HIV-Associated Hypertension: Risks, Mechanisms, and Knowledge Gaps.

HIV type 1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of AIDS. Since the start of the epidemic, HIV/AIDS has been responsible for ≈40 million deaths. Additionally, an estimated 39 million people are currently infected with the virus. HIV-1 primarily infects immune cells, such as CD4+ (cluster of differentiation 4+) T lymphocytes (T cells), and as a consequence, the number of CD4+ T cells progressively declines in people living with HIV. Within a span of ≈10 years, HIV-1 infection leads to the systemic failure of the immune system and progression to AIDS. Fortunately, potent antiviral therapy effectively controls HIV-1 infection and prevents AIDS-related deaths. The efficacy of the current antiviral therapy regimens has transformed the outcome of HIV/AIDS from a death sentence to a chronic disease with a prolonged lifespan of people living with HIV. However, antiviral therapy is not curative, is challenged by virus resistance, can be toxic, and, most importantly, requires lifelong adherence. Furthermore, the improved lifespan has resulted in an increased incidence of non-AIDS-related morbidities in people living with HIV including cardiovascular diseases, renal disease, liver disease, bone disease, cancer, and neurological conditions. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the cardiovascular comorbidities associated with HIV-1 infection, with a particular focus on hypertension. We also discuss the potential mechanisms known to drive HIV-1-associated hypertension and the knowledge gaps in our understanding of this comorbid condition. Finally, we suggest several directions of future research to better understand the factors, pathways, and mechanisms underlying HIV-1-associated hypertension in the post-antiviral therapy era.

Modeling dynamics of acute HIV infection incorporating density-dependent cell death and multiplicity of infection.

Understanding the dynamics of acute HIV infection can offer valuable insights into the early stages of viral behavior, potentially helping uncover various aspects of HIV pathogenesis. The standard viral dynamics model explains HIV viral dynamics during acute infection reasonably well. However, the model makes simplifying assumptions, neglecting some aspects of HIV infection. For instance, in the standard model, target cells are infected by a single HIV virion. Yet, cellular multiplicity of infection (MOI) may have considerable effects in pathogenesis and viral evolution. Further, when using the standard model, we take constant infected cell death rates, simplifying the dynamic immune responses. Here, we use four models-1) the standard viral dynamics model, 2) an alternate model incorporating cellular MOI, 3) a model assuming density-dependent death rate of infected cells and 4) a model combining (2) and (3)-to investigate acute infection dynamics in 43 people living with HIV very early after HIV exposure. We find that all models qualitatively describe the data, but none of the tested models is by itself the best to capture different kinds of heterogeneity. Instead, different models describe differing features of the dynamics more accurately. For example, while the standard viral dynamics model may be the most parsimonious across study participants by the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), we find that viral peaks are better explained by a model allowing for cellular MOI, using a linear regression analysis as analyzed by R2. These results suggest that heterogeneity in within-host viral dynamics cannot be captured by a single model. Depending on the specific aspect of interest, a corresponding model should be employed.

Evaluating HIV-1 Infectivity and Virion Maturation across Varied Producer Cells with a Novel FRET-Based Detection and Quantification Assay.

The maturation of HIV-1 virions is a crucial process in viral replication. Although T-cells are a primary source of virus production, much of our understanding of virion maturation comes from studies using the HEK293T human embryonic kidney cell line. Notably, there is a lack of comparative analyses between T-cells and HEK293T cells in terms of virion maturation efficiency in existing literature. We previously developed an advanced virion visualization system based on the FRET principle, enabling the effective distinction between immature and mature virions via fluorescence microscopy. In this study, we utilized pseudotyped, single-round infectious viruses tagged with FRET labels (HIV-1 Gag-iFRET∆Env) derived from Jurkat (a human T-lymphocyte cell line) and HEK293T cells to evaluate their virion maturation rates. HEK293T-derived virions demonstrated a maturity rate of 81.79%, consistent with other studies and our previous findings. However, virions originating from Jurkat cells demonstrated a significantly reduced maturation rate of 68.67% (p < 0.0001). Correspondingly, viruses produced from Jurkat cells exhibited significantly reduced infectivity compared to those derived from HEK293T cells, with the relative infectivity measured at 65.3%. This finding is consistent with the observed relative maturation rate of viruses produced by Jurkat cells. These findings suggest that initiation of virion maturation directly correlates with viral infectivity. Our observation highlights the dynamic nature of virus-host interactions and their implications for virion production and infectivity.

Modeling HIV-1 Infection in CNS via Infected Monocytes Using Immunocompetent Brain Organoids.

The development of 3D-organoid models has revolutionized the way diseases are studied. Recently, our brain organoid model has been shown to recapitulate in in vitro the human brain cytoarchitecture originally encountered in HIV-1 neuropathogenesis, allowing downstream applications. Infected monocytes, macrophages, and microglia are critically important immune cells for infection and dissemination of HIV-1 throughout brain during acute and chronic phase of the disease. Once in the brain parenchyma, long-lived infected monocytes/macrophages along with resident microglia contribute to the establishment of CNS latency in people with HIV (PWH). Hence, it is important to better understand how HIV-1 enters and establishes infection and latency in CNS to further develop cure strategies. Here we detailed an accessible protocol to incorporate monocytes (infected and/or labeled) as a model of transmigration of peripheral monocytes into brain organoids that can be applied to characterize HIV-1 neuroinvasion and virus dissemination.

The Disassociation of A3G-Related HIV-1 cDNA G-to-A Hypermutation to Viral Infectivity.

APOBEC3G (A3G) restricts HIV-1 replication primarily by reducing viral cDNA and inducing G-to-A hypermutations in viral cDNA. HIV-1 encodes virion infectivity factor (Vif) to counteract A3G primarily by excluding A3G viral encapsidation. Even though the Vif-induced exclusion is robust, studies suggest that A3G is still detectable in the virion. The impact of encapsidated A3G in the HIV-1 replication is unclear. Using a highly sensitive next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based G-to-A hypermutation detecting assay, we found that wild-type HIV-1 produced from A3G-expressing T-cells induced higher G-to-A hypermutation frequency in viral cDNA than HIV-1 from non-A3G-expressing T-cells. Interestingly, although the virus produced from A3G-expressing T-cells induced higher hypermutation frequency, there was no significant difference in viral infectivity, revealing a disassociation of cDNA G-to-A hypermutation to viral infectivity. We also measured G-to-A hypermutation in the viral RNA genome. Surprisingly, our data showed that hypermutation frequency in the viral RNA genome was significantly lower than in the integrated DNA, suggesting a mechanism exists to preferentially select intact genomic RNA for viral packing. This study revealed a new insight into the mechanism of HIV-1 counteracting A3G antiviral function and might lay a foundation for new antiviral strategies.

IFITM1 and IFITM3 Proteins Inhibit the Infectivity of Progeny HIV-1 without Disrupting Envelope Glycoprotein Clusters.

Human interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins inhibit the fusion of a broad spectrum of enveloped viruses, both when expressed in target cells and when present in infected cells. Upon expression in infected cells, IFITMs incorporate into progeny virions and reduce their infectivity by a poorly understood mechanism. Since only a few envelope glycoproteins (Envs) are present on HIV-1 particles, and Env clustering has been proposed to be essential for optimal infectivity, we asked if IFITM protein incorporation modulates HIV-1 Env clustering. The incorporation of two members of the IFITM family, IFITM1 and IFITM3, into HIV-1 pseudoviruses correlated with a marked reduction of infectivity. Super-resolution imaging of Env distribution on single HIV-1 pseudoviruses did not reveal significant effects of IFITMs on Env clustering. However, IFITM3 reduced the Env processing and incorporation into virions relative to the control and IFITM1-containing viruses. These results show that, in addition to interfering with the Env function, IFITM3 restricts HIV-1 Env cleavage and incorporation into virions. The lack of notable effect of IFITMs on Env clustering supports alternative restriction mechanisms, such as modification of the properties of the viral membrane.

Characteristics of adolescents aged 15-19 years living with vertically and horizontally acquired HIV in Nampula, Mozambique

Background: Adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) 15-19 years of age are a growing proportion of all people living with HIV globally and the population includes adolescents with vertically acquired HIV (AVH) and behaviorally acquired HIV (ABH). Methods: We conducted a survey to measure sociodemographic characteristics, educational status, health history, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among a convenience sample of ALHIV at three government health facilities in 2019 in Nampula, Mozambique. ALHIV 15-19 years on ART, including females attending antenatal care, were eligible. Routine HIV care data were extracted from medical charts. Classification of ALHIV by mode of transmission was based on medical charts and survey data. ALHIV who initiated ART <15 years or reported no sex were considered AVH; all others ABH. Frequencies were compared by sex, and within sex, by mode of transmission (AVH vs. ABH) using Chi-square, Fishers exact tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results: Among 208 ALHIV, 143 (69%) were female and median age was 18 years [interquartile range (IQR) 16-19]. Just over half of ALHIV (53%) were in or had completed secondary or higher levels of education; the most common reason for not being in school reported by 36% of females was pregnancy or having a child. Of all ALHIV, 122 (59%) had VL data, 62% of whom were <1000 copies/mL. Almost half (46%) of ALHIV reported missing ARVs ≥ 1 day in the past month (62% of males vs. 39% of females; p = 0.003). Just over half (58%) of ALHIV in relationships had disclosed their HIV status: 13% of males vs. 69% of females (p<0.001). Among sexually active males, 61% reported using a condom at last sex compared to 26% of females (p<0.001). Among female ALHIV, 50 (35%) were AVH and 93 (65%) were ABH, 67% of whom were not in school compared to 16% of ABH, (p<0.001). Discussion: Data from our study underscore the high level of deprivation among ALHIV enrolled in HIV care in Mozambique, as well as important disparities by sex and mode of transmission. These data can inform the development of effective interventions for this complex and important population.

The impact of the caregiver mobility on child HIV care in the Manhiça District, Southern Mozambique: A clinical based study

Introduction: Manhiça District, in Southern Mozambique harbors high HIV prevalence and a long history of migration. To optimize HIV care, we sought to assess how caregiver's mobility impacts children living with HIV (CLHIV)´s continuation in HIV care and to explore the strategies used by caregivers to maintain their CLHIV on antiretroviral treatment (ART). Methods: A clinic-based cross-sectional survey conducted at the Manhiça District Hospital between December-2017 and February-2018. We enrolled CLHIV with a self-identified migrant caregiver (moved outside of Manhiça District ≤12 months prior to survey) and non-migrant caregiver, matched by the child age and sex. Survey data were linked to CLHIV clinical records from the HIV care and treatment program. Results: Among the 975 CLHIV screened, 285 (29.2%) were excluded due to absence of an adult at the appointment. A total of 232 CLHIV-caregiver pairs were included. Of the 41 (35%) CLHIV migrating with their caregivers, 38 (92.6%) had access to ART at the destination because either the caregivers travelled with it 24 (63%) or it was sent by a family member 14 (36%). Among the 76 (65%) CLHIV who did not migrate with their caregivers, for the purpose of pharmacy visits, 39% were cared by their grandfather/grandmother, 28% by an aunt/uncle and 16% by an adult brother/sister. CLHIV of migrant caregivers had a non-statistically significant increase in the number of previous reported sickness episodes (OR = 1.38, 95%CI: 0.79-2.42; p = 0.257), ART interruptions (OR = 1.73; 95%CI: 0.82-3.63; p = 0.142) and lost-to-follow-up episodes (OR = 1.53; 95%CI: 0.80-2.94; p = 0.193). Conclusions: Nearly one third of the children attend their HIV care appointments unaccompanied by an adult. The caregiver mobility was not found to significantly affect child's retention on ART. Migrant caregivers adopted strategies such as the transportation of ART to the mobility destination to avoid impact of mobility on the child's HIV care. However this may have implications on ART stability and effectiveness that should be investigated in rural areas.

Knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes of older women in HIV/AIDS prevention / Conocimientos, creencias religiosas y actitudes de mujeres mayores en la prevención al HIV/SIDA / Saberes, crenças religiosas e atitudes de mulheres idosas na prevenção ao HIV/Aids

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the knowledge, religious beliefs and the adoption of preventive measures against HIV/AIDS of non-Catholic elderly women. Method: A qualitative study, carried out in religious institutions of a municipality in the state of Ceará, Northeast Brazil, with 78 elderly women. Of these, 64 were evangelicals, seven spiritualists and seven Jehovah's Witnesses. A semi-structured interview script was used followed by thematic content analysis of participants' responses. Results: After analyzing the empirical data, three categories were elaborated: the first presented the knowledge they had about AIDS; the second, highlighted the beliefs attributed to people with HIV/AIDS; and the third, presented the preventive measures to HIV/AIDS adopted by them. Final considerations: There were participants with knowledge gaps and failure to use preventive measures against HIV/AIDS. They suggested that religious institutions can be venues for lectures on HIV/AIDS prevention.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el conocimiento, las creencias religiosas y la adopción de medidas preventivas al HIV/SIDA de mujeres mayores no católicas. Método: estudio de abordaje cualitativo, realizado en instituciones religiosas de un municipio del estado de Ceará, Nordeste Brasileño, con 78 mujeres mayores. De estas, 64 eran evangélicas, siete espíritas y siete Testigos de Jehová. Se utilizó un guion de entrevista semi estructurado y la técnica de análisis temático de contenido para analizar las respuestas de las participantes. Resultados: después del análisis, con los datos empíricos, se elaboro tres categorías. La primera presentó los conocimientos que ellas tenían sobre el SIDA; la segunda, evidenció las creencias atribuidas a las personas con HIV/SIDA y, la tercera, presentó las medidas preventivas al HIV/SIDA adoptadas por ellas. Consideraciones finales: hubo participantes con lagunas de conocimiento y de uso de medidas preventivas al virus HIV/SIDA. Ellas sugirieron que las instituciones religiosas pueden ser locales de conferencias sobre prevención del virus HIV/SIDA.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o conhecimento, as crenças religiosas e a adoção de medidas preventivas ao HIV/Aids de mulheres idosas não católicas. Método: Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, realizado em instituições religiosas de um município do estado do Ceará, Nordeste Brasileiro, com 78 mulheres idosas. Destas, 64 eram evangélicas, sete espíritas e sete Testemunhas de Jeová. Utilizou-se um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado e a técnica de análise temática de conteúdo das respostas das participantes. Resultados: Após análise, com os dados empíricos, elaboraram-se três categorias. A primeira apresentou os saberes que elas tinham sobre aids; a segunda, evidenciou as crenças atribuídas às pessoas com HIV/Aids; e, a terceira, apresentou as medidas preventivas ao HIV/Aids adotadas por elas. Considerações finais: Houve participantes com lacunas de conhecimento e de uso de medidas preventivas ao vírus HIV/Aids. Elas sugeriram que as instituições religiosas podem ser locais de palestras sobre prevenção do vírus HIV/Aids.

Educational technology for people living with HIV: validation study / Tecnología educativa para personas que conviven con VIH: estudio de validación / Tecnologia educacional para pessoas que convivem com HIV: estudo de validação

ABSTRACT Objective: to validate an educational technology to support the action of health professionals with people living with HIV. Method: methodological study with data collection using a four-point Likert scale for evaluation by eleven judges and 51 people living with HIV. The data were tabulated, processed, and analyzed by inferential and descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha test, and Kruskal-Wallis for reliability and internal consistency analyses. Result: the Cronbach's alpha was 0.974 for judges and 0.694 for the target audience, reliable values. Kruskal-Wallis tested hypotheses H0 and H1 with significance of 0.05. H0 was accepted with significance of 0.395 for judges and 0.187 for the target audience, demonstrating agreement on the distribution of answers. Judgements with favorable response of at least 70% were considered relevant, according to the performed tests. Conclusion: the technology presents high reliability and good internal consistency, being deemed appropriate.

RESUMEN Objetivo: validar la tecnología educativa para subsidiar acción de profesionales de salud con personas conviviendo con VIH. Método: estudio metodológico con recolección de datos utilizando escala Likert de cuatro puntos para evaluación por once jueces y 51 personas conviviendo con VIH. Los datos fueron tabulados, procesados y analizados por estadística descriptiva, inferencial y pruebas Alfa de Cronbach y Kruskal-Wallis para análisis de la confiabilidad y consistencia interna. Resultado: el Alfa de Cronbach fue 0,974 para jueces y 0,694 para público objetivo, valores confiables. El Kruskal-Wallis probó las hipótesis H0 y H1 con una significación de 0,05. Se aceptó H0 con significancia de 0,395 para jueces y 0,187 para público objetivo, demostrando concordancia en la distribución de las respuestas. Se consideraron pertinentes juicios con respuesta favorable de por lo menos el 70%, según las pruebas realizadas. Conclusión: la tecnología presenta alta confiabilidad y buena consistencia interna, siendo considerada adecuada.

RESUMO Objetivo: validar tecnologia educacional para subsidiar ação de profissionais de saúde com pessoas convivendo com HIV. Método: estudo metodológico com coleta de dados utilizando escala Likert de quatro pontos para avaliação por onze juízes e 51 pessoas convivendo com HIV. Os dados foram tabulados, processados e analisados por estatística descritiva, inferencial e testes Alfa de Cronbach e Kruskal-Wallis para análise da confiabilidade e consistência interna. Resultado: o Alfa de Cronbach foi 0,974 para juízes e 0,694 para público-alvo, valores confiáveis. O Kruskal-Wallis testou as hipóteses H0 e H1 com significância de 0,05. Aceitou-se H0 com significância de 0,395 para juízes e 0,187 para público-alvo, demonstrando concordância na distribuição das respostas. Consideraram-se relevantes julgamentos com resposta favorável de no mínimo 70%, conforme testes realizados. Conclusão: a tecnologia apresenta alta confiabilidade e boa consistência interna, sendo considerada adequada.

Social Representations of health care professionals on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome / Representaciones Sociales de trabajadores de la salud sobre el Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirido / Representações Sociais de trabalhadores em saúde sobre a Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida

ABSTRACT Objective: To apprehend social representation of health care professionals on HIV/AIDS and to compare it with a subgroup of physicians. Method: Qualitative research based on the Theory of Social Representations. Free associations for the term HIV/AIDS were collected from 73 workers of public services specialized in HIV/AIDS, in Salvador-Bahia. The results were analyzed in the EVOC software. Results: For all health professionals, HIV/AIDS is associated with "prejudice, care, disease and prevention", and for the subgroup of physicians it is associated with the term "prevention". Health professionals represented HIV/AIDS similarly to society in general and, due to their normative character, prescribed attitudes typical of health care professionals. Final considerations: The findings show that, despite the advances in the health area regarding the treatment of AIDS, prejudice still persists. It is important to strengthen interdisciplinary actions focused on discussions on this theme during training, favoring the comprehensiveness of the assistance.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Aprehender la estructura de las representaciones sociales de los trabajadores de la salud sobre el HIV/sida y compararla con el subgrupo formado por médicos. Método: Investigación cualitativa fundamentada en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. Se recolectaron evocaciones libres de 73 trabajadores de servicios públicos especializados en HIV/sida en Salvador, Bahía, para el estímulo HIV/sida, y se las analizó mediante el software EVOC. Resultados: Para los trabajadores de la salud, el HIV/sida está asociado a "prejuicio, cuidado, enfermedad y prevención", y para el subgrupo de médicos, al término "prevención". Los trabajadores de la salud representan el HIV/sida de manera semejante a la sociedad en general y, por su carácter normativo, manifiestan actitudes aceptadas como propias de los profesionales de la salud. Consideraciones finales: Los hallazgos demuestran que independientemente de los avances en el área de la salud, permanece el prejuicio en lo tocante al tratamiento del sida. Se hace relevante el fortalecimiento de acciones interdisciplinares y pláticas sobre esa temática en la formación, que favorezcan la integralidad de la atención.

RESUMO Objetivo: Apreender a estrutura das representações sociais de trabalhadores(as) em saúde sobre o HIV/aids e compará-las com o subgrupo formado por médicas(os). Método: Pesquisa qualitativa fundamentada na Teoria das Representações Sociais. Coletaram-se evocações livres de 73 trabalhadores(as) de serviços públicos especializados em HIV/aids, em Salvador-Bahia, para o estímulo HIV/aids, submetendo-as à análise no software EVOC. Resultados: Para os(as) trabalhadores(as) em saúde, o HIV/aids associa-se a "preconceito, cuidado, doença e prevenção", e para o subgrupo de médicas(os) ao termo "prevenção". Os trabalhadores em saúde representam o HIV/aids de forma semelhante à sociedade em geral e, pelo seu caráter normativo, prescrevem atitudes aceitas como próprias de profissionais de saúde. Considerações finais: Os achados mostram que independentemente dos avanços da área da saúde, no tocante ao tratamento da aids, ainda persiste o preconceito. Torna-se relevante o fortalecimento de ações interdisciplinares, para discussões sobre essa temática na formação, que favoreçam a integralidade da assistência.

Knowledge about HIV/AIDS and implications of establishing partnerships among Hornet® users / Conocimiento sobre el VIH/SIDA y sus implicaciones en el establecimiento de relaciones entre usuarios del Hornet® / Conhecimento sobre HIV/aids e implicações no estabelecimento de parcerias entre usuários do Hornet®

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the knowledge of men, who have sex with men who use geolocation-based dating software, about HIV/AIDS, and the implications of establishing partnerships. Method: Descriptive study with 30 Hornet® users. The statements generated had statistical treatment in the IRaMuTeQ software, analyzed through the Descending Hierarchical Classification. Results: The sexual frequency in the last 30 days was 2.9 partners, of which 2.1 were found by the application, of which 63.3% reported having sex without condoms. There were four classes: Knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention measures; PrEP/truvada as a measure of HIV/AIDS prevention; Risky behaviors in relation to HIV infection; Establishment of sexual partnerships through applications. Conclusion: Hornet users have insufficient knowledge about HIV prevention measures, especially when discarding the male condom. The relationships established through the application are permeated by high individual vulnerability and behaviors that have potential exposure to the risk of HIV infection.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento que tienen los hombres que practican sexo con hombres, usuarios de la aplicación de encuentros con base en la geolocalización, sobre el VIH/SIDA y sus implicaciones en el establecimiento de relaciones. Método: Estudio descriptivo, con treinta usuarios del Hornet. Los relatos fueron tratados estadísticamente en software IRAMUTEQ y evaluados con la Clasificación Jerárquica Descendiente. Resultados: La frecuencia sexual en los últimos treinta días fue de 2,9 compañeros, siendo que 2,1 fueron conocidos mediante la aplicación, de los cuales 63,3% practicaron sexo sin condón. Se obtuvieron cuatro categorías: Conocimiento sobre las medidas de prevención del VIH/SIDA; PrEP/Truvada como medida de prevención del VIH/SIDA; Conductas vulnerables a infección por el VIH; Establecimiento de relaciones sexuales mediante las aplicaciones. Conclusión: Los usuarios del Hornet tienen conocimiento insuficiente sobre las medidas de prevención del VIH, especialmente cuando no utilizan condón masculino. Las relaciones establecidas mediante esta aplicación están construidas de alta vulnerabilidad individual y de conductas que exponen riesgos a infección por el VIH.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o conhecimento de homens que fazem sexo com homens usuários de aplicativo de encontro baseado em geolocalização, sobre o HIV/aids e implicações no estabelecimento de parcerias. Método: estudo descritivo, com 30 usuários do Hornet®. Os depoimentos gerados tiveram tratamento estatístico no software IRaMuTeQ, analisados pela Classificação Hierárquica Descendente. Resultados: A frequência sexual nos últimos 30 dias foi de 2,9 parceiros, sendo 2,1 conhecidos pelo aplicativo, dos quais 63,3% relataram sexo sem camisinha. Obtiveram-se quatro classes: Conhecimento sobre medidas de prevenção do HIV/aids; PrEP/truvada como medida de prevenção do HIV/aids; Comportamentos vulneráveis em relação à infecção pelo HIV; Estabelecimento de parcerias sexuais pelos aplicativos. Conclusão: Usuários do Hornet® possuem conhecimento insuficiente sobre medidas de prevenção do HIV, principalmente quando se descarta o preservativo masculino. As relações estabelecidas pelo aplicativo são permeadas por alta vulnerabilidade individual e comportamentos que têm potencial de exposição ao risco de infecção pelo HIV.

Quality of life of elderly people living with HIV/AIDS in outpatient follow-up / Calidad de vida de ancianos viviendo con VIH/SIDA en acompañamiento ambulatorial / Qualidade de vida de idosos vivendo com HIV/aids em acompanhamento ambulatorial

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze factors related to the quality of life of elderly people living with HIV/AIDS. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out with people aged 50 years or more in a specialized outpatient clinic. The data collection was by means of an interview. For the analysis of data and characterization of the sample, descriptive statistics and comparison tests were used. The project met the ethical requirements. Results: Participants were 81 users aged 50 to 75 years, mean age was 57.8 (± 6.1) years, 71.6% of whom were men. There was a statistically significant relationship with the quality of life, the following variables: gender, children, occupation, religion, diagnosis time, HIV exposure, adverse effects, treatment interruption, viral load counts, hospitalization, dependence for daily activities and use of drugs. Conclusion: The results suggest that the quality of life deficit is related not only to physical changes, but to the anguish and stigma related to HIV/AIDS.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los factores relacionados con la calidad de vida de ancianos que viven con VIH/SIDA. Método: Estudio transversal realizado con personas de edad igual o superior a 50 años en un ambulatorio especializado. La recolección de datos fue por medio de entrevista. Para el análisis de los datos y caracterización de la muestra, se utilizó la estadística descriptiva y pruebas de comparación. El proyecto cumplió con los requisitos éticos. Resultados: Participaron 81 usuarios de 50 a 75 años, cuya media fue 57,8 (±6,1)) años, siendo 71,6% hombres. Se observó una relación estadísticamente significativa con la calidad de vida, las cuales fueron: sexo, hijos, ocupación, religión, tiempo de diagnóstico, exposición al VIH, efectos adversos, interrupción del tratamiento, recuento de carga viral, internación, dependencia para actividades diarias y uso de medicamentos. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que el déficit de calidad de vida no está relacionado sólo a los cambios físicos, sino a las angustias y al estigma relacionado con el VIH/SIDA.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os fatores relacionados com a qualidade de vida de idosos vivendo com HIV/aids. Método: Estudo transversal realizado com pessoas de idade igual ou superior a 50 anos em um ambulatório especializado. A coleta de dados foi por meio de entrevista. Para a análise dos dados e caracterização da amostra, utilizou-se da estatística descritiva e testes de comparação. O projeto atendeu às exigências éticas. Resultados: Participaram 81 usuários de 50 a 75 anos, cuja média foi 57,8 (±6,1) anos, sendo 71,6% homens. Houve relação estatisticamente significante com a qualidade de vida, as seguintes variáveis: sexo, filhos, ocupação, religião, tempo de diagnóstico, exposição ao HIV, efeitos adversos, interrupção do tratamento, contagem de carga viral, internação, dependência para atividades diárias e uso de drogas. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que o déficit de qualidade de vida não está ligado apenas às mudanças físicas, mas às angustias e ao estigma relacionado ao HIV/aids.

Estudio de la prevalencia de marcadores genéticos asociados a la lenta progresión del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 en la población gallega / Prevalence study of the genetic markers associated with slow progression of human inmunodefiency virus type 1 in the Galician population (Northwest of Spain)

INTRODUCCIÓN: La deleción en el gen CCR5 (CCR5Δ32), el haplotipo HLA-B*27:05 y los polimorfismos rs2395029 y rs9264942 han sido relacionados con la lenta progresión de la infección por VIH-1. MÉTODOS: Analizamos a 408 pacientes en seguimiento. El análisis de la carga viral, linfocitosT CD4+ y demás variables clínicas fueron recogidas desde el diagnóstico. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de los marcadores genéticos rs9264942, CCR5wt/Δ32, rs2395029 y alelo HLA-B*27:05 fue del 17,9, del 11,5, del 7,6 y del 6,4%, respectivamente. Del total de los pacientes, 354 fueron clasificados como progresores y 46 como no progresores a largo plazo (LTNP). Exceptuando el alelo HLA-B*27:05, los demás marcadores genéticos se relacionaron con la lenta progresión: CCR5wt/Δ32 (p = 0,011) y los SNP rs2395029 y rs9264942 (p < 0,0001), así como su asociación (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSIÓN: La frecuencia hallada del alelo HLA-B*57:01 fue mayor a lo publicado a nivel nacional. Con respecto al alelo HLA-B*27:05, no hemos podido relacionar su presencia con la lenta progresión

INTRODUCTION: The deletion in the CCR5 gene (CCR5Δ32), the HLA-B*27:05, and polymorphisms rs2395029 and rs9264942 have been associated with slower progression of HIV-1. METHODS: An analysis was performed on 408 patients on follow-up. The analysis of viral load, CD4+ Tlymphocytes and other clinical variables since the diagnosis of the infection were collected. RESULTS: The prevalence of the genetic markers rs9264942, CCR5wt/Δ32, rs2395029, HLA-B*27:05 was 17.9%, 11.5%, 7.6%, and 6.4%, respectively. Of all the patients, 354 were classified as progressors and 46 as long-term non-progressors (LTNPs). Except for the HLA-B*27:05 allele, other genetic markers were associated with slower progression: CCR5wt/Δ32 (P=.011) and SNPs rs2395029 and rs9264942 (P<.0001), as well as their association (P<.0001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of the HLA-B*57:01 allele was higher than described nationally. No association could be found between the HLA-B*27:05 allele and the presence of slower disease progression

Religious and spiritual coping in people living with HIV/Aids / Estrategias de afrontamiento religioso y espiritual en personas que viven con VIH/SIDA / Coping religioso e espiritual em pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids

ABSTRACT Objective: evaluate the religiosity and the religious/spiritual coping of people living with HIV/Aids. Method: descriptive, cross-sectional study with quantitative approach, conducted in a reference HIV/Aids outpatient clinic in a university hospital of Recife-PE, Brazil, from June to November 2015. At total of 52 people living with HIV/Aids (PLWHA) participated in the research, which employed own questionnaire, the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL), and the Religious/Spiritual Coping Scale (RCOPE). Results: the sample presented high indices of organizational religiosity (4.23±1.66), non-organizational religiosity (4.63±1.50), and intrinsic religiosity (13.13±2.84). Positive RCOPE was used in high mean scores (3.66±0.88), and negative RCOPE had low use (2.12 ± 0.74). In total, use of RCOPE was high (3.77±0.74), having predominated the positive RCOPE (NegRCOPE/PosRCOPE ratio=0.65±0.46). Conclusion: it is evident the importance of encouraging religious activity and RCOPE strategies, seen in the past as inappropriate interventions in clinical practice.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la religiosidad y las estrategias de afrontamiento religioso-espiritual en personas que viven con VIH/SIDA. Método: estudio transversal, descriptivo, con abordaje cuantitativo, llevado a cabo en un ambulatorio de referencia en VIH/SIDA de un hospital universitario de la ciudad de Recife, Brasil, entre junio y noviembre de 2015. Del estudio, han participado 52 sujetos que viven con VIH/ SIDA, en lo cual se empleó cuestionario propio, la escala de religiosidad Duke, versión brasileña, y la escala de afrontamiento religiosoespiritual (CRE). Resultados: la muestra presentó altos índices de religiosidad organizacional (4,23±1,66), no organizacional (4,63±1,50) e intrínseco (13,13±2,84). Se utilizó CRE positivo en puntajes medio altos (3,66±0,88), y CRE negativo en bajos (2,12±0,74). En total, la utilización de CRE fue alta (3,77±0,74), siendo predominante CRE positivo (razón CREN/CREP = 0,65±0,46). Conclusión: se muestra relevante alentar las actividades religiosas y estrategias de CRE, en el pasado conocidas como inapropiadas en la práctica clínica.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a religiosidade e o coping religioso-espiritual de pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids. Método: trata-se de estudo transversal, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em um ambulatório de referência em HIV/aids de um hospital universitário do Recife-PE, entre junho e novembro de 2015. Participaram da pesquisa 52 pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids (PVHA), utilizando-se questionário próprio, a escala de índice de religiosidade de Duke e a escala de coping religioso-espiritual (CRE). Resultados: a amostra apresentou elevados índices de religiosidade organizacional (4,23 ± 1,66), não organizacional (4,63 ± 1,50) e intrínseca (13,13 ± 2,84). O CRE positivo foi utilizado em escores médios altos (3,66 ± 0,88), e o CRE negativo teve baixo uso (2,12 ± 0,74). No total, o uso do CRE foi alto (3,77 ± 0,74), tendo predominado o CRE positivo (razão CREN/CREP = 0,65 ± 0,46). Conclusão: torna-se evidente a relevância de encorajar atividade religiosa e estratégias de CRE, vistas no passado como intervenções inadequadas dentro da prática clínica.

Rilpivirine resistance associated mutations in HIV-1 infected pregnant women / Mutaciones asociadas a resistencia a rilpivirina en embarazadas infectadas por VIH-1

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Safety and efficacy of antiretroviral therapy in perinatally HIV-1 infected patients following transition to an adult HIV-care hospital with virological failure in Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Documento de consenso de GeSIDA/Plan Nacional sobre el Sida respecto al tratamiento antirretroviral en adultos infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (Actualización enero 2014) / GeSIDA/National AIDS Plan: Consensus document on antiretroviral therapy in adults infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (Updated January 2014)

OBJETIVO: Actualizar las recomendaciones sobre el tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) para adultos infectados por el VIH-1. MÉTODOS: Este documento ha sido consensuado por un panel de expertos de GESIDA y de la Secretaría del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida tras revisar los resultados de eficacia y seguridad de ensayos clínicos, estudios de cohortes y de farmacocinética publicados en revistas biomédicas (PubMed y Embase) o presentados en congresos. La fuerza de cada recomendación y la gradación de su evidencia se basan en una modificación de los criterios de la Infectious Diseases Society of America. RESULTADOS: Se recomienda el TAR en todos los pacientes infectados por el VIH-1. La fuerza y la gradación de la recomendación varían según la circunstancia clínica: enfermedades B o C de los CDC (A-I), pacientes asintomáticos según número de CD4+ (< 350, A-I; 350-500, A-II; > 500, B-III), comorbilidades (nefropatía por VIH, hepatitis crónica por VHB o VHC, edad superior a 55años, riesgo cardiovascular elevado, trastornos neurocognitivos o neoplasias, A-II) y prevención de la transmisión del VIH (materno-fetal o heterosexual, A-I; homosexual entre hombres, A-III). El objetivo del TAR es lograr una carga viral plasmática (CVP) indetectable. El TAR de inicio debe ser siempre una combinación de 3 fármacos que incluya una asociación de 2 ITIAN y otro fármaco de distinta familia (ITINN, IP/r o InInt). De las posibles pautas de inicio se han considerado algunas como alternativa. Se exponen las causas y los criterios para cambiar un TAR estando con CVP indetectable, así como en el fracaso virológico en el que en el TAR de rescate se deben usar 3 o 2 fármacos plenamente activos frente al virus. Se actualizan igualmente los criterios específicos del TAR en situaciones especiales (infección aguda, infección por VIH-2, embarazo) o comorbilidades (tuberculosis u otra enfermedad oportunista, afectación renal, hepatopatías y neoplasias). CONCLUSIONES: Este nuevo documento actualiza las recomendaciones previas respecto a cuándo y con qué regímenes iniciar el TAR, cómo monitorizarlo y qué hacer cuando fracasa o desarrolla toxicidad. Se actualizan los criterios específicos del TAR en pacientes con comorbilidades y en situaciones especiales

OBJECTIVE: This consensus document is an update of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) guidelines for HIV-1 infected adult patients. METHODS: To formulate these recommendations a panel composed of members of the Grupo de Estudio de Sida and the Plan Nacional sobre el Sida reviewed the efficacy and safety advances in clinical trials, cohort and pharmacokinetic studies published in medical journals (PubMed and Embase) or presented in medical scientific meetings. Recommendations strength and the evidence in which they are supported are based on modified criteria of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. RESULTS: In this update, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is recommended for all patients infected by type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). The strength and grade of the recommendation varies with the clinical circumstances: CDC stage B or C disease (A-I), asymptomatic patients (depending on the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count: < 350 cells/μL, A-I; 350-500 cells/μL, A-II, and > 500 cells/μL, B-III), comorbid conditions (HIV nephropathy, chronic hepatitis caused by HBV or HCV, age > 55 years, high cardiovascular risk, neurocognitive disorders, and cancer, A-II), and prevention of transmission of HIV (mother-to-child or heterosexual, A-I; men who have sex with men, A-III). The objective of ART is to achieve an undetectable plasma viral load. Initial ART should always comprise a combination of 3 drugs, including 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and a third drug from a different family (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, protease inhibitor, or integrase inhibitor). Some of the possible initial regimens have been considered alternatives. This update presents the causes and criteria for switching ART in patients with undetectable plasma viral load and in cases of virological failure where rescue ART should comprise 2 or 3 drugs that are fully active against the virus. An update is also provided for the specific criteria for ART in special situations (acute infection, HIV-2 infection, and pregnancy) and with comorbid conditions (tuberculosis or other opportunistic infections, kidney disease, liver disease, and cancer). CONCLUSIONS: These new guidelines updates previous recommendations related to cART (when to begin and what drugs should be used), how to monitor and what to do in case of viral failure or drug adverse reactions. cART specific criteria in comorbid patients and special situations are equally updated

Efectos de la vacunación antigripal sobre el porcentaje de linfocitos T CD4 positivos en pacientes VIH 1/2 positivos: estudio de una cohorte / Effects of influenza vaccination on the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV 1/2 positive patients: a cohort study

ObjetivoDeterminar la incidencia del cambio inmunitario del porcentaje de linfocitos T CD4+ en pacientes VIH 1/2 positivos en el primer trimestre posvacunación antigripal (P-CIR) y secundariamente comparar las características demográficas y clínicas relacionadas con dicho cambio.MétodosSe estudiaron 105 pacientes con VIH-sida de una cohorte retrospectiva hospitalaria entre 2001 y 2006. Se consideró P-CIR una disminución >3% del porcentaje de CD4+ prevacunal, y su asociación cruda y ajustada (sexo, edad, terapia antirretroviral, estabilidad clínica, carga viral prevacunal, CD4 total prevacunal) fue evaluada por regresión logística (odds ratio [OR] con intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]).ResultadosLa incidencia del P-CIR fue del 33,3%, y fue persistente en un 31,4% durante los siete meses posvacunación independientemente de una viremia alta prevacunal. Asimismo, las variables demográficas y clínicas estudiadas no se relacionaron con la presencia de P-CIR, con una OR cruda de 0,90 (0,17–4,8) y una OR ajustada de 1,09 (0,17–6,8).ConclusionesLos datos encontrados reflejan que el cambio relevante del estado inmunitario no fue despreciable en la posvacunación, aunque mayoritariamente resultó transitorio(AU)

ObjectiveTo determine the incidence of immunologic change in the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV 1/2 positive patients in the first quarter after influenza vaccination (P-CIR) and to compare the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with this change.MethodsWe studied 105 patients with HIV/AIDS in a retrospective hospital cohort between 2001–2006. P-CIR was considered as a decrease of >3% in the prevaccination CD4+ percentage. Crude and adjusted OR (sex, age, antiretroviral therapy, clinical stability, prevaccination viremia and prevaccination total CD4) were evaluated by logistic regression (95%CI).ResultsThe incidence of P-CIR was 33.3%. P-CIR was persistent in 31.4% for 7 months after vaccination regardless of high prevaccination viremia. No association was found between demographic and clinical variables and P-CIR [crude OR: 0.90 (0.17–4.8); adjusted OR: 1.09 (0.17–6.8)].ConclusionsThe results showed that the immunological change after vaccination was not inconsiderable. However, this change was mainly transient(AU)

Etravirina en la práctica clínica: experiencia de uso en 151 pacientes pretratados / Etravirine in clinical practice: Experience in 151 non-naïve patients

Fundamento: Existen pocos datos sobre la eficacia de etravirina (ETV) en la práctica clínica. Métodos Estudio observacional retrospectivo para evaluar su uso, su eficacia y su tolerabilidad. Resultados Los principales motivos de uso de ETV en 151 pacientes pretratrados fueron toxicidad y fracaso virológico. La tolerancia fue buena, y tras 16 meses, el 76,16% tienen carga viral indetectable. Los pacientes con carga viral detectable al inicio tuvieron mayor riesgo de fracaso (31,7% vs 18%; p = 0,05).Conclusiones ETV puede considerarse un fármaco seguro, eficaz y duradero (AU)

Background: There are limited data on etravirine (ETV) use in routine clinical practice. Methods: The reasons, efficacy and tolerability of its use are retrospectively reviewed. Results: Overall, 151 patients started a regimen containing ETV. The main reasons for prescription were toxicity and virological failure. After a median follow-up of 16 months 76.2% of the patients had an undetectable viral load. Patients with detectable HIV-RNA at baseline had a greater risk of failure (31.7% vs18%; P = .05).Conclusion: ETV is safe, effective and durable (AU)