Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies (NBs) induce latent/quiescent HSV-1 genomes chromatinization through a PML NB/Histone H3.3/H3.3 Chaperone Axis.

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) latency establishment is tightly controlled by promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies (NBs) (or ND10), although their exact contribution is still elusive. A hallmark of HSV-1 latency is the interaction between latent viral genomes and PML NBs, leading to the formation of viral DNA-containing PML NBs (vDCP NBs), and the complete silencing of HSV-1. Using a replication-defective HSV-1-infected human primary fibroblast model reproducing the formation of vDCP NBs, combined with an immuno-FISH approach developed to detect latent/quiescent HSV-1, we show that vDCP NBs contain both histone H3.3 and its chaperone complexes, i.e., DAXX/ATRX and HIRA complex (HIRA, UBN1, CABIN1, and ASF1a). HIRA also co-localizes with vDCP NBs present in trigeminal ganglia (TG) neurons from HSV-1-infected wild type mice. ChIP and Re-ChIP show that vDCP NBs-associated latent/quiescent viral genomes are chromatinized almost exclusively with H3.3 modified on its lysine (K) 9 by trimethylation, consistent with an interaction of the H3.3 chaperones with multiple viral loci and with the transcriptional silencing of HSV-1. Only simultaneous inactivation of both H3.3 chaperone complexes has a significant impact on the deposition of H3.3 on viral genomes, suggesting a compensation mechanism. In contrast, the sole depletion of PML significantly impacts the chromatinization of the latent/quiescent viral genomes with H3.3 without any overall replacement with H3.1. vDCP NBs-associated HSV-1 genomes are not definitively silenced since the destabilization of vDCP NBs by ICP0, which is essential for HSV-1 reactivation in vivo, allows the recovery of a transcriptional lytic program and the replication of viral genomes. Consequently, the present study demonstrates a specific chromatin regulation of vDCP NBs-associated latent/quiescent HSV-1 through an H3.3-dependent HSV-1 chromatinization involving the two H3.3 chaperones DAXX/ATRX and HIRA complexes. Additionally, the study reveals that PML NBs are major actors in latent/quiescent HSV-1 H3.3 chromatinization through a PML NB/histone H3.3/H3.3 chaperone axis.

Promyelocytic leukemia protein deficiency leads to spontaneous formation of liver tumors in hepatitis C virus transgenic mice.

Persistent infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a known risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The lack of the tumor suppressor promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) in combination with HCV fosters hepatocarcinogenesis via induction of HCC using diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in a rodent model. However, the spontaneous development of malignant lesions in PML-deficient mice with an HCV-transgene (HCVtg ) has not been investigated thus far. We crossed PML-deficient mice with HCV transgene expressing mice and observed the animals for a period of 12 months. Livers were examined macroscopically and histologically. Gene expression analysis was performed on these samples, and compared with expression of selected genes in human samples of patients undergoing liver transplantation for HCC. In vitro studies were performed in order to analyze the selected pathways. Genetic depletion of PML in combination with HCVtg coincided with an increased hepatocyte proliferation, resulting in development of HCCs in 40% of the PML-deficient livers. No tumor development was observed in mice with either the PML-knockout (PML-/- ) or HCVtg alone. Gene expression profiling uncovered pathways involved in cell proliferation, such as NLRP12 and RASFF6. These findings were verified in samples from human livers of patients undergoing liver transplantation for HCC. Further in vitro studies confirmed that lack of PML, NLRP12, and RASFF6 leads to increased cell proliferation. The lack of PML in combination with HCV is associated with increased cell proliferation, fostering tumor development in the liver. Our data demonstrate that PML acts as an important tumor suppressor in HCV-dependent liver pathology.

PML nuclear bodies are recruited to persistent DNA damage lesions in an RNF168-53BP1 dependent manner and contribute to DNA repair.

The bulk of DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation (IR) is generally repaired within hours, yet a subset of DNA lesions may persist even for long periods of time. Such persisting IR-induced foci (pIRIF) co-associate with PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) and are among the characteristics of cellular senescence. Here we addressed some fundamental questions concerning the nature and determinants of this co-association, the role of PML-NBs at such sites, and the reason for the persistence of DNA damage in human primary cells. We show that the persistent DNA lesions are devoid of homologous recombination (HR) proteins BRCA1 and Rad51. Our super-resolution microscopy-based analysis showed that PML-NBs are juxtaposed to and partially overlap with the pIRIFs. Notably, depletion of 53BP1 resulted in decreased intersection between PML-NBs and pIRIFs implicating the RNF168-53BP1 pathway in their interaction. To test whether the formation and persistence of IRIFs is PML-dependent and to investigate the role of PML in the context of DNA repair and senescence, we genetically deleted PML in human hTERT-RPE-1 cells. Unexpectedly, upon high-dose IR treatment, cells displayed similar DNA damage signalling, repair dynamics and kinetics of cellular senescence regardless of the presence or absence of PML. In contrast, the PML knock-out cells showed increased sensitivity to low doses of IR and DNA-damaging agents mitomycin C, cisplatin and camptothecin that all cause DNA lesions requiring repair by HR. These results, along with enhanced sensitivity of the PML knock-out cells to DNA-PK and PARP inhibitors implicate PML as a factor contributing to HR-mediated DNA repair.

PML at Mitochondria-Associated Membranes Is Critical for the Repression of Autophagy and Cancer Development.

The precise molecular mechanisms that coordinate apoptosis and autophagy in cancer remain to be determined. Here, we provide evidence that the tumor suppressor promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) controls autophagosome formation at mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) and, thus, autophagy induction. Our in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate how PML functions as a repressor of autophagy. PML loss promotes tumor development, providing a growth advantage to tumor cells that use autophagy as a cell survival strategy during stress conditions. These findings demonstrate that autophagy inhibition could be paired with a chemotherapeutic agent to develop anticancer strategies for tumors that present PML downregulation.