Acquired Cold-Induced Urticaria in Pediatric Patients: A 22-Year Experience in a Tertiary Care Center (1996-2017).

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Acquired cold-induced urticaria (ACU) has not been well evaluated in pediatrics. OBJECTIVE: To further evaluate the presentation of ACU in children and associated risk of anaphylaxis. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed in children 18 years or younger diagnosed with ACU at Boston Children's Hospital (US, Northeast) from 1996 to 2017. RESULTS: A total of 415 patients with ACU were identified, aged 4 months to 18.3 years at the time of diagnosis, with similar malefemale distribution. Most patients had a history of atopic disease (78.3%), and 25.8% had other urticaria. Around two-third of patients experienced only localized cold-induced symptoms (grade 1), whereas 14.0% had diffuse cutaneous symptoms (grade 2) as the most severe reaction, and 18.6% experienced anaphylaxis (grade 3). Swimming triggered 77.6% of grade 3 reactions, whereas the rest were secondary to ingestion of cold food or beverages, or cold air or cold water exposure. Seven percent of subjects had more than 1 episode of anaphylaxis. Cold stimulation test (CST) was performed in 61.7% of patients, and the result was positive in 69.9% of those tested. Positive CST result was significantly associated with increased risk of anaphylaxis. There was a 11.7% rate of anaphylaxis among patients with negative CST result. Disease resolution at any point in the study period was documented in 8.9% of patients and was associated with a negative history of anaphylaxis. CONCLUSIONS: In the largest study to date on ACU, grade 3 reactions occurred in about a fifth of patients. Positive CST result was associated with a higher risk for anaphylaxis from ACU. Epinephrine prescription and patient/family counseling about risk factors for grade 3 reactions are recommended.