Comparative Effectiveness Research on Spinal versus General Anesthesia for Surgery in Older Adults.

Comparative effectiveness research aims to understand the benefits and harms of different treatments to assist patients and clinicians in making better decisions. Within anesthesia practice, comparing outcomes of spinal versus general anesthesia in older adults represents an important focus of comparative effectiveness research. The authors review methodologic issues involved in studying this topic and summarize available evidence from randomized studies in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery, elective knee and hip arthroplasty, and vascular surgery. Across contexts, randomized trials show that spinal and general anesthesia are likely to be equivalent in terms of safety and acceptability for most patients without contraindications. Choices between spinal and general anesthesia represent "preference-sensitive" care in which decisions should be guided by patients' preferences and values, informed by best available evidence.