Revealing Roles of High-Electronegativity Fluorine Atoms in Boosting Redox Potential of Layered Sodium Cathodes.

ABSTRACT

The development of high-energy-density cathode materials is regarded as the ultimate goal of alkali metal-ion batteries energy storage. However, the strategy of regulating specific capacity is limited by the theoretical capacity, and meanwhile focusing on improving capacity will lead to structural destructions. Herein, a novel perspective is proposed that tuning the electronic band structure by introducing highly electronegative fluoride atoms in NaxTMO2-yFy (0 < x < 1, 0 < y < 2) model compounds to improve redox potential for developing high-energy-density layered oxides. Highly electronegative fluoride atoms is introduced into P2-type Na0.67Fe0.5Mn0.5O2 (NFM), and the thus fluoride NFM (F-NFM) cathode achieved high redox potential (3.0 V) and high energy density (446 Wh kg-1). Proved by structural characterizations, fluorine atoms are successfully incorporated into oxygen sites in NFM lattice. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy is applied to quantitatively analyze the improved redox potential of F-NFM, which is achieved by the decreased valence band energy in electronic band structure due to the strongly electrophilic fluoride ions. Moreover, fluoride atoms can stabilize the local environment of NFM and improve its redox potential. The work provides a perspective to improve redox potential by tuning the electronic band structure in layered oxides and developing high-energy-density alkali metal-ion batteries.