Ribonucleotide incorporation into DNA during DNA replication and its consequences.

Ribonucleotides are the most abundant non-canonical nucleotides in the genome. Their vast presence and influence over genome biology is becoming increasingly appreciated. Here we review the recent progress made in understanding their genomic presence, incorporation characteristics and usefulness as biomarkers for polymerase enzymology. We also discuss ribonucleotide processing, the genetic consequences of unrepaired ribonucleotides in DNA and evidence supporting the significance of their transient presence in the nuclear genome.