Leaf-derived cecidomyiid galls are sinks in Machilus thunbergii (Lauraceae) leaves.

Three relevant hypotheses - nutrition, environment and the enemies hypothesis - often invoked to explore source and sink relationships between galls and their host plants are still under dispute. In this research, chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange capacity, stomatal conductance, total carbon and nitrogen, total soluble sugars and starches, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy of two types of galls were used to investigate source-sink relationships. Compared with host leaves, these galls demonstrated slightly lower chlorophyll fluorescence; however, gas exchange capacity and stomatal conductance were not detected at all. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated that the abaxial epidermis of host leaves contain normal amounts of stomata, whereas no stomata were observed on the exterior and interior surfaces of both types of galls. In addition, gall inner surfaces were covered with many kinds of fungal hyphae. Gall total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) levels were lower but the C/N ratio was higher in galls than host leaves. Both types of galls accumulated higher total soluble sugars and starches than host leaves. Transmission electron micrographs also revealed that both types of galls contain plastoglobuli and giant starch granules during gall development. Results strongly indicate that leaf-derived cecidomyiid galls are sinks in Machilus thunbergii leaves. However, it is perplexing how larvae cycle and balance CO(2) and O(2) in gall growth chambers without stomata.

Leaf surface characterization of the Tabu-No-Ki tree Machilus thunbergii using electron microscopy and white light scanning interferometry.

Leaf surface features were investigated in the Tabu-No-Ki tree Machilus thunbergii by electron microscopy and white light scanning interferometry. Mature leaves of the tree were air-dried at room temperature and sputter-coated with platinum. The most prominent epicuticular wax structures of M. thunbergii leaves included granules, angular rodlets and transversely ridged rodlets. Wax granules were often observed on the adaxial leaf surface. Meanwhile, the abaxial leaf surface was characterized by transversely ridged rodlets in which the ridges were perpendicular to their longitudinal axis. Having several facets, the angular rodlets were straight and grew among clusters of transversely ridged rodlets. The adaxial leaf surface of M. thunbergii appeared to be smooth and less undulating than the abaxial leaf surface. Clusters of epicuticular waxes were predominant on the abaxial leaf surface. The average heights of the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were 1.79 ± 0.58 and 3.65 ± 0.93 µm, respectively. The average roughness and root-mean-square roughness values were lower those on the adaxial surface than on the abaxial surface. These results suggest that the transversely ridged rodlets significantly contribute to the increased surface roughness on the abaxial leaf surface.

Theissenia rogersii sp. nov. and phylogenetic position of Theissenia.

Theissenia rogersii deviates from known Theissenia species primarily in having large ascospores with a thick wall layer and a unique configuration of two stromatal tissue types, one carbonaceous and the other fibrous. The carbonaceous tissue forms palisades on and beneath the perithecial layer as well as encasing individual perithecia, whereas the fibrous tissue fills the spaces between columns of the palisades as well as between encased perithecia. Phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences of beta-tubulin and alpha-actin genes placed Theissenia in the subfamily Hypoxyloideae among the genera that are characterized by having bipartite stromata (i.e. with the stromata differentiated into an outer dehiscing layer and an inner perithecium-bearing layer).

Identification of two new species of Meliolinites associated with Lauraceae leaves from the middle Miocene of Fujian, China.

Several studies have investigated both the paleoclimate and the well-preserved fossil remains from the middle Miocene found in China's Fujian Province. This study describes two new species of Meliolinites, including their fungal hyphae, reproductive structures, and spores. The distribution of modern Meliolaceae indicates that they live in warm, humid, subtropical to tropical climates. Moreover, the fossil leaves and the epiphyllous fungal remains, indicate the prevalence of a warm, humid, subtropical to tropical climate in this area during the middle Miocene. In addition, it was observed that the surrounding cells of the fungi found on the uninfected host leaves were normal, whereas the infected host leaves themselves were abnormally dim. These features are a reflection of self-protection, and it can, therefore, be inferred that the host leaves were alive when they were infected. The present study used fossil angiosperm leaves with cuticles obtained from the Fotan sediments from Fujian to investigate not only the taxonomy of the fossils but also to interpret the paleoclimate and paleoecology.

Towards reconciliation of structure with function in plasmodesmata-who is the gatekeeper?

Whilst the structure of higher plant plasmodesmata was first described by Robards (1963. Desmotubule-a plasmodesmatal substructure. Nature 218, 784), and despite many subsequent intensive investigations, there is still much that remains unclear relating to their ultrastructure and functioning in higher plants. We have examined chemically fixed plant material, and suggest that the conformational changes seen in plasmodesmatal substructure, particularly the deposition of electron-dense extra-plasmodesmal material, is linked to either manipulation of the hormonal balance (as in Avocado fruit), or of osmotic potential in leaf blade material. These changes result in the deposition of beta 1,3-glucan (callose) at the neck region of these plasmodesmata. This electron-dense material is deposited at the neck region of plasmodesmata, and forms a collar-like structure. The formation of a collar is shown to be coupled with loss of lucence within the cytoplasmic sleeve. The formation of a collar at the plasmodesmatal orifice thus results in encapsulation and closure of the plasmodesmatal orifice. Closure of the orifice coincides with a loss of electron-lucence and a lack of resolution of the desmotubule. These ultrastructural changes are potentially significant and could contribute to, result in, or assist in the down-regulation of cell to cell trafficking via plasmodesmata.

Pit membrane chemistry influences the magnitude of ion-mediated enhancement of xylem hydraulic conductance in four Lauraceae species.

The ion-mediated enhancement of xylem hydraulic conductivity in angiosperms is thought to be controlled by the pectin chemistry of intervessel pit membranes. However, there is little or no direct evidence on the ultrastructure and chemical nature of pit membranes in species that show an 'ionic effect'. The potential link between the magnitude of the ionic effect and pectin composition in intervessel pit membranes of four Lauraceae species (Laurus nobilis, Lindera megaphylla, Litsea sericea and Umbellularia californica) that show rather similar vessel and pit dimensions was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM observations confirmed the presence of a pectic matrix associated with intervessel pit membranes, indicating that the relative abundance of acidic versus methylesterified pectins was closely related to the ionic effect. The two species examined with a high ionic effect ~20%, i.e. Laurus nobilis and Umbellularia californica) showed relatively high levels of acidic pectins, whereas methylesterified pectins were abundant in Lindera megaphylla and Litsea sericea, which showed a low ionic effect (~10%). Variation in the ionic effect is strongly associated with the chemical nature of pit membrane pectins in the species studied. Our findings support the current interpretation of the ionic effect due to dynamic swelling and shrinking behaviour of pit membrane pectins.