Remote Ischemic Preconditioning and Diazoxide Protect from Hepatic Ischemic Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting HMGB1-Induced TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Signaling.

ABSTRACT

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is known to have a protective effect against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in animal models. However, the underlying mechanism of action is not clearly understood. This study examined the effectiveness of RIPC in a mouse model of hepatic IR and aimed to clarify the mechanism and relationship of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) and HMGB1-induced TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling. C57BL/6 male mice were separated into six groups (i) sham-operated control, (ii) IR, (iii) RIPC+IR, (iv) RIPC+IR+glyburide (KATP blocker), (v) RIPC+IR+diazoxide (KATP opener), and (vi) RIPC+IR+diazoxide+glyburide groups. Histological changes, including hepatic ischemia injury, were assessed. The levels of circulating liver enzymes and inflammatory cytokines were measured. Levels of apoptotic proteins, proinflammatory factors (TLR4, HMGB1, MyD88, and NF-κB), and IκBα were measured by Western blot and mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokine factors were determined by RT-PCR. RIPC significantly decreased hepatic ischemic injury, inflammatory cytokine levels, and liver enzymes compared to the corresponding values observed in the IR mouse model. The KATP opener diazoxide + RIPC significantly reduced hepatic IR injury demonstrating an additive effect on protection against hepatic IR injury. The protective effect appeared to be related to the opening of KATP, which inhibited HMGB1-induced TRL4/MyD88/NF-kB signaling.