Day 84 (1.0 kg and 47.8%, respectively). Clean fleece weight and fleece yield were in the tendency (p=0.055) or significantly (p<0. 001) greater, respectively, for lambs treated on Day 84 than for the untreated controls. The chrome tanned dried crust leather of all untreated controls and six of the 16 lambs treated on Day 84 showed grain surface defects such as discolourations, indurations and coarse, pitted grain. The useful (defect-free) leather size was significantly (p<0.01) higher for the lambs treated on Day 0 (100%) than for the lambs treated on Day 84 (82.7%) and the untreated controls (7.8%). The physical testing revealed that the leather of sheep treated on Day 0 had significantly (p<0.05) higher thickness, elongation break and tear resistance than the leather of both untreated controls and sheep treated on Day 84. There were no significant differences in the physical characteristics of the leather of the untreated controls and the sheep treated on Day 84.

Chronic arterial cannulation for studying the skin of sheep.

Cutaneous branches of intercostal, external thoracic and deep circumflex iliac arteries in a total of 77 sheep were cannulated using one of two methods described. These cutaneous preparations, supplying areas of wool-growing skin from 30 to 400 cm2, remained patent for up to six weeks as determined by dye infusion. Wool was readily plucked by hand from preparations infused with either 12 mg betamethasone for eight days or 1.2 g mimosine for two days thereby demonstrating that normal defleecing responses can be elicited in animals bearing isolated cutaneous preparations.

The effect of a drying agent (B26) on wool moisture and blowfly strike.

A drying agent (B26) was applied as a mist to sheep fleece. A reduction of 30 per cent in wool moisture was recorded, which persisted for 10 to 12 weeks. Reapplication of B26 extended the period of dryness, without adding to the reduction of moisture. Treatment using 100 to 200 ml of the drying agent resulted in reduced fleece moisture content for seven days when exposed to wetting by simulated rain. Treated sheep showed a 60 per cent reduction in the number and severity of fleece rot lesions. Diazinon reduced the incidence of natural flystrike by 50 per cent and the drying agent by 75 per cent over a five week period before shearing compared with untreated animals.

Effects of exogenous growth hormone and diethylstilbestrol on growth and carcass composition of growing lambs.

An 8-wk growth trial was conducted to assess the effects of ovine growth hormone (oGH; 7 mg/d, sc) on growth performance and carcass composition of normal, growing wether lambs. Diethylstilbestrol (DES; .1 mg/d, sc) and control lambs were included for comparisons. Plasma oGH levels at 8 wk were 1.9, 5.5 (P less than .05) and 138.1 ng/ml (P less than .001) for controls, DES and oGH lambs, respectively. Diethylstilbestrol did not increase plasma oGH until the fourth week. The oGH improved feed conversion 7.4% (FC; P less than .05), but did not alter average daily gain (ADG) or feed intake (ADF). Diethylstilbestrol increased ADG 15.3% (P less than .05) and improved FC 16.1% (P less than .01), with no effect on ADF. The primary effect of oGH on carcass composition was to decrease the quantity of fat 8.9% (P less than .05). In addition, oGH may have increased protein 6.5% (P less than .10) and moisture 4.0% (not significant). Diethylstilbestrol increased the quantity of carcass protein 10% (P less than .01) and moisture 8.7% (P less than .05), with no effect on fat. In these studies, the primary effect of exogenous oGH on normal, growing lambs was to reduce carcass fat, which may account for the observed improvement in FC. Diethylstilbestrol, at 1/70th of the oGH dose, was superior to oGH for improving FC (P less than .05) and ADG (P less than .10). Improvements in body weight of the lambs given DES were observed 2 wk before an increase in plasma oGH. In addition, DES, unlike exogenous oGH, did not alter the quantity of carcass fat. These observations do not support the concept that the mode of action of DES is through increased GH secretion.

Nitrogen balance, abomasal crude protein and amino acids in wethers fed formaldehyde-treated coastal bermudagrass and infused with methionine, glucose or monensin.

A 5 X 5 Latin square design was used to study the effects on nitrogen balance, wool growth and plasma amino acids of infusing methionine and (or) glucose into the abomasum of growing wethers fed formaldehyde-treated Coastal bermudagrass (F-CBG) or untreated Coastal bermudagrass hay. Daily treatments were: (1) CBG; (2) F-CBG + 3 g methionine (met); (4) F-CBG + 96 g glucose and (5) F-CBG + 3 met + 96 g glucose. Glucose infusion decreased (P < .005) moles/100 g of total essential amino acids in plasma; moles/100 g of lysine, valine, leucine and isoleucine were also reduced (P < .005). Moles/100 g of methionine in plasma were increased significantly by methionine infusion, but nitrogen retention was not affected (P > .10). The grams digestible protein to megacalorie digestible energy (DE) ratio was 36.6, 35.9 and 32.4 for CBG, F-CBG and F-CBG + glucose, respectively. The decrease (36.6 to 32.4) resulted in increased nitrogen retained (P < .05), increased percentage nitrogen intake retained (P < .05) and increased percentage digested nitrogen retained (P < .01). Urinary nitrogen excretion was lower (P < .01) in wethers receiving the F-CBG + glucose treatment than in those receiving the F-CBG treatment (3.60 vs 5.09 g/day). Effects of formaldehyde treatment of CBG and rumen infusion of monensin on quantities of various crude protein (CP) components reaching the abomasum were also determined in a 4 X 4 Latin square design experiment. Total CP reaching the abomasum increased (P < .01) with formaldehyde treatment and resulted in increased quantities of amino acids reaching the abomasum (P < .05). Monensin had no effect on these two parameters, and no interaction between monensin and formaldehyde was observed. Dietary CP reaching the abomasum increased with formaldehyde treatment (P < .005) and with infusion of monensin (P < .025). Total microbial protein (MP) and MP reaching the abomasum per 100 g dry matter digested were not influenced by either formaldehyde or monensin.

The effect of bovine somatotropin treatment on production of lactating angora does with kids.

Fourteen Angora does (35+/-2 kg), each with a single kid and in the first month of lactation, were used to determine ongoing (Period 1) and residual (Period 2) effects of chronic bovine somatotropin (bST) treatment. Specifically, we sought to determine whether chronic bST treatment was capable of improving milk yield, and thus kid growth, and mohair production of nursing does. The experiment consisted of a 2-wk pretreatment period, 5 wk of weekly subcutaneous treatment of slow-release bST (n = 7; Period 1), and a 4-wk posttreatment period (Period 2). The weekly dose of bST was calculated to release 100 microg/(kg BW.d(-1)). To estimate milk production, kids were separated from the does daily for 5 h, and their BW was recorded before and after suckling. The difference in BW was taken as milk production for 5 h. Fiber growth was measured by shearing does at the start of the experiment and at the end of Periods 1 and 2. Dry matter intake and BW of does were not affected by bST (P>.05). Average daily gain of kids that were suckling bST-treated does was higher (P<.05) than for kids of untreated does during Period 1 (184 vs. 139 g/d) but not during Period 2 (140 vs. 136 g/d; P>.10). Treatment with bST did not affect (P>.10) milk composition or clean fleece production in either period. Injection of bST did not affect (P>.10) plasma concentrations of glucose (mean = 49.5 mg/dL), urea N (mean = 19 mg/dL), total protein (mean = 72.5 g/d), or NEFA (mean = 122 microEq/L). During the period of bST treatment, plasma concentrations of somatotropin and IGF-I were increased (P<.05), concentrations of thyroxine and cortisol were decreased (P<.10), and plasma insulin levels were unchanged (P>.10) by bST. In conclusion, treatment of Angora dams with bST did not change DMI or mohair growth, but it improved growth of their kids.

Retail cut yields of Rambouillet wether lambs fed the beta-adrenergic agonist L644,969.

Twenty Rambouillet wether lambs were given ad libitum access to a diet with (BAA, n = 10) or without (control, n = 10) 1 ppm of the beta-adrenergic agonist L644,969. Lambs were fed to a constant slaughter weight end point of 54.5 kg. Carcasses were fabricated to yield bone-in and boneless cuts that were trimmed progressively to 1.27, .64, .32, and .00 cm of s.c. fat remaining. Addition of BAA did not affect growth traits. Actual and adjusted fat thickness, body wall thickness, and percentage of kidney-pelvic fat did not differ between control and BAA lambs. However, BAA increased longissimus muscle area, longissimus muscle depth, and leg score while decreasing USDA yield grade. The BAA increased carcass conformation scores and decreased flank lean color scores. No other carcass quality measurements were affected by BAA. Addition of BAA did not affect overall carcass yields of bone-in retail cuts. However, BAA increased overall carcass yields of boneless retail cuts regardless of fat trim level. The BAA increased bone-in leg yield. Yield of boneless sirloin, bone-in loin and boneless loin were not affected by BAA. For these cuts, the percentage change from the control was highly dependent on fat trim level. There was no difference in short-cut, shank-off, semiboneless leg yield between control and BAA. Addition of BAA did not affect yield of bone-in rack regardless of fat trim level. However, BAA greatly increased yield of boneless ribeye. The BAA did not affect yield of bone-in or boneless shoulder.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Influence of alpha-ketoisocaproate on lamb growth, feed conversion, and carcass composition.

Four experiments were conducted to determine whether leucine's alpha-ketoacid, alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC), would influence lamb growth, feed conversion, and carcass composition. In the first experiment, lambs were injected intraperitoneally with 3.5 g of Na-KIC per day. In the second experiment, KIC unprotected from rumen degradation was fed at a rate of 15 g per animal daily. In a third experiment, KIC, leucine, and isovalerate (IVA), protected from rumen degradation, were fed to growing lambs at a rate of 1 g per animal per day. Finally, a fourth experiment was conducted in which ruminally protected KIC was fed to growing lambs at a rate of 1 g per animal per day. Ketoisocaproate tended to increase ADG and decrease fat deposition in all four experiments. Ketoisocaproate increased ADG by 11 (P less than .09), 10 (P less than .05), 9, and 13% in 1 through 4, respectively, and feed efficiency improved 5, 9 (P less than .02), 5, and 5%, respectively. Fat thickness over the 12th rib decreased 28 (P less than .06), 11, 17 (P less than .04), and 5% in Exp. 1 through 4, and the perirenal fat depot also decreased 13, 5, 18, and 3%, respectively. In contrast, neither ruminally protected leucine nor IVA affected the growth of young lambs. Together these studies indicate that administration of KIC to growing lambs can increase weight gain and muscle growth while decreasing fat deposition.

Growth performance and carcass composition of lambs infused for 28 days with a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue.

A human growth hormone-releasing factor analogue, [DesNH2Tyr1,D-Ala2,Ala15]hGRF(1-29)NH2 (GRF-A), was infused s.c. into lambs for 28 d to determine its effects on growth performance and carcass composition. Twenty crossbred wethers weighing 47.0 +/- .5 kg were implanted with 7-d osmotic minipumps at weekly intervals. Minipumps contained either vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide:H2O, 1:1) or GRF-A, released at a rate of 208 pmol (or .7 micrograms).h-1.kg-1. During the infusion period, plasma GH levels were increased (P less than .01) in GRF-A-treated wethers compared with control wethers (15.0 vs 9.3 ng/ml) and were higher on days that closely followed minipump implantation. Plasma IGF-I and hepatic IGF-I RNA concentrations were similar in lambs of both groups. Analogue treatment improved feed conversion (4.9 vs 5.8 kg dry matter/kg gain, P less than .05), increased average daily gain (.35 vs .30 kg, P = .05) and had no effect on feed intake, wool growth and body, carcass, selected organ and pituitary weights. Carcasses from GRF-A-infused lambs had less adjusted fat depth, a lower percentage of fat and a higher percentage of protein (P less than .05) than carcasses from control lambs. Magnitude of most effects of GRF-A on carcass measurements were correlated with the mean GH level that a lamb had during the infusion period. In conclusion, s.c. infusion of GRF-A improved feed utilization and altered carcass composition of feeder lambs in a relatively short period of time (28 d).

Selenium-responsive unthriftiness of young merino sheep in Central Victoria.

A trial was carried out to determine whether selenium responsive unthriftiness existed on a property in the Strathbogie ranges of Central Victoria where unthriftiness of young sheep has been a problem for 10 to 20 years. White muscle disease had been diagnosed on the property in the previous year and on other properties in the area. Eighty Merino ewes and lambs were allotted to one of 4 groups in a 2 x 2 factorial designed trial in which sodium selenite (0.1 mg/kg) was given orally to ewes and/or lambs at marking time and to treated lambs at 3 monthly intervals thereafter. Selenium treatment of the ewes had no significant effect on subsequent lamb performance. Selenium treatment of the lambs produced significant responses: mortality in treated groups was 0% compared with 17.5% in untreated groups; body weight gains were 1.9 kg higher at both weaning and one year of age in treated than in untreated lambs; mean fleece weight was 14.4% higher in treated lambs and they produced 39% more wool than the surviving untreated lambs.