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Quantifying PG : VG ratio and nicotine content in commercially available e-liquids using handheld Raman spectroscopy.
Richardson, Paul I C; Burke, Adam; Gotts, Nigel; Goodacre, Royston.
Affiliation
  • Richardson PIC; Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, BioSciences Building, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK. roy.goodacre@liverpool.ac.uk.
  • Burke A; Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, BioSciences Building, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK. roy.goodacre@liverpool.ac.uk.
  • Gotts N; Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, BioSciences Building, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK. roy.goodacre@liverpool.ac.uk.
  • Goodacre R; Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, BioSciences Building, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK. roy.goodacre@liverpool.ac.uk.
Analyst ; 148(17): 4002-4011, 2023 Aug 21.
Article in En | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37482759
Electronic cigarettes are a popular nicotine consumption product that have risen in popularity as an alternative to cigarettes. However, their recent meteoric rise in market size and various controversies have resulted in the analyses of e-liquid ingredients to be focused on powerful laboratory-based slow methods such as chromatography and mass spectrometry. Here we present a complementary technology based on Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics as a fast, inexpensive, and highly portable screening tool to detect and quantify the propylene glycol : glycerol (PG : VG) ratio and nicotine content of e-cigarette liquids. Through this, the PG : VG ratio of 20 out of 23 commercial samples was quantified to within 3% of their stated value, while nicotine was successfully quantified to within 1 mg g-1 for 16 out of 23 samples without the need for accurate knowledge of flavonoid composition. High linearity was also achieved when flavours were kept constant. Finally, the limitations of Raman spectroscopy are discussed, and potential solutions are suggested.
Subject(s)

Full text: 1 Collection: 01-internacional Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Nicotine Language: En Journal: Analyst Year: 2023 Type: Article

Full text: 1 Collection: 01-internacional Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Nicotine Language: En Journal: Analyst Year: 2023 Type: Article