Targeted Discovery of Tetrapeptides and Cyclic Polyketide-Peptide Hybrids from a Fungal Antagonist of Farming Termites.

Herein, we report the targeted isolation and characterization of four linear nonribosomally synthesized tetrapeptides (pseudoxylaramide A-D) and two cyclic nonribosomal peptide synthetase-polyketide synthase-derived natural products (xylacremolide A and B) from the termite-associated stowaway fungus Pseudoxylaria sp. X187. The fungal strain was prioritized for further metabolic analysis based on its taxonomical position and morphological and bioassay data. Metabolic data were dereplicated based on high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry data and global molecular networking analysis. The structure of all six new natural products was elucidated based on a combination of 1D and 2D NMR analysis, Marfey's analysis and X-ray crystallography.

Investigation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Different Extracts of Auricularia and Termitomyces Species of Mushrooms.

Mushrooms produce a variety of bioactive compounds that are known to have a potential source of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Natural antioxidants can protect against free radicals without any side effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Auricularia and Termitomyces extracts. Specimens of Auricularia and Termitomyces spp. were collected from Kakamega National Reserve Forest in Kenya. Specimens were identified, extracted, and screened for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities using stable free radical DPPH and colorimetric bioassay methods, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Candida albicans, and Candida parapsilosis. The maximum scavenging activity of hot water extract of Auricularia spp. was observed at 70.4% with the IC50 value of 40 µg/mL. Of the three extracts of Termitomyces spp., 70% ethanol extract has shown the highest scavenging activity (63%) with the IC50 value of 50 µg/mL. Chloroform and hot water extracts of Auricularia have shown statistically significantly different antifungal activities against C. parapsilosis (df = 2, F = 22.49, p ≤ 0.05). Of all the organisms, S. aureus was highly susceptible to 70% ethanol and hot water extracts of Termitomyces spp. with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 0.67±0.29 mg/mL. S. aureus and E. coli were the most susceptible and resistant bacteria to the hot water extract, respectively. In conclusion, the extracts of Auricularia spp. and Termitomyces spp. have shown promising antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

Mycelium Polysaccharides from Termitomyces albuminosus Attenuate CCl4-Induced Chronic Liver Injury Via Inhibiting TGFß1/Smad3 and NF-κB Signal Pathways.

A major fraction (MPT-W), eluted by deionized water, was extracted from mycelium polysaccharides of Termitomyces albuminosus (MPT), and its antioxidant, anti-fibrosis, and anti-inflammatory activities in CCl4-induced chronic liver injury mice, as well as preliminary characterizations, were evaluated. The results showed that MPT-W was a polysaccharide of α- and ß-configurations containing xylose (Xyl), fucose (Fuc), mannose (Man), galactose (Gal), and glucose (Glc) with a molar ratio of 0.29:8.67:37.89:35.98:16.60 by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Its molecular weight (Mw), obtained by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), was 1.30 × 105 Da. The antioxidant assays in vitro showed that MPT-W displayed scavenging free-radical abilities. Based on the data of in vivo experiments, MPT-W could inhibit TGFß1/Smad3 and NF-κB pathways; decrease the level and activity of cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1), malonaldehyde (MDA) and serum enzyme; activate the HO-1/Nrf2 pathway; and increase antioxidant enzymes to protect the liver in CCl4-induced chronic liver injury mice. Therefore, MPT-W could be a potentially natural and functional resource contributing to antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects with potential health benefits.

New Sesquiterpenoids from the Fermented Broth of Termitomyces albuminosus and their Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Activity.

Termitomyces albuminosus is the symbiotic edible mushroom of termites and cannot be artificially cultivated at present. In the project of exploring its pharmaceutical metabolites by microbial fermentation, four new selinane type sesquiterpenoids-teucdiol C (1), D (2), E (3), and F (4), together with two known sesquiterpenoids teucdiol B (5) and epi-guaidiol A (6)-were obtained from its fermented broth of T. albuminosus. Their structures were elucidated by the analysis of NMR data, HR Q-TOF MS spectral data, CD, IR, UV, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Epi-guaidiol A showed obvious anti-acetylcholinesterase activity in a dose-dependent manner. The experimental results displayed that T. albuminosus possess the pharmaceutical potential for Alzheimer's disease, and it was an effective way to dig new pharmaceutical agent of T. albuminosus with the microbial fermentation technique.

Medicinal components in Termitomyces mushrooms.

Termitomyces is a genus of edible mushrooms commonly consumed in Africa and Asia among the mushrooms collected from the wild. Termitomyces mushrooms grow as symbionts in the termite nests, where they produce various enzymes to help termites digest lignocellulosic substrates. Many species of Termitomyces are used by different ethnic groups with ethnomedicinal knowledge. Bioactive components that Termitomyces mushrooms contain have potential uses as antioxidants, immunomodulators, antitumors, and antimicrobials. Termitomyces also has a potential for treating neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review the bioactive compounds from Termitomyces species that have been isolated and assayed in vitro and/or in vivo for their medicinal properties.

[Simultaneous determination of amino acids and nucleosides of three species in Termitomyces by UFLC-QTRAP-MS-MS].

A comprehensive analytical method based on UFLC-QTRAP-MS-MS was developed for the simultaneous determination of 15 kinds of amino acids and 12 kinds of nucleosides of three species in Termitomyces. The separation was carried out on a Waters XBridge Amide column (2.1 mm×100 mm,3.5 µm) with gradient elution of mobile phase of 0.2% formic acid in water-0.2% formic acid in acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.6 mL•min⁻¹, and column temperature was maintained at 30 ℃. The target compounds were analyzed by the positive ion multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The principal component analysis(PCA) was made to standardized treatment for the comprehensive evaluation of different species in Termitomyces. The 15 kinds of amino acids and 12 kinds of nucleosides multiple constituents showed good linearity (r>0.997 3) in the range of the tested concentration.The average recoveries ranged from 95.14% to 105.0%,and the relative standard deviations were less than 5.0%. The comprehensive evaluation index obtained with PCA showed that the Termitomyces albuminosus was significantly higher than others in amino acids and in nucleosides, of which the T. aurantiacus was the best. The developed method with good repeatability and accuracy was suitable for the simultaneous determination of multiple functional substances,which provided a new basis for the comprehensive assessment and overall control of the quality of Termitomyces fungi.

Differential production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by a white rot fungus Termitomyces sp. OE147 on cellulose and lactose.

White-rot fungi are the only organisms known to degrade all basic wood polymers using different strategies of employing a variety of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. A comparative secretome analysis of Termitomyces sp. OE147 cultivated on cellulose and lactose was carried out by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS analysis to identify the enzymes coordinately expressed on cellulose. A total of 29 proteins, belonging to CAZy hydrolases (11), CAZy oxidoreductases (13) and some 'other' (5) proteins were identified. Among the CAZy hydrolases, a distinct repertoire of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes were produced while among the CAZy oxidoreductases, cellobiose dehydrogenase and laccase were the predominant enzymes along with H2O2 dependent peroxidases. This coordinated expression indicated a unique and integrated system for degradation of not only crystalline cellulose but also other components of lignocellulolytic substrates, namely lignin and xylan. Activities of the identified proteins were confirmed by plate assays and activity measurements. Many of the enzyme activities were also correlated with reduction in the crystallinity index of cellulose. Based on the enhanced production of CDH, ß-glucosidases and several oxidoreductases, a more prominent role of these enzymes is indicated in this fungus in cellulose breakdown.

Comparative proteomic analysis of different developmental stages of the edible mushroom Termitomyces heimii.

BACKGROUND: Termitomyces heimii is a basidiomycete fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with termites, and it is an edible mushroom with a unique flavour and texture. T. heimii is also one of the most difficult mushrooms to cultivate throughout the world. Little is known about the growth and development of these mushrooms, and the available information is insufficient or poor. The purpose of this study was to provide a base of knowledge regarding the biological processes involved in the development of T. heimii. The proteomic method of 2 dimensional difference gel electrophoresis 2D-DIGE was used to determine and examine the protein profiles of each developmental stage (mycelium, primordium and fruiting body). Total proteins were extracted by TCA-acetone precipitation. RESULTS: A total of 271 protein spots were detected by electrophoresis covering pH 3-10 and 10-250 kDa. Selected protein spots were subjected to mass spectrometric analyses with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI TOF/TOF). Nineteen protein spots were identified based on peptide mass fingerprinting by matching peptide fragments to the NCBI non-redundant database using MASCOT software. The 19 protein spots were categorised into four major groups through KEGG pathway analysis, as follows: carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism and response to environmental stress. CONCLUSIONS: The results from our study show that there is a clear correlation between the changes in protein expression that occur during different developmental stages. Enzymes related to cell wall synthesis were most highly expressed during fruiting body formation compared to the mycelium and primordial stages. Moreover, enzymes involved in cell wall component degradation were up-regulated in the earlier stages of mushroom development.

Selective inhibition of Leishmania donovani by active extracts of wild mushrooms used by the tribal population of India: An in vitro exploration for new leads against parasitic protozoans.

The study was intended at evaluating the anti-proliferating effect of mushrooms used in traditional folklore of Santal tribal population in India against Leishmania donovani (MHOM/IN/83/AG83). A total of eighteen extracts, three estracts from each mushroom [(80% ethanol extracted; Fa), (water-soluble polysaccharide fraction; Fb), (polyphenolic fraction; Fc)], from six wild mushrooms were obtained. These extracts were tested against the promastigotes and amastigotes for their antileishmanial capacity. Fa fractions (250 µg/mL) of Astraeus hygrometricus and Tricholoma giganteum significantly inhibited the growth of L. donovani promastigotes and interfered in lipid biosynthesis. Moreover, both fractions induced apoptosis in promastigotes. Water soluble Fb fractions of A. hygrometricus, Russula laurocerasi, Russula albonigra, Termitomyces eurhizus, Russula delica and polyphenolic Fc fraction of R. laurocerasi were found to inhibit the replication of intracellular amastigotes in macrophages dose dependently. Significantly, 50% inhibitory concentration of the active extracts against intracellular amastigotes induced release of nitric oxide and IL-12 in murine macrophages and dendritic cells assay and also found considerably non-toxic on murine splenocytes. Results of this study can be used as a basis for further phytochemical and pharmacological investigations in the effort for search of novel anti-leishmanial leads.

Polysaccharide-rich fraction of Termitomyces eurhizus accelerate healing of indomethacin induced gastric ulcer in mice.

The current study aims to determine the healing activity of water soluble polysaccharide-rich fraction of a wild mushroom, Termitomyces eurhizus (TEps) against the indomethacin induced gastric ulceration in mice model. Gastric tissue histology, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, cyclooxygenases (COX) 1 and 2 expression, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis, and modulation of pro/anti inflammatory cytokines expression were studied for this purpose. Histological study shows that TEps (20 mg/kg) effectively healed the gastric ulceration. Based on biochemical results, the healing capacities of TEps could be attributed to reduction of MPO activity and protection of mucosal mucin content. Enhanced synthesis of PGE2 by modulation of COX-1 and COX-2 expression and a prominent shift of cytokines expression from pro (TNF-α, IL-1ß) to anti inflammatory (IL-10) side are also held responsible for ulcer healing. The preliminary study highlights the anti-ulcerogenic property of polysaccharide-rich fraction of Termitomyces eurhizus and opens an alternative cure for NSAID induced gastroduodenal diseases.

Novel cerebroside, termitomycesphin I, from the mushroom, Termitomyces titanicus.

The novel cerebroside, termitomycesphin I (1), and two known cerebrosides (2 and 3) were isolated from the edible mushroom, Termitomyces titanicus. The structures of 1-3 were determined and identified by interpreting the spectroscopic data.

Termitomycesphins G and H, additional cerebrosides from the edible Chinese mushroom Termitomyces albuminosus.

Two new cerebrosides, termitomycesphins G and H, were isolated from the edible Chinese mushroom, Termitomyces albuminosus (Berk.) Herm., and exhibited neuritogenic activity against PC12 cells. Their structures and absolute stereochemistry were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and by a comparison of the specific rotation of the hydrogenated products from termitomycesphins H and C. These cerebrosides possessed a unique modification by a hydroxyl group at the middle of the long-chain base, like earlier congeners termitomycesphins A-F. Termitomycesphin G with a 16-carbon-chain fatty acid showed higher neuritogenic activity than that of termitomycesphin H with an 18-carbon-chain fatty acid. This effect was observed within the termitomycesphins, suggesting that the chain length of the fatty acyl moiety played a key role in the neuritogenic activity.

Toxicity, mutagenicity and trace metal constituent of Termitomyces schimperi (Pat.) R. Heim (Lyophyllaceae) and kaolin, a recipe used traditionally in cancer management in Cote d'Ivoire.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Some local communities in Cote d'Ivoire use the mushroom Termitomyces schimperi combined with kaolin (TSK) to manage various cancers in patients. However, there is a paucity of data on toxicity, mutagenicity and trace metal constituent of TSK. AIM OF THE STUDY: We sought to investigate the acute and sub-chronic toxicities, mutagenic potential, and trace metal constituents of TSK. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To assess acute toxicity, single doses (1000, 3000 and 5000 mg/kg) of aqueous extract of TSK were administrated per os to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats on Day 1. The rats were then monitored for 13 consecutive days. Sub-chronic toxicity was evaluated by daily administration of 200 and 500 mg/kg of the extract per os for 90 consecutive days. SD rats used as control received distilled water. Signs of toxicity, changes in body weight and mortality were monitored. After the aforementioned monitoring processes, rats were sacrificed and blood collected for full blood count and biochemistry analysis. Animal organs were also collected for histopathological examination. The mutagenic potential of the aqueous extract of TSK (10000 µg/mL) on TA98 Salmonella typhimurium was estimated. Additionally, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) method was employed to determine trace metal constituents of TSK. RESULTS: Single-dose administration of 5000 mg/kg of TSK did not cause any death in the SD rats; thus, LD50 was above 5000 mg/kg. Administration of 1000 and 3000 mg/kg of the aqueous extract of TSK did not cause any significant change in behaviour and body weight of SD rats during the 14-day monitoring period. However, the mean corpuscular volume and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration increased significantly (p < 0.01) among rats administered 1000 and 3000 mg/kg of TSK. There was a significant increase (p < 0.0001) in alanine transaminase levels in rats administered 1000 and 3000 mg/kg of TSK extract compared with control. Conversely, there was a significant decrease (p=0.0122) in serum creatine level among rats administered 1000 and 3000 mg/kg of TSK extract compared with control. After 14 days, there were minimal changes with isolated organs of TSK-treated and control rats. Furthermore, 90-day treatment with extract of TSK caused no significant change in parameters assessed. TSK induced frameshift gene mutation in S. typhimurium before (p < 0.05) and after metabolic activation (p < 0.001). Elemental analysis of TSK revealed the presence of toxic (aluminium) or potentially toxic (silver, rabidium, titanium and zirconium) elements. CONCLUSIONS: The aqueous extract of TSK showed no toxicity (acute and sub-chronic) at doses tested. These findings are consistent with the absence of heavy metals (i.e., cadmium) and potentially toxic elements (i.e., uranium) in TSK samples analysed. TSK showed some level of mutagenic potential. Further mutagenic and chronic toxicity studies on TSK are required.

Structural characterization of a heteroglycan from an edible mushroom Termitomyces heimii.

A water soluble heteroglycan (THPS) of an average molecular weight ~1.98 × 105 Da was isolated from the aqueous extract of the fruit bodies of an edible mushroom Termitomyces heimii. Structural characterization of THPS was carried out using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation and 1D/2D NMR studies. Sugar analysis indicated the presence of glucose, mannose, galactose, and fucose in a molar ratio of nearly 6:2:2:1. The repeating unit of the THPS had a backbone consisting of four (1 â†’ 3)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl, one (1 â†’ 6)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl, two (1 â†’ 3)-α-D-manopyranosyl, and two (1 â†’ 6)-α-D-galactopyranosyl residues, out of which one (1 â†’ 3)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl residue was branched at O-6 position with terminal ß-d-glucopyranosyl residue and one (1 â†’ 6)-α-D-galactopyranosyl residue was branched at O-2 position with terminal α-L-fucopyranosyl residue.

Structural and nanomechanical properties of Termitomyces clypeatus cell wall and its interaction with chromium(VI).

Alterations of cell surface properties accompanying the complex life cycle of Termitomyces clypeatus have been monitored using atomic force microscopy (AFM). A new hyphae/mycelium is developed on cell division, and the cell wall of the mycelium undergoes a process of internal reorganization (or maturation) followed by morphological and chemical alterations. The changes of the surface ultrastructures during the growth process are correlated to the corresponding changes in relative viscoelasticity and rigidity of the cell wall by employing force spectroscopy. The cell wall rigidity and elasticity are found to be 0.34+/-0.02 N/m and 27.5+/-2.1 MPa, respectively, at the early logarithmic phase, on maturation increase to reach 0.81+/-0.08 N/m and 92.5+/-12 MPa, respectively, at the stationary phase, and thereafter decrease to 0.62+/-0.06 N/m and 61.6+/-6.6 MPa at the death phase. The alterations of the ultrastructural and nanomechanical properties of the cell surface as functions of growth phases affect the interaction involving chromium and T. clypeatus.

Characterization of a chitin-glucan complex from the fruiting body of Termitomyces albuminosus (Berk.) Heim.

Chitin-glucan complex (CGC), the main component of fungal cell wall, is reported to have wide applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries because of its physical and physiological activities. In this study, CGC was extracted from the fruiting body of Termitomyces albuminosus (Berk.) Heim with the treatments of deproteination, demineralization and depigmentation to obtain a yield of 13.46%, and its properties were investigated. The results indicated that CGC from T. albuminosus contained glucan and chitin in a molar ratio of 46:54, with very low contents of proteins and inorganic salts. The chitin in CGC was in the α-form, with crystallinity index of 64.81% and degree of acetylation of 65.40%. The surface morphology of CGC was dense and firm with no nanofibers and nanopores as observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the peak degradation temperature was determined to be 314.88 °C. This study suggested that CGC from T. albuminosus was promising to be an alternative source of crustacean chitinous products in the industry of food, medicine, waste water treatment and so on in the future.

Safety Evaluation of an Aqueous Extract of Termitomyces robustus (Agaricomycetes) in Wistar Rats.

Termitomyces robustus is an edible and highly nutritious wild Basidiomycetes mushroom. It is used in ethnomedicine for treating malnutrition-related diseases, rheumatism, diarrhea, gonorrhea, anemia, and hypertension. Despite the tremendous use of this delicious edible mushroom as a source of nutrients, no comprehensive literature describes its safety and toxicity profiles. Therefore, this study evaluated the toxicity profile of an aqueous T. robustus extract in rats. In the acute toxicity test, male and female rats were orally administered daily a single dose of up to 10 g/kg extract. In the subacute toxicity test, male rats were orally administered the T. robustus extract at graded doses of 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg for 14 days. No mortality or any signs of toxicity were observed in the acute toxicity study, indicating that the median lethal dose (LD50) of T. robustus is greater than 10 g/kg. In the subacute toxicity study, T. robustus had no effect (P > 0.05) on hemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cell, white blood cell, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, neutrophil, lymphocyte, or lipid profile parameters in any of the rats. However, significant differences (P < 0.05) were noted in alanine aminotransferase, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, platelets, urea, creatinine, and electrolytes in the tested groups when compared to values from the control group. No histopathological alterations or changes were observed in the liver or kidneys of the rats. This study established that an aqueous extract of T. robustus is nontoxic and therefore safe for consumption at the tested doses.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the dry matter of culture broth of Termitomyces albuminosus and its extracts.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The objectives of this study were to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the dry matter of culture broth (DMCB) of Termitomyces albuminosus in submerged culture and its crude saponin extract (CSE) and crude polysaccharide extract (CPE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The analgesic effects of DMCB, CSE and CPE were evaluated with models of acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin test in mouse. The anti-inflammatory effects of DMCB, CSE and CPE were evaluated by using models of xylene-induced mouse ear swelling and carrageen-induced mouse paw edema. RESULTS: The DMCB, CSE and CPE significantly decreased the acetic acid-induced writhing response and the licking time on the late phase in the formalin test. Treatment of DMCB (1000mg/kg), CSE (200mg/kg) or CPE (200mg/kg) inhibited the mouse ear swelling by 61.8%, 79.0% and 81.6%, respectively. In the carrageen-induced mouse paw edema test, the group treated with indomethacin showed the strongest inhibition of edema formation by 77.8% in the third hour after carrageenan administration, while DMCB (1000mg/kg), CSE (200mg/kg) and CPE (200mg/kg) showed 48.4%, 55.6% and 40.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that DMCB of Termitomyces albuminosus possessed the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Saponins and polysaccharides were proposed to be the major active constituents of Termitomyces albuminosus in submerged culture.

Screening of the immunomodulatory and antibacterial activity of Termitomyces letestui (Pat.) Heim (Lyophyllaceae), an edible mushroom from Cameroon.

Background Globally, Termitomyces letestui is used by different communities to treat various illnesses, including bacterial infection, although with limited scientific evidence. The current study aims to assess the immunomodulatory and antibacterial properties of the water extract of a wild mushroom, T. letestui in mice model. Methods The base study was completed following the standard methods and procedures using white mice Mus musculus. The immunomodulatory was investigated for humoral and cell-mediated response in both the normal and dexamethasone-immunosuppressed mice. An immunostimulatory drug, levamisole, was used as reference. The treatment was done daily and the extract doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg bwt were used. Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH), mice lethality rate and hemagglutination antibody titer were determined. Disc diffusion assay was performed using the Muller-Hinton agar to assess the effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad prism 5.0 a Software. Results T. letestui water extract (TLAE) provided significant inhibition zones against E. coli and S. aureus. TLAE=, along with the antigen (Salmonella typhi) showed a significant increase in the circulating antibody titer and reduced the lethality rate in mice. The extract also showed significant increase in the DTH response against S. typhi. Conclusions This preliminary study demonstrated that TLAE caused a significant immunostimulatory effect on both the cell-mediated and humoral immune systems in the mice and antibacterial property against E. coli and S. aureus.

Hepatoprotective and in vitro antioxidant effects of native depolymerised-exopolysaccharides derived from Termitomyces albuminosus.

In this study, native depolymerised-exopolysaccharides (DEPS) were successfully derived from the exopolysaccharides (EPS) of Termitomyces albuminosus, and its hepatoprotective effects against a high-fat emulsion and in vitro antioxidant activities were investigated. Based on the results of in vitro assays, DEPS showed superior antioxidant activities compared with EPS dose-dependently. According to the in vivo assays both EPS and DEPS significantly decreased the lipid levels, improved the enzymatic activities, and reduced lipid peroxidation in both serum and hepatic homogenates. Furthermore, EPS and DEPS attenuated the high-fat emulsion-induced histopathological injury to the liver. Both EPS and DEPS might be used as natural drugs to treat and protect against hyperlipidaemia and liver injury induced by a high-fat emulsion. In addition, based on the results of GC and HPLC analyses, rhamnose and low molecular weight compounds may play an important role in contributing to the antioxidant activities of EPS and DEPS.