Overall signature of acquired KRAS gene changes in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patient with EGFR-TKI resistance.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Numerous scattered case studies continue to demonstrate a strong correlation between acquired KRAS mutations and epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. However, the comprehensive understanding of the KRAS pathway following the failure of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy remains limited. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective evaluation of the next generation sequencing data from 323 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and EGFR-activating mutations after experiencing progression with epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Our analysis specifically focused on the acquired changes to the KRAS gene. RESULTS: Among the 323 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and EGFR-activating mutations who experienced resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, 14 individuals (4.3%) developed resistance due to acquired KRAS alterations. Of these 14 patients, 10 cases (71.4%) were due to KRAS missense mutations, 1 case (7.2%) was due to KRAS gene fusion and 3 cases (21.4%) were due to KRAS amplification. Notably, we identified one newly demonstrated KRAS gene fusion (KRAS and LMNTD1), one KRAS G13D and one KRAS K117N. The emergence of acquired KRAS alterations was often accompanied by novel mutations and high tumor mutation burden, with TP53, CNKN2A, PIK3CA, MYC, STK11, CDK4, BRCA2 and ERBB2 being the most frequently observed concurrent mutations. The median progression-free survival and overall survival for the 14 patients were 5.2 and 7.3 months, respectively. Acquired KRAS missense variants were associated with significantly worse progression-free survival compared with other KRAS variant subtypes (P < 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides significant evidence of the role of acquired KRAS variants in the development of resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Our results contribute to the growing body of knowledge on the mutational profiles associated with resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. Furthermore, our study highlights the KRAS gene change as a significant mechanism of resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.